Zimbabwe (2008)

Zimbabwe - wybierz rok:

	Zimbabwe (2001) (porownaj)
	Zimbabwe (2002) (porownaj)
	Zimbabwe (2003) (porownaj)
	Zimbabwe (2004) (porownaj)
	Zimbabwe (2005) (porownaj)
	Zimbabwe (2006) (porownaj)
	Zimbabwe (2007) (porownaj)

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Zimbabwe 2008 roku


Podzial administracyjny	8 provinces and 2 cities* z provincial status; Bulawayo, Harare, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands
Struktura wiekowa	0-14 years: 37.2% (male 2,308,731/female 2,266,027) 15-64 years: 59.3% (male 3,663,108/female 3,641,519) 65 years and over: 3.5% (male 198,867/female 232,891) (2007 est.)
Rolinictwo	corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; sheep, goats, pigs
Lotniska	341 (2007)
Lotniska z utwardzonymi pasami	total: 19 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 10 (2007)
Lotniska z nieutwardzonymi pasami	total: 322 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 152 under 914 m: 166 (2007)
Terytorium	total: 390,580 sq km land: 386,670 sq km water: 3,910 sq km
Terytorium - porownanie wielkosci	slightly larger than Montana
Tlo historyczne	The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the [British] Republika Poludniowej Afryki Company w 1923. A 1961 constitution was formulated that favored whites w power. In 1965 the government unilaterally declared its independence, but the UK did not recognize the act and demanded more complete voting rights dla the black African majority w the country (then called Rhodesia). UN sanctions and a guerrilla uprising finally led to free elections w 1979 and independence (as Zimbabwe) w 1980. Robert MUGABE, the nation's first prime minister, has been the country's only ruler (as president since 1987) and has dominated the country's political system since independence. His chaotic land redistribution campaign, which began w 2000, caused an exodus of white farmers, crippled the economy, and ushered w widespread shortages of basic commodities. Ignoring international condemnation, MUGABE rigged the 2002 presidential election to ensure his reelection. The ruling ZANU-PF party used fraud and intimidation to win a two-thirds majority w the marzec 2005 parliamentary election, allowing it to amend the constitution at will and recreate the Senate, which had been abolished w the late 1980s. In kwiecien 2005, Harare embarked on Operation Restore Order, ostensibly an urban rationalization program, which resulted w the destruction of the homes or businesses of 700,000 mostly poor supporters of the opposition, according to UN estimates. President Mugabe w czerwiec 2007 instituted price controls on all basic commodities causing panic buying and leaving store shelves empty dla months. In pazdziernik 2007, Konstytucjaal Amendment 18 came into effect allowing dla harmonized presidential and parliamentary elections, shortening the length of the presidential term to five years, and moving up the date dla parliamentary elections. General elections are expected w marzec 2008.
Wspolczynnik narodzin	27.72 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Budzet	revenues: $1.105 billion expenditures: $1.366 billion (2007 est.)
Stolica	name: Harare geographic coordinates: 17 50 S, 31 03 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Klimat	tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (listopad to marzec)
Linia brzegowa	0 km (landlocked)
Konstytucja	21 grudzien 1979
Nazwa panstwa	conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe conventional short form: Zimbabwe former: Southern Rhodesia, Rhodesia
Wspolczynnik zgonow	21.76 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Zadluzenie - zewnetrzne	$4.876 billion (31 grudzien 2007 est.)
Reprezentacja dyplomatyczna ze strony USA	chief of mission: Ambassador James D. MCGEE embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare telephone: [263] (4) 250-593 and 250-594 FAX: [263] (4) 796-488
Reprezentacja dyplomatyczna w USA	chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Machivenyika T. MAPURANGA chancery: 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 332-7100 FAX: [1] (202) 483-9326
Miedzynarodowe dyskusje	Botswana built electric fences and Republika Poludniowej Afryki has placed military along the border to stem the flow of thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution; Namibia has supported, and w 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to, plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary w the river
Ekonomiczna pomoc - pobieranie	$367.7 million; note - the EU and the US provide food aid on humanitarian grounds (2005 est.)
