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Natural hazards (2008)

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Informations about Natural hazards in 2008 year

AfghanistanAfghanistan damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts
AlbaniaAlbania destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; floods; drought
AlgeriaAlgeria mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season
American SamoaAmerican Samoa typhoons common from December to March
AndorraAndorra avalanches
AngolaAngola locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau
AnguillaAnguilla frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July to October)
AntarcticaAntarctica katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may calve from ice shelf
Antigua and BarbudaAntigua and Barbuda hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts
Arctic OceanArctic Ocean ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May
ArgentinaArgentina San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the pampas and northeast; heavy flooding
ArmeniaArmenia occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts
ArubaAruba lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt
Ashmore and Cartier IslandsAshmore and Cartier Islands surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards
Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean from February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme northern Atlantic from October to May; persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September; hurricanes (May to December)
AustraliaAustralia cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires
AustriaAustria landslides; avalanches; earthquakes
AzerbaijanAzerbaijan droughts
Bahamas, TheBahamas, The hurricanes and other tropical storms cause extensive flood and wind damage
BahrainBahrain periodic droughts; dust storms
Baker IslandBaker Island the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
BangladeshBangladesh droughts, cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season
BarbadosBarbados infrequent hurricanes; periodic landslides
BelarusBelarus NA
BelgiumBelgium flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes
BelizeBelize frequent, devastating hurricanes (June to November) and coastal flooding (especially in south)
BeninBenin hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north from December to March
BermudaBermuda hurricanes (June to November)
BhutanBhutan violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name, which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season
BoliviaBolivia flooding in the northeast (March-April)
Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina destructive earthquakes
BotswanaBotswana periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility
Bouvet IslandBouvet Island NA
BrazilBrazil recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south
British Indian Ocean TerritoryBritish Indian Ocean Territory NA
British Virgin IslandsBritish Virgin Islands hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October)
BruneiBrunei typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare
BulgariaBulgaria earthquakes, landslides
Burkina FasoBurkina Faso recurring droughts
BurmaBurma destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts
BurundiBurundi flooding, landslides, drought
CambodiaCambodia monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts
CameroonCameroon volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes
CanadaCanada continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains
Cape VerdeCape Verde prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active
Cayman IslandsCayman Islands hurricanes (July to November)
Central African RepublicCentral African Republic hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; floods are common
ChadChad hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues
ChileChile severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis
ChinaChina frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence
Christmas IslandChristmas Island the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
Clipperton IslandClipperton Island NA
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsCocos (Keeling) Islands cyclone season is October to April
ColombiaColombia highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts
ComorosComoros cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); Le Kartala on Grand Comore is an active volcano
Congo, Democratic Republic of theCongo, Democratic Republic of the periodic droughts in south; Congo River floods (seasonal); in the east, in the Great Rift Valley, there are active volcanoes
Congo, Republic of theCongo, Republic of the seasonal flooding
Cook IslandsCook Islands typhoons (November to March)
Coral Sea IslandsCoral Sea Islands occasional tropical cyclones
Costa RicaCosta Rica occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes
Cote d'IvoireCote d'Ivoire coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; during the rainy season torrential flooding is possible
CroatiaCroatia destructive earthquakes
CubaCuba the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to November (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common
CyprusCyprus moderate earthquake activity; droughts
Czech RepublicCzech Republic flooding
DenmarkDenmark flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes
DjiboutiDjibouti earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods
DominicaDominica flash floods are a constant threat; destructive hurricanes can be expected during the late summer months
Dominican RepublicDominican Republic lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding; periodic droughts
EcuadorEcuador frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; floods; periodic droughts
EgyptEgypt periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms, sandstorms
El SalvadorEl Salvador known as the Land of Volcanoes; frequent and sometimes destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity; extremely susceptible to hurricanes
Equatorial GuineaEquatorial Guinea violent windstorms, flash floods
EritreaEritrea frequent droughts; locust swarms
EstoniaEstonia sometimes flooding occurs in the spring
EthiopiaEthiopia geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts
European UnionEuropean Union flooding along coasts; avalanches in mountainous area; earthquakes in the south; volcanic eruptions in Italy; periodic droughts in Spain; ice floes in the Baltic
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) strong winds persist throughout the year
Faroe IslandsFaroe Islands NA
FijiFiji cyclonic storms can occur from November to January
FinlandFinland NA
FranceFrance metropolitan France: flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean


