Compare Languages (2008) - Languages (2001)

Compare Languages (2008) with Languages (2001)

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	Languages (2008)	Languages (2001)
Afghanistan	Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashto (official) 35%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism	Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism
Akrotiri	English, Greek	-
Albania	Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects	Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek
American Samoa	Samoan 90.6% (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English 2.9%, Tongan 2.4%, other Pacific islander 2.1%, other 2% note: most people are bilingual (2000 census)	Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English note: most people are bilingual
Andorra	Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese	Catalan (official), French, Castilian
Armenia	Armenian 97.7%, Yezidi 1%, Russian 0.9%, other 0.4% (2001 census)	Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Aruba	Papiamento (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) 66.3%, Spanish 12.6%, English (widely spoken) 7.7%, Dutch (official) 5.8%, other 2.2%, unspecified or unknown 5.3% (2000 census)	Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish
Australia	English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%, unspecified 5.8% (2001 Census)	English, native languages
Austria	German (official nationwide) 88.6%, Turkish 2.3%, Serbian 2.2%, Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6%, other (includes Slovene,official in Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 census)	German
Azerbaijan	Azerbaijani (Azeri) 90.3%, Lezgi 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified 1% (1999 census)	Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.)
Bahamas, The	English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)	English, Creole (among Haitian immigrants)
Belarus	Belarusian, Russian, other	Byelorussian, Russian, other
Belgium	Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French)	Dutch 58%, French 32%, German 10%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French)
Belize	Spanish 46%, Creole 32.9%, Mayan dialects 8.9%, English 3.9% (official), Garifuna 3.4% (Carib), German 3.3%, other 1.4%, unknown 0.2% (2000 census)	English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian	Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian
Botswana	Setswana 78.2%, Kalanga 7.9%, Sekgalagadi 2.8%, English 2.1% (official), other 8.6%, unspecified 0.4% (2001 census)	English (official), Setswana
Bulgaria	Bulgarian 84.5%, Turkish 9.6%, Roma 4.1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)	Bulgarian, secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
Canada	English (official) 59.3%, French (official) 23.2%, other 17.5%	English 59.3% (official), French 23.2% (official), other 17.5%
Central African Republic	French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages	French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), Arabic, Hunsa, Swahili
Chad	French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects	French (official), Arabic (official), Sara and Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects
China	Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)	Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)
Christmas Island	English (official), Chinese, Malay	English, Chinese, Malay
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Malay (Cocos dialect), English	English, Malay
Comoros	Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic)	Arabic (official), French (official), Comoran (a blend of Swahili and Arabic)
Congo, Republic of the	French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread)	French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo has the most users)
Costa Rica	Spanish (official), English	Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto Limon
Croatia	Croatian 96.1%, Serbian 1%, other and undesignated 2.9% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) (2001 census)	Croatian 96%, other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German)
Czech Republic	Czech 94.9%, Slovak 2%, other 2.3%, unidentified 0.8% (2001 census)	Czech
Denmark	Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority) note: English is the predominant second language	Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority) note: English is the predominant second language
Dhekelia	English, Greek	-
Equatorial Guinea	Spanish 67.6% (official), other 32.4% (includes French (official), Fang, Bubi) (1994 census)	Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo
Eritrea	Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages	Afar, Amharic, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages
Estonia	Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7% (2000 census)	Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, English, Finnish, other
Ethiopia	Amarigna 32.7%, Oromigna 31.6%, Tigrigna 6.1%, Somaligna 6%, Guaragigna 3.5%, Sidamigna 3.5%, Hadiyigna 1.7%, other 14.8%, English (major foreign language taught in schools) (1994 census)	Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools)
European Union	Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Gaelic, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish note: only official languages are listed; German, the major language of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, is the most widely spoken mother tongue - over 19% of the EU population; English is the most widely spoken language - about 49% of the EU population is conversant with it (2007)	-
Fiji	English (official), Fijian (official), Hindustani	English (official), Fijian, Hindustani
Finland	Finnish 92% (official), Swedish 5.6% (official), other 2.4% (small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) (2003)	Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities
France	French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) overseas departments: French, Creole patois	French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)
French Guiana	-	French
French Polynesia	French 61.1% (official), Polynesian 31.4% (official), Asian languages 1.2%, other 0.3%, unspecified 6% (2002 census)	French (official), Tahitian (official)
Gabon	French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi	French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
Gaza Strip	Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by many Palestinians), English (widely understood)	Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood)
Georgia	Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7% note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia	Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7% note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia
Ghana	Asante 14.8%, Ewe 12.7%, Fante 9.9%, Boron (Brong) 4.6%, Dagomba 4.3%, Dangme 4.3%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.7%, Akyem 3.4%, Ga 3.4%, Akuapem 2.9%, other 36.1% (includes English (official)) (2000 census)	English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)
Gibraltar	English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese	English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Russian
Greece	Greek 99% (official), other 1% (includes English and French)	Greek 99% (official), English, French
Guadeloupe	-	French (official) 99%, Creole patois
