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Languages (2008)

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Informations about Languages in 2008 year

AfghanistanAfghanistan Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashto (official) 35%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism
AkrotiriAkrotiri English, Greek
AlbaniaAlbania Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects
AlgeriaAlgeria Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
American SamoaAmerican Samoa Samoan 90.6% (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English 2.9%, Tongan 2.4%, other Pacific islander 2.1%, other 2%


note: most people are bilingual (2000 census)
AndorraAndorra Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese
AngolaAngola Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages
AnguillaAnguilla English (official)
Antigua and BarbudaAntigua and Barbuda English (official), local dialects
ArgentinaArgentina Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French
ArmeniaArmenia Armenian 97.7%, Yezidi 1%, Russian 0.9%, other 0.4% (2001 census)
ArubaAruba Papiamento (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) 66.3%, Spanish 12.6%, English (widely spoken) 7.7%, Dutch (official) 5.8%, other 2.2%, unspecified or unknown 5.3% (2000 census)
AustraliaAustralia English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%, unspecified 5.8% (2001 Census)
AustriaAustria German (official nationwide) 88.6%, Turkish 2.3%, Serbian 2.2%, Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6%, other (includes Slovene,official in Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 census)
AzerbaijanAzerbaijan Azerbaijani (Azeri) 90.3%, Lezgi 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified 1% (1999 census)
Bahamas, TheBahamas, The English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)
BahrainBahrain Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu
BangladeshBangladesh Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English
BarbadosBarbados English
BelarusBelarus Belarusian, Russian, other
BelgiumBelgium Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French)
BelizeBelize Spanish 46%, Creole 32.9%, Mayan dialects 8.9%, English 3.9% (official), Garifuna 3.4% (Carib), German 3.3%, other 1.4%, unknown 0.2% (2000 census)
BeninBenin French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north)
BermudaBermuda English (official), Portuguese
BhutanBhutan Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects
BoliviaBolivia Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)
Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
BotswanaBotswana Setswana 78.2%, Kalanga 7.9%, Sekgalagadi 2.8%, English 2.1% (official), other 8.6%, unspecified 0.4% (2001 census)
BrazilBrazil Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
British Virgin IslandsBritish Virgin Islands English (official)
BruneiBrunei Malay (official), English, Chinese
BulgariaBulgaria Bulgarian 84.5%, Turkish 9.6%, Roma 4.1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
Burkina FasoBurkina Faso French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population
BurmaBurma Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages
BurundiBurundi Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)
CambodiaCambodia Khmer (official) 95%, French, English
CameroonCameroon 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)
CanadaCanada English (official) 59.3%, French (official) 23.2%, other 17.5%
Cape VerdeCape Verde Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words)
Cayman IslandsCayman Islands English
Central African RepublicCentral African Republic French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages
ChadChad French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects
ChileChile Spanish
ChinaChina Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)
Christmas IslandChristmas Island English (official), Chinese, Malay
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsCocos (Keeling) Islands Malay (Cocos dialect), English
ColombiaColombia Spanish
ComorosComoros Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic)
Congo, Democratic Republic of theCongo, Democratic Republic of the French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba
Congo, Republic of theCongo, Republic of the French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread)
Cook IslandsCook Islands English (official), Maori
Costa RicaCosta Rica Spanish (official), English
Cote d'IvoireCote d'Ivoire French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken
CroatiaCroatia Croatian 96.1%, Serbian 1%, other and undesignated 2.9% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) (2001 census)
CubaCuba Spanish
CyprusCyprus Greek, Turkish, English
Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech 94.9%, Slovak 2%, other 2.3%, unidentified 0.8% (2001 census)
DenmarkDenmark Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority)


note: English is the predominant second language
DhekeliaDhekelia English, Greek
DjiboutiDjibouti French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar
DominicaDominica English (official), French patois
Dominican RepublicDominican Republic Spanish
EcuadorEcuador Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua)
EgyptEgypt Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes
El SalvadorEl Salvador Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)
Equatorial GuineaEquatorial Guinea Spanish 67.6% (official), other 32.4% (includes French (official), Fang, Bubi) (1994 census)
EritreaEritrea Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages
EstoniaEstonia Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7% (2000 census)
EthiopiaEthiopia Amarigna 32.7%, Oromigna 31.6%, Tigrigna 6.1%, Somaligna 6%, Guaragigna 3.5%, Sidamigna 3.5%, Hadiyigna 1.7%, other 14.8%, English (major foreign language taught in schools) (1994 census)
European UnionEuropean Union Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Gaelic, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish


note: only official languages are listed; German, the major language of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, is the most widely spoken mother tongue - over 19% of the EU population; English is the most widely spoken language - about 49% of the EU population is conversant with it (2007)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) English
Faroe IslandsFaroe Islands Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish
FijiFiji English (official), Fijian (official), Hindustani
FinlandFinland Finnish 92% (official), Swedish 5.6% (official), other 2.4% (small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) (2003)
FranceFrance French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)


overseas departments: French, Creole patois
French PolynesiaFrench Polynesia French 61.1% (official), Polynesian 31.4% (official), Asian languages 1.2%, other 0.3%, unspecified 6% (2002 census)
GabonGabon French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
Gambia, TheGambia, The English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars
Gaza StripGaza Strip Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by many Palestinians), English (widely understood)
GeorgiaGeorgia Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7%


note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia
GermanyGermany German
GhanaGhana Asante 14.8%, Ewe 12.7%, Fante 9.9%, Boron (Brong) 4.6%, Dagomba 4.3%, Dangme 4.3%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.7%, Akyem 3.4%, Ga 3.4%, Akuapem 2.9%, other 36.1% (includes English (official)) (2000 census)
GibraltarGibraltar English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese
GreeceGreece Greek 99% (official), other 1% (includes English and French)
GreenlandGreenland Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English
GrenadaGrenada English (official), French patois
GuamGuam English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%, Philippine languages 22.2%, other Pacific island languages 6.8%, Asian languages 7%, other languages 3.5% (2000 census)
GuatemalaGuatemala Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)
GuernseyGuernsey English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts
GuineaGuinea French (official); note - each ethnic group has its own language
Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages
GuyanaGuyana English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Urdu
HaitiHaiti French (official), Creole (official)
Holy See (Vatican City)Holy See (Vatican City) Italian, Latin, French, various other languages
HondurasHonduras Spanish, Amerindian dialects
Hong KongHong Kong Chinese (Cantonese) 89.2% (official), other Chinese dialects 6.4%, English 3.2% (official), other 1.2% (2001 census)
HungaryHungary Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census)
IcelandIceland Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken
IndiaIndia English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 21 other official languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanscrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language
IndonesiaIndonesia Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese)
IranIran Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
IraqIraq Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian
IrelandIreland English (official) is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) (official) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard
Isle of ManIsle of Man English, Manx Gaelic
IsraelIsrael Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language
ItalyItaly Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)
JamaicaJamaica English, English patois
JapanJapan Japanese
JerseyJersey English 94.5% (official), Portuguese 4.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census)
JordanJordan Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes
KazakhstanKazakhstan Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.)
KenyaKenya English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages
KiribatiKiribati I-Kiribati, English (official)
Korea, NorthKorea, North Korean
Korea, SouthKorea, South Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school
KosovoKosovo Albanian, Serbian, Bosniak, Turkish
KuwaitKuwait Arabic (official), English widely spoken
KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan Kyrgyz 64.7% (official), Uzbek 13.6%, Russian 12.5% (official), Dungun 1%, other 8.2% (1999 census)
LaosLaos Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages
LatviaLatvia Latvian (official) 58.2%, Russian 37.5%, Lithuanian and other 4.3% (2000 census)
LebanonLebanon Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian
LesothoLesotho Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa
LiberiaLiberia English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence
LibyaLibya Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities
LiechtensteinLiechtenstein German (official), Alemannic dialect
LithuaniaLithuania Lithuanian (official) 82%, Russian 8%, Polish 5.6%, other and unspecified 4.4% (2001 census)
LuxembourgLuxembourg Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language)
MacauMacau Cantonese 87.9%, Hokkien 4.4%, Mandarin 1.6%, other Chinese dialects 3.1%, other 3% (2001 census)
MacedoniaMacedonia Macedonian 66.5%, Albanian 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Roma 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 census)
MadagascarMadagascar English (official), French (official), Malagasy (official)
MalawiMalawi Chichewa 57.2% (official), Chinyanja 12.8%, Chiyao 10.1%, Chitumbuka 9.5%, Chisena 2.7%, Chilomwe 2.4%, Chitonga 1.7%, other 3.6% (1998 census)
MalaysiaMalaysia Bahasa Malaysia (official), English, Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai


note: in East Malaysia there are several indigenous languages; most widely spoken are Iban and Kadazan
MaldivesMaldives Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials
MaliMali French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages
MaltaMalta Maltese (official), English (official)
Marshall IslandsMarshall Islands Marshallese (official) 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999 census)


note: English (official), widely spoken as a second language
MauritaniaMauritania Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof
MauritiusMauritius Creole 80.5%, Bhojpuri 12.1%, French 3.4%, English (official; spoken by less than 1% of the population), other 3.7%, unspecified 0.3% (2000 census)
MayotteMayotte Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population
MexicoMexico Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages
Micronesia, Federated States ofMicronesia, Federated States of English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi
MoldovaMoldova Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)
MonacoMonaco French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
MongoliaMongolia Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)
MontenegroMontenegro Serbian (official; Ijekavian dialect), Bosnian, Albanian, Croatian
MontserratMontserrat English
MoroccoMorocco Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy
MozambiqueMozambique Emakhuwa 26.1%, Xichangana 11.3%, Portuguese 8.8% (official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language), Elomwe 7.6%, Cisena 6.8%, Echuwabo 5.8%, other Mozambican languages 32%, other foreign languages 0.3%, unspecified 1.3% (1997 census)
NamibiaNamibia English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages 1% (includes Oshivambo, Herero, Nama)
NauruNauru Nauruan (official; a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes
NepalNepal Nepali 47.8%, Maithali 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5% (2001 census)


note: many in government and business also speak English (2001 est.)
NetherlandsNetherlands Dutch (official), Frisian (official)
Netherlands AntillesNetherlands Antilles Papiamento 65.4% (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect), English 15.9% (widely spoken), Dutch 7.3% (official), Spanish 6.1%, Creole 1.6%, other 1.9%, unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
New CaledoniaNew Caledonia French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects
New ZealandNew Zealand English (official), Maori (official), Sign Language (official)
NicaraguaNicaragua Spanish 97.5% (official), Miskito 1.7%, other 0.8% (1995 census)


note: English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast
NigerNiger French (official), Hausa, Djerma
NigeriaNigeria English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani
NiueNiue Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English
Norfolk IslandNorfolk Island English (official), Norfolk - a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian
Northern Mariana IslandsNorthern Mariana Islands Philippine languages 24.4%, Chinese 23.4%, Chamorro 22.4%, English 10.8%, other Pacific island languages 9.5%, other 9.6% (2000 census)
NorwayNorway Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities; note - Sami is official in six municipalities
OmanOman Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects
PakistanPakistan Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski and other 8%
PalauPalau Palauan 64.7% official in all islands except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official), Filipino 13.5%, English 9.4%, Chinese 5.7%, Carolinian 1.5%, Japanese 1.5%, other Asian 2.3%, other languages 1.5% (2000 census)
PanamaPanama Spanish (official), English 14%; note - many Panamanians bilingual
Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region


note: 820 indigenous languages spoken (over one-tenth of the world's total)
ParaguayParaguay Spanish (official), Guarani (official)
PeruPeru Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages
PhilippinesPhilippines Filipino (official; based on Tagalog) and English (official); eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinan
Pitcairn IslandsPitcairn Islands English (official), Pitkern (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect)
PolandPoland Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)
PortugalPortugal Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used)
Puerto RicoPuerto Rico Spanish, English
QatarQatar Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language
RomaniaRomania Romanian 91% (official), Hungarian 6.7%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 1.2%
RussiaRussia Russian, many minority languages
RwandaRwanda Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers
Saint BarthelemySaint Barthelemy French (primary), English
Saint HelenaSaint Helena English
Saint Kitts and NevisSaint Kitts and Nevis English
Saint LuciaSaint Lucia English (official), French patois
Saint MartinSaint Martin French (official language), English, Dutch, French Patois, Spanish, Papiamento (dialect of Netherlands Antilles)
Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Pierre and Miquelon French (official)
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesSaint Vincent and the Grenadines English, French patois
SamoaSamoa Samoan (Polynesian), English
San MarinoSan Marino Italian
Sao Tome and PrincipeSao Tome and Principe Portuguese (official)
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia Arabic
SenegalSenegal French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
SerbiaSerbia Serbian 88.3% (official), Hungarian 3.8%, Bosniak 1.8%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 4.1%, unknown 0.9% (2002 census)