Ekonomia	The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of difficult economic problems as it struggles z an unsustainable fiscal deficit, an overvalued official exchange rate, hyperinflation, and bare store shelves. Its 1998-2002 involvement w the war w the Democratic Republic of the Congo drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy. The government's land reform program, characterized by chaos and violence, has badly damaged the commercial farming sector, the traditional source of exports and foreign exchange and the provider of 400,000 jobs, turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of food products. Badly needed support from the IMF has been suspended because of the government's arrears on past loans and the government's unwillingness to enact reforms that would stabilize the economy. The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe routinely prints money to fund the budget deficit, causing the official annual inflation rate to rise from 32% w 1998, to 133% w 2004, 585% w 2005, passed 1000% w 2006, and 26000% w listopad 2007. Private sector estimates of inflation w 2007 are well above 100,000%. Meanwhile, the official exchange rate fell from approximately 1 (revalued) Zimbabwean dollar per US dollar w 2003 to 30,000 per US dollar w 2007.
Elektrycznosc - konsumpcja	12.27 billion kWh (2005)
Elektrycznosc - eksport	0 kWh (2005)
Elektrycznosc - import	3.013 billion kWh (2005)
Elektrycznosc - produkcja	9.95 billion kWh (2005)
Skrajne punkty wysokosci	lowest point: junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m
Srodowisko - obecne problemy	deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest concentration of the species w the world - has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution
Srodowisko - miedzynarodowe umowy	party to: Biodiversity, Klimat Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Grupy etniczne	African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and Asian 1%, white less than 1%
Kurs waluty	Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 30,000 (2007), 162.07 (2006), 77.965 (2005), 5.729 (2004), 0.824 (2003) note: these are official exchange rates; non-official rates vary significantly
Wladza wykonawcza	chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 grudzien 1987); Vice President Joseph MSIKA (since grudzien 1999) and Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6 grudzien 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 grudzien 1987); Vice President Joseph MSIKA (since grudzien 1999) and Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6 grudzien 2004) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the House of Assembly elections: presidential candidates nominated z a nomination paper signed by at least 10 registered voters (at least one from each province) and elected by popular vote dla a five-year term (no term limits); election last held 9-11 marzec 2002 (next to be held 28 marzec 2008); co-vice presidents appointed by the president election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president; percent of vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 56.2%, Morgan TSVANGIRAI 41.9%
Eksport	0 kWh (2005)
Eksport	$1.76 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Eksport	0 cu m (2005 est.)
Eksport	0 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Eksport - towary	platinum, cotton, tobacco, gold, ferroalloys, textiles/clothing
Eksport - partnerzy	Republika Poludniowej Afryki 24.8%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 17.6%, Botswana 15.7%, US 10.4% (2006)
Rok podatkowy	rok kalendarzowy
Opis flagi	seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green z a white isosceles triangle edged w black z its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird representing the long history of the country is superimposed on a red five-pointed star w the center of the triangle, which symbolizes peace; green symbolizes agriculture, yellow - mineral wealth, red - blood shed to achieve independence, and black stands dla the native people
Produkt krajowy brutto - podzial wg galezi przemyslu	agriculture: 16.7% industry: 21.6% services: 61.6% (2007 est.)
Produkt krajowy brutto - realny wspolczynnik wzrostu	-6% (2007 est.)
Koordynaty geograficzne	20 00 S, 30 00 E
Polozenie geograficzne	landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary z Zambia; w full flood (February-April) the massive Victoria Falls on the river forms the world's largest curtain of falling water
Domowy dochód albo konsumpcja wg podzialu procentowego	lowest 10%: 2% highest 10%: 40.4% (1995)
Narkotyki	transit point dla cannabis and South Asian heroin, mandrax, and methamphetamines en route to Republika Poludniowej Afryki
Import	3.013 billion kWh (2005)
Import	$2.183 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Import	0 cu m (2005)
Import	13,370 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Import - towary	machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures, chemicals, fuels
Import - partnerzy	Republika Poludniowej Afryki 40.8%, Zambia 29.6%, US 4.9% (2006)
Niepodleglosc	18 kwiecien 1980 (from UK)
Wspolczynnik wzrostu produkcji w przemysle	0.5% (2007 est.)
Przemysl	mining (coal, gold, platinum, copper, nickel, tin, clay, numerous metallic and nonmetallic ores), steel; wood products, cement, chemicals, fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, beverages
Wspolczynnik umieralnosci noworodkow	total: 51.12 deaths/1,000 live births male: 53.87 deaths/1,000 live births female: 48.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Inflacja	26,470% official data; private sector estimates are much higher (2007)
Czlonek miedzynarodowych organizacji	ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Nawadniane tereny	1,740 sq km (2003)
Sadownictwo	Supreme Court; High Court