Guam	English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%, Philippine languages 22.2%, other Pacific island languages 6.8%, Asian languages 7%, other languages 3.5% (2000 census)	English, Chamorro, Japanese
Guatemala	Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)	Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (more than 20 Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)
Guinea	French (official); note - each ethnic group has its own language	French (official), each ethnic group has its own language
Guyana	English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Urdu	English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu
Hong Kong	Chinese (Cantonese) 89.2% (official), other Chinese dialects 6.4%, English 3.2% (official), other 1.2% (2001 census)	Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official
Hungary	Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census)	Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%
Iceland	Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken	Icelandic
India	English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 21 other official languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanscrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language	English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication, Hindi the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people, Bengali (official), Telugu (official), Marathi (official), Tamil (official), Urdu (official), Gujarati (official), Malayalam (official), Kannada (official), Oriya (official), Punjabi (official), Assamese (official), Kashmiri (official), Sindhi (official), Sanskrit (official), Hindustani (a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India) note: 24 languages each spoken by a million or more persons; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible
Indonesia	Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese)	Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese
Ireland	English (official) is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) (official) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard	English is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard
Jamaica	English, English patois	English, Creole
Jersey	English 94.5% (official), Portuguese 4.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census)	English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts
Kazakhstan	Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.)	Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 40%, Russian (official, used in everyday business) 66%
Kiribati	I-Kiribati, English (official)	English (official), I-Kiribati
Kosovo	Albanian, Serbian, Bosniak, Turkish	-
Kyrgyzstan	Kyrgyz 64.7% (official), Uzbek 13.6%, Russian 12.5% (official), Dungun 1%, other 8.2% (1999 census)	Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) - official language, Russian - official language note: in May 2000, the Kyrgyzstani legislature made Russian an official language, equal in status to Kirghiz
Latvia	Latvian (official) 58.2%, Russian 37.5%, Lithuanian and other 4.3% (2000 census)	Latvian or Lettish (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other
Lithuania	Lithuanian (official) 82%, Russian 8%, Polish 5.6%, other and unspecified 4.4% (2001 census)	Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian
Macau	Cantonese 87.9%, Hokkien 4.4%, Mandarin 1.6%, other Chinese dialects 3.1%, other 3% (2001 census)	Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese)
Macedonia	Macedonian 66.5%, Albanian 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Roma 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 census)	-
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of	-	Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3%
Madagascar	English (official), French (official), Malagasy (official)	French (official), Malagasy (official)
Malawi	Chichewa 57.2% (official), Chinyanja 12.8%, Chiyao 10.1%, Chitumbuka 9.5%, Chisena 2.7%, Chilomwe 2.4%, Chitonga 1.7%, other 3.6% (1998 census)	English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally
Malaysia	Bahasa Malaysia (official), English, Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai note: in East Malaysia there are several indigenous languages; most widely spoken are Iban and Kadazan	Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; note - in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the largest of which are Iban and Kadazan
Marshall Islands	Marshallese (official) 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999 census) note: English (official), widely spoken as a second language	English (universally spoken and is the official language), two major Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese
Martinique	-	French, Creole patois
Mauritania	Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof	Hasaniya Arabic (official), Pular, Soninke, Wolof (official), French
Mauritius	Creole 80.5%, Bhojpuri 12.1%, French 3.4%, English (official; spoken by less than 1% of the population), other 3.7%, unspecified 0.3% (2000 census)	English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori
Micronesia, Federated States of	English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi	English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean
Montenegro	Serbian (official; Ijekavian dialect), Bosnian, Albanian, Croatian	-
Mozambique	Emakhuwa 26.1%, Xichangana 11.3%, Portuguese 8.8% (official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language), Elomwe 7.6%, Cisena 6.8%, Echuwabo 5.8%, other Mozambican languages 32%, other foreign languages 0.3%, unspecified 1.3% (1997 census)	Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects
Namibia	English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages 1% (includes Oshivambo, Herero, Nama)	English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama
Nauru	Nauruan (official; a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes	Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes
Nepal	Nepali 47.8%, Maithali 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5% (2001 census) note: many in government and business also speak English (2001 est.)	Nepali (official; spoken by 90% of the population), about a dozen other languages and about 30 major dialects; note - many in government and business also speak English (1995)
Netherlands	Dutch (official), Frisian (official)	Dutch
Netherlands Antilles	Papiamento 65.4% (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect), English 15.9% (widely spoken), Dutch 7.3% (official), Spanish 6.1%, Creole 1.6%, other 1.9%, unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)	Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) predominates, English widely spoken, Spanish
New Zealand	English (official), Maori (official), Sign Language (official)	English (official), Maori
Nicaragua	Spanish 97.5% (official), Miskito 1.7%, other 0.8% (1995 census) note: English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast	Spanish (official) note: English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast
Niue	Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English	Polynesian closely related to Tongan and Samoan, English
Norfolk Island	English (official), Norfolk - a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian	English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian
Northern Mariana Islands	Philippine languages 24.4%, Chinese 23.4%, Chamorro 22.4%, English 10.8%, other Pacific island languages 9.5%, other 9.6% (2000 census)	English, Chamorro, Carolinian note: 86% of population speaks a language other than English at home