overseas departments: hurricanes (cyclones), flooding, volcanic activity (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion)
French PolynesiaFrench Polynesia occasional cyclonic storms in January
French Southern and Antarctic LandsFrench Southern and Antarctic Lands Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are inactive volcanoes; Iles Eparses subject to periodic cyclones; Bassas da India is a maritime hazard since it is under water for a period of three hours prior to and following the high tide and surrounded by reefs
GabonGabon NA
Gambia, TheGambia, The drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30 years)
Gaza StripGaza Strip droughts
GeorgiaGeorgia earthquakes
GermanyGermany flooding
GhanaGhana dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts
GibraltarGibraltar NA
GreeceGreece severe earthquakes
GreenlandGreenland continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island
GrenadaGrenada lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November
GuamGuam frequent squalls during rainy season; relatively rare, but potentially very destructive typhoons (June - December)
GuatemalaGuatemala numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent earthquakes; Caribbean coast extremely susceptible to hurricanes and other tropical storms
GuernseyGuernsey NA
GuineaGuinea hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season
Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires
GuyanaGuyana flash floods are a constant threat during rainy seasons
HaitiHaiti lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic droughts
Heard Island and McDonald IslandsHeard Island and McDonald Islands Mawson Peak, an active volcano, is on Heard Island
Holy See (Vatican City)Holy See (Vatican City) NA
HondurasHonduras frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; extremely susceptible to damaging hurricanes and floods along the Caribbean coast
Hong KongHong Kong occasional typhoons
Howland IslandHowland Island the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard
IcelandIceland earthquakes and volcanic activity
IndiaIndia droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes
Indian OceanIndian Ocean occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches
IndonesiaIndonesia occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires
IranIran periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes
IraqIraq dust storms, sandstorms, floods
IrelandIreland NA
Isle of ManIsle of Man NA
IsraelIsrael sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts; periodic earthquakes
ItalyItaly regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice
JamaicaJamaica hurricanes (especially July to November)
Jan MayenJan Mayen dominated by the volcano Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg; volcanic activity resumed in 1970; the most recent eruption occurred in 1985
JapanJapan many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; tsunamis; typhoons
Jarvis IslandJarvis Island the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses a maritime hazard
JerseyJersey NA
Johnston AtollJohnston Atoll NA
JordanJordan droughts; periodic earthquakes
KazakhstanKazakhstan earthquakes in the south, mudslides around Almaty
KenyaKenya recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons
Kingman ReefKingman Reef wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of about 1 meter makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard
KiribatiKiribati typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; occasional tornadoes; low level of some of the islands make them very sensitive to changes in sea level
Korea, NorthKorea, North late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding; occasional typhoons during the early fall
Korea, SouthKorea, South occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest
KuwaitKuwait sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April and bring heavy rain, which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year, but are most common between March and August
KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan NA
LaosLaos floods, droughts
LatviaLatvia NA
LebanonLebanon dust storms, sandstorms
LesothoLesotho periodic droughts
LiberiaLiberia dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to March)
LibyaLibya hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms
LiechtensteinLiechtenstein NA
LithuaniaLithuania NA
LuxembourgLuxembourg NA
MacauMacau typhoons
MacedoniaMacedonia high seismic risks
MadagascarMadagascar periodic cyclones, drought, and locust infestation
MalawiMalawi NA
MalaysiaMalaysia flooding, landslides, forest fires
MaldivesMaldives low level of islands makes them very sensitive to sea level rise
MaliMali hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding
MaltaMalta NA
Marshall IslandsMarshall Islands infrequent typhoons
MauritaniaMauritania hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts
MauritiusMauritius cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards
MayotteMayotte cyclones during rainy season
MexicoMexico tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts
Micronesia, Federated States ofMicronesia, Federated States of typhoons (June to December)
Midway IslandsMidway Islands NA
MoldovaMoldova landslides (57 cases in 1998)
MonacoMonaco NA
MongoliaMongolia dust storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud," which is harsh winter conditions
MontenegroMontenegro destructive earthquakes
MontserratMontserrat severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions (Soufriere Hills volcano has erupted continuously since 1995)
MoroccoMorocco northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts
MozambiqueMozambique severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods in central and southern provinces
NamibiaNamibia prolonged periods of drought
NauruNauru periodic droughts
Navassa IslandNavassa Island hurricanes
NepalNepal severe thunderstorms, flooding, landslides, drought, and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons
NetherlandsNetherlands flooding
Netherlands AntillesNetherlands Antilles Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt and are rarely threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes from July to October
New CaledoniaNew Caledonia cyclones, most frequent from November to March
New ZealandNew Zealand earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity
NicaraguaNicaragua destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides; extremely susceptible to hurricanes
NigerNiger recurring droughts
NigeriaNigeria periodic droughts; flooding
NiueNiue typhoons
Norfolk IslandNorfolk Island typhoons (especially May to July)
Northern Mariana IslandsNorthern Mariana Islands active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons (especially August to November)
NorwayNorway rockslides, avalanches