Sila robocza	3.998 million (2007 est.)
Sila robocza - wg galezi gospodarki	agriculture: 66% industry: 10% services: 24% (1996)
Granica	total: 3,066 km border countries: Botswana 813 km, Mozambik 1,231 km, Republika Poludniowej Afryki 225 km, Zambia 797 km
Zagospodarowanie terenu	arable land: 8.24% permanent crops: 0.33% other: 91.43% (2005)
Jezyki	English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects
System prawny	mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law
Wladza ustawodawcza	bicameral Parliament consists of a Senate (93 seats - 60 elected by popular vote dla a five-year term, 10 provincial governors nominated by the president, 16 provincial chiefs appointed by the president and deputy president from all provinces except Harare and Bulawayo, and 7 appointed by the president) and a House of Assembly (210 seats - all elected by popular vote dla five-year terms) elections: Senate last held 26 listopad 2005 (next to be held 28 marzec 2008; House of Assembly last held 31 marzec 2005 (next to be held 28 marzec 2008) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - ZANU-PF 73.7%, MDC 20.3%, other 4.4%, independents 1.6%; seats by party - ZANU-PF 43, MDC 7; House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - ZANU-PF 59.6%, MDC 39.5%, other 0.9%; seats by party - ZANU-PF 78, MDC 41, independents 1
Zywotnosc	total population: 39.5 years male: 40.62 years female: 38.35 years (2007 est.)
Pismienni	definition: age 15 and over can read and write English total population: 90.7% male: 94.2% female: 87.2% (2003 est.)
Lokalizacja	Southern Africa, between Republika Poludniowej Afryki and Zambia
Lokalizacja na mapie	Africa
Morskie obszary	none (landlocked)
Wojsko	Zimbabwe Defense Forces (ZDF): Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ), Zimbabwe Republic Police (2005)
Wojsko - wydatki (procent PKB)	3.8% (2006)
Swieto narodowe	Niepodleglosc Day, 18 kwiecien (1980)
Narodowosc	noun: Zimbabwean(s) adjective: Zimbabwean
Naturalne zagrozenia	recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare
Surowce naturalne	coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals
Wspolczynnik migracji	0 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into Republika Poludniowej Afryki and Botswana w search of better economic opportunities (2007 est.)
Rurociagi	refined products 270 km (2007)
Partie polityczne i przywodcy	African National Party or ANP [Egipt DZINEMUNHENZVA]; Movement dla Democratic Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI, anti-Senate faction; Arthur MUTAMBARA, pro-Senate faction]; Peace Action is Freedom dla All or PAFA; United Parties [Abel MUZOREWA]; United People's Party or UPP [Daniel SHUMBA]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or ZANU-Ndonga [Wilson KUMBULA]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert Gabriel MUGABE]; Zimbabwe African Peoples Union or ZAPU [Agrippa MADLELA]; Zimbabwe Youth w Alliance or ZIYA
Przesladowania polityczne ugrupowan oraz liderow	Crisis w Zimbabwe Coalition [Xolani ZITHA]; National Konstytucjaal Assembly or NCA [Lovemore MADHUKU]; Women of Zimbabwe Arise or WOZA [Jenny WILLIAMS]; Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions or ZCTU [Wellington CHIBEBE]
Ludnosc	12,311,143 note: estimates dla this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result w lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes w the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (lipiec 2007 est.)
Ludnosc zyjaca na skraju ubostwa	68% (2004)
Przyrost naturalny	0.595% (2007 est.)
Stacje radiowe	AM 7, FM 20 (plus 17 repeater stations), shortwave 1 (1998)
Linie kolejowe	total: 3,077 km narrow gauge: 3,077 km 1.067-m gauge (313 km electrified) (2006)
Religie	syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%
Wspolczynnik plci	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.019 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.006 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.854 male(s)/female total population: 1.005 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Prawo wyborcze	18 years of age; universal
System telefoniczny	general assessment: system was once one of the best w Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; more than 100,000 outstanding requests dla connection despite an equally large number of installed but unused main lines domestic: consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines, radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet connection is available w Harare and planned dla all major towns and dla some of the smaller ones international: country code - 263; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat; 2 international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and Gweru)
Telefony - wykorzystywane linie telefoniczne	331,700 (2006)
Telefony komorkowe	832,500 (2006)
Stacje telewizyjne	16 (1997)
Uksztaltowanie terenu	mostly high plateau z higher central plateau (high veld); mountains w east
Wspolczynnik nardzin przypadajacy na kobiety	3.08 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Wspolczynnik bezrobocia	80% (2005 est.)
Drogi wodne	on Lake Kariba (2005)

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