Norway	Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities; note - Sami is official in six municipalities	Norwegian (official) note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Pakistan	Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski and other 8%	Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%
Palau	Palauan 64.7% official in all islands except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official), Filipino 13.5%, English 9.4%, Chinese 5.7%, Carolinian 1.5%, Japanese 1.5%, other Asian 2.3%, other languages 1.5% (2000 census)	English and Palauan official in all states except Sonsoral (Sonsorolese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official)
Panama	Spanish (official), English 14%; note - many Panamanians bilingual	Spanish (official), English 14% note: many Panamanians bilingual
Papua New Guinea	Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region note: 820 indigenous languages spoken (over one-tenth of the world's total)	English spoken by 1%-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region note: 715 indigenous languages
Peru	Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages	Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara
Philippines	Filipino (official; based on Tagalog) and English (official); eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinan	two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English, eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense
Pitcairn Islands	English (official), Pitkern (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect)	English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect)
Poland	Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)	Polish
Portugal	Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used)	Portuguese
Reunion	-	French (official), Creole widely used
Romania	Romanian 91% (official), Hungarian 6.7%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 1.2%	Romanian, Hungarian, German
Russia	Russian, many minority languages	Russian, other
Saint Barthelemy	French (primary), English	-
Saint Martin	French (official language), English, Dutch, French Patois, Spanish, Papiamento (dialect of Netherlands Antilles)	-
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	French (official)	French
Serbia	Serbian 88.3% (official), Hungarian 3.8%, Bosniak 1.8%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 4.1%, unknown 0.9% (2002 census) note: Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, Ukrainian, and Croatian all official in Vojvodina	-
Seychelles	Creole 91.8%, English 4.9% (official), other 3.1%, unspecified 0.2% (2002 census)	English (official), French (official), Creole
Singapore	Mandarin 35%, English 23%, Malay 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%, Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil 3.2%, other Chinese dialects 1.8%, other 0.9% (2000 census)	Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official)
Slovakia	Slovak (official) 83.9%, Hungarian 10.7%, Roma 1.8%, Ukrainian 1%, other or unspecified 2.6% (2001 census)	Slovak (official), Hungarian
Slovenia	Slovenian 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4% (2002 census)	Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 6%, other 3%
Solomon Islands	Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English (official; but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population); 120 indigenous languages	Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2% of population note: 120 indigenous languages
South Africa	IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English 8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%, other 7.2% (2001 census)	11 official languages, including Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu
Spain	Castilian Spanish (official) 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%, are official regionally	Castilian Spanish (official) 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%
Sri Lanka	Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8% note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population	Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8% note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population
Sudan	Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English note: program of "Arabization" in process	Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English note: program of "Arabization" in process
Suriname	Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese	Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese
Svalbard	Norwegian, Russian	Russian, Norwegian
Sweden	Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities	Swedish note: small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Switzerland	German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 20.4%, Italian (official) 6.5%, Serbo-Croatian 1.5%, Albanian 1.3%, Portuguese 1.2%, Spanish 1.1%, English 1%, Romansch (official) 0.5%, other 2.8% (2000 census) note: German, French, Italian, and Romansch are all national and official languages	German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 19.2%, Italian (official) 7.6%, Romansch 0.6%, other 8.9%
Tanzania	Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages	Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguju (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources, including Arabic and English, and it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages
Timor-Leste	Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by significant numbers of people	-
Trinidad and Tobago	English (official), Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), French, Spanish, Chinese	English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese
Turkey	Turkish (official), Kurdish, Dimli (or Zaza), Azeri, Kabardian note: there is also a substantial Gagauz population in the European part of Turkey	Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek
Tuvalu	Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)	Tuvaluan, English
Ukraine	Ukrainian (official) 67%, Russian 24%, other 9% (includes small Romanian-, Polish-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities)	Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
United States	English 82.1%, Spanish 10.7%, other Indo-European 3.8%, Asian and Pacific island 2.7%, other 0.7% (2000 census) note: Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii	English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority)
Vanuatu	local languages (more than 100) 72.6%, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama) 23.1%, English 1.9%, French 1.4%, other 0.3%, unspecified 0.7% (1999 Census)	English (official), French (official), pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama)
Virgin Islands	English 74.7%, Spanish or Spanish Creole 16.8%, French or French Creole 6.6%, other 1.9% (2000 census)	English (official), Spanish, Creole
Wallis and Futuna	Wallisian 58.9% (indigenous Polynesian language), Futunian 30.1%, French 10.8%, other 0.2% (2003 census)	French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language)
World	Mandarin Chinese 13.22%, Spanish 4.88%, English 4.68%, Arabic 3.12%, Hindi 2.74%, Portuguese 2.69%, Bengali 2.59%, Russian 2.2%, Japanese 1.85%, Standard German 1.44%, Wu Chinese 1.17% (2005 est.) note: percents are for "first language" speakers only	-
Yugoslavia	-	Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%