OmanOman summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts
Pacific OceanPacific Ocean surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September); cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs in the equatorial Pacific, influencing weather in the Western Hemisphere and the western Pacific; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May; persistent fog in the northern Pacific can be a maritime hazard from June to December
PakistanPakistan frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)
PalauPalau typhoons (June to December)
Palmyra AtollPalmyra Atoll NA
PanamaPanama occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area
Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea active volcanism; situated along the Pacific "Ring of Fire"; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamis
Paracel IslandsParacel Islands typhoons
ParaguayParaguay local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)
PeruPeru earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity
PhilippinesPhilippines astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis
Pitcairn IslandsPitcairn Islands typhoons (especially November to March)
PolandPoland flooding
PortugalPortugal Azores subject to severe earthquakes
Puerto RicoPuerto Rico periodic droughts; hurricanes
QatarQatar haze, dust storms, sandstorms common
RomaniaRomania earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides
RussiaRussia permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia
RwandaRwanda periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo
Saint HelenaSaint Helena active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha, last eruption in 1961
Saint Kitts and NevisSaint Kitts and Nevis hurricanes (July to October)
Saint LuciaSaint Lucia hurricanes and volcanic activity
Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Pierre and Miquelon persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime hazard
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesSaint Vincent and the Grenadines hurricanes; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent is a constant threat
SamoaSamoa occasional typhoons; active volcanism
San MarinoSan Marino NA
Sao Tome and PrincipeSao Tome and Principe NA
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia frequent sand and dust storms
SenegalSenegal lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
SerbiaSerbia destructive earthquakes
SeychellesSeychelles lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts possible
Sierra LeoneSierra Leone dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms
SingaporeSingapore NA
SlovakiaSlovakia NA
SloveniaSlovenia flooding and earthquakes
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands typhoons, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earthquakes, tremors, and volcanic activity; tsunamis
SomaliaSomalia recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season
South AfricaSouth Africa prolonged droughts
South Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather conditions that generally make them difficult to approach by ship; they are also subject to active volcanism
Southern OceanSouthern Ocean huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundred meters; smaller bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5 to 1 m thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term variations and with large annual and interannual variations; deep continental shelf floored by glacial deposits varying widely over short distances; high winds and large waves much of the year; ship icing, especially May-October; most of region is remote from sources of search and rescue
SpainSpain periodic droughts
Spratly IslandsSpratly Islands typhoons; numerous reefs and shoals pose a serious maritime hazard
Sri LankaSri Lanka occasional cyclones and tornadoes
SudanSudan dust storms and periodic persistent droughts
SurinameSuriname NA
SvalbardSvalbard ice floes often block the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic
SwazilandSwaziland drought
SwedenSweden ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic
SwitzerlandSwitzerland avalanches, landslides, flash floods
SyriaSyria dust storms, sandstorms
TaiwanTaiwan earthquakes and typhoons
TajikistanTajikistan earthquakes and floods
TanzaniaTanzania flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought
ThailandThailand land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts
Timor-LesteTimor-Leste floods and landslides are common; earthquakes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones
TogoTogo hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts
TokelauTokelau lies in Pacific typhoon belt
TongaTonga cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms
TunisiaTunisia NA
TurkeyTurkey severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
TurkmenistanTurkmenistan NA
Turks and Caicos IslandsTurks and Caicos Islands frequent hurricanes
TuvaluTuvalu severe tropical storms are usually rare, but, in 1997, there were three cyclones; low level of islands make them sensitive to changes in sea level
UgandaUganda NA
UkraineUkraine NA
United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates frequent sand and dust storms
United KingdomUnited Kingdom winter windstorms; floods
United StatesUnited States tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the midwest and southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska, a major impediment to development
United States Pacific Island Wildlife RefugesUnited States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime hazard


Kingman Reef: wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of less than 1 m makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard


Midway Islands, Johnston, and Palmyra Atolls: NA
UruguayUruguay seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind that blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts
UzbekistanUzbekistan NA
VanuatuVanuatu tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanic eruption on Aoba (Ambae) island began 27 November 2005, volcanism also causes minor earthquakes; tsunamis
VenezuelaVenezuela subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts
VietnamVietnam occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta
Virgin IslandsVirgin Islands several hurricanes in recent years; frequent and severe droughts and floods; occasional earthquakes
Wake IslandWake Island occasional typhoons
Wallis and FutunaWallis and Futuna NA
West BankWest Bank droughts
Western SaharaWestern Sahara hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility
WorldWorld large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions)
YemenYemen sandstorms and dust storms in summer
ZambiaZambia periodic drought, tropical storms (November to April)
ZimbabweZimbabwe recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare
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