note: Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, Ukrainian, and Croatian all official in Vojvodina
SeychellesSeychelles Creole 91.8%, English 4.9% (official), other 3.1%, unspecified 0.2% (2002 census)
Sierra LeoneSierra Leone English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)
SingaporeSingapore Mandarin 35%, English 23%, Malay 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%, Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil 3.2%, other Chinese dialects 1.8%, other 0.9% (2000 census)
SlovakiaSlovakia Slovak (official) 83.9%, Hungarian 10.7%, Roma 1.8%, Ukrainian 1%, other or unspecified 2.6% (2001 census)
SloveniaSlovenia Slovenian 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4% (2002 census)
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English (official; but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population); 120 indigenous languages
SomaliaSomalia Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English
South AfricaSouth Africa IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English 8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%, other 7.2% (2001 census)
SpainSpain Castilian Spanish (official) 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%, are official regionally
Sri LankaSri Lanka Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8%


note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population
SudanSudan Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English


note: program of "Arabization" in process
SurinameSuriname Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese
SvalbardSvalbard Norwegian, Russian
SwazilandSwaziland English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official)
SwedenSweden Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
SwitzerlandSwitzerland German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 20.4%, Italian (official) 6.5%, Serbo-Croatian 1.5%, Albanian 1.3%, Portuguese 1.2%, Spanish 1.1%, English 1%, Romansch (official) 0.5%, other 2.8% (2000 census)


note: German, French, Italian, and Romansch are all national and official languages
SyriaSyria Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood
TaiwanTaiwan Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects
TajikistanTajikistan Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
TanzaniaTanzania Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages


note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages
ThailandThailand Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects
Timor-LesteTimor-Leste Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English


note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by significant numbers of people
TogoTogo French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)
TokelauTokelau Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English
TongaTonga Tongan, English
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago English (official), Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), French, Spanish, Chinese
TunisiaTunisia Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce)
TurkeyTurkey Turkish (official), Kurdish, Dimli (or Zaza), Azeri, Kabardian


note: there is also a substantial Gagauz population in the European part of Turkey
TurkmenistanTurkmenistan Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Turks and Caicos IslandsTurks and Caicos Islands English (official)
TuvaluTuvalu Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)
UgandaUganda English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic
UkraineUkraine Ukrainian (official) 67%, Russian 24%, other 9% (includes small Romanian-, Polish-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities)
United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu
United KingdomUnited Kingdom English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)
United StatesUnited States English 82.1%, Spanish 10.7%, other Indo-European 3.8%, Asian and Pacific island 2.7%, other 0.7% (2000 census)


note: Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii
UruguayUruguay Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier)
UzbekistanUzbekistan Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
VanuatuVanuatu local languages (more than 100) 72.6%, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama) 23.1%, English 1.9%, French 1.4%, other 0.3%, unspecified 0.7% (1999 Census)
VenezuelaVenezuela Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
VietnamVietnam Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Virgin IslandsVirgin Islands English 74.7%, Spanish or Spanish Creole 16.8%, French or French Creole 6.6%, other 1.9% (2000 census)
Wallis and FutunaWallis and Futuna Wallisian 58.9% (indigenous Polynesian language), Futunian 30.1%, French 10.8%, other 0.2% (2003 census)
West BankWest Bank Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood)
Western SaharaWestern Sahara Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
WorldWorld Mandarin Chinese 13.22%, Spanish 4.88%, English 4.68%, Arabic 3.12%, Hindi 2.74%, Portuguese 2.69%, Bengali 2.59%, Russian 2.2%, Japanese 1.85%, Standard German 1.44%, Wu Chinese 1.17% (2005 est.)


note: percents are for "first language" speakers only
YemenYemen Arabic
ZambiaZambia English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages
ZimbabweZimbabwe English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects
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