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Compare Somalia (2001) - Burundi (2004)

Compare Somalia (2001) z Burundi (2004)

 Somalia (2001)Burundi (2004)
 SomaliaBurundi
Administrative divisions 18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed 16 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Mwaro, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi
Age structure 0-14 years:
44.54% (male 1,670,320; female 1,665,329)

15-64 years:
52.69% (male 1,993,750; female 1,952,437)

65 years and over:
2.77% (male 91,511; female 115,426) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 46.4% (male 1,459,251; female 1,430,332)


15-64 years: 50.9% (male 1,566,274; female 1,607,705)


65 years and over: 2.7% (male 66,306; female 101,353) (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products cattle, sheep, goats; bananas, sorghum, corn, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans; fish coffee, cotton, tea, corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc (tapioca); beef, milk, hides
Airports 62 (2000 est.) 8 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total:
5

over 3,047 m:
4

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total: 1


over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
57

2,438 to 3,047 m:
4

1,524 to 2,437 m:
13

914 to 1,523 m:
29

under 914 m:
11 (2000 est.)
total: 7


914 to 1,523 m: 4


under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)
Area total:
637,657 sq km

land:
627,337 sq km

water:
10,320 sq km
total: 27,830 sq km


land: 25,650 sq km


water: 2,180 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Texas slightly smaller than Maryland
Background A SIAD BARRE regime was ousted in January 1991; turmoil, factional fighting, and anarchy followed for nine years. In May of 1991, northern clans declared an independent Republic of Somaliland which now includes the administrative regions of Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and Sool. Although not recognized by any government, this entity has maintained a stable existence, aided by the overwhelming dominance of the ruling clan and economic infrastructure left behind by British, Russian, and American military assistance programs. The regions of Bari and Nugaal comprise a neighboring self-declared Republic of Puntland, which has also made strides towards reconstructing legitimate, representative government. Beginning in 1993, a two-year UN humanitarian effort (primarily in the south) was able to alleviate famine conditions, but when the UN withdrew in 1995, having suffered significant casualties, order still had not been restored. A Transitional National Government (TNG) was created in October 2000 in Arta, Djibouti which was attended by a broad representation of Somali clans. The TNG has a three-year mandate to create a permanent national Somali government. The TNG does not recognize Somaliland or Puntland as independent republics but so far has been unable to reunite them with the unstable regions in the south; numerous warlords and factions are still fighting for control of Mogadishu and the other southern regions. Burundi's first democratically elected president was assassinated in October 1993 after only one hundred days in office. Since then, some 200,000 Burundians have perished in widespread, often intense ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions. Hundreds of thousands have been internally displaced or have become refugees in neighboring countries. Burundi troops, seeking to secure their borders, briefly intervened in the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1998. A new transitional government, inaugurated on 1 November 2001, signed a power-sharing agreement with the largest rebel faction in December 2003 and set in place a provisional constitution in October 2004. Implementation of the agreement has been problematic, however, as one remaining rebel group refuses to sign on and elections have been repeatedly delayed, clouding prospects for a sustainable peace.
Birth rate 47.23 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 39.68 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Budget revenues:
$NA

expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
revenues: $179.4 million


expenditures: $209 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2003)
Capital Mogadishu Bujumbura
Climate principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January
Coastline 3,025 km 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979

note:
the Transitional National Government formed in October 2000 has a mandate to create a new constitution and hold elections within three years
13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural political system; supplanted on 20 October 2004 by a provisional constitution approved by the parliament, which extended the transition, set ethnic quotas for government positions, and tentatively scheduled elections for February-April 2005
Country name conventional long form:
none

conventional short form:
Somalia

former:
Somali Republic, Somali Democratic Republic
conventional long form: Republic of Burundi


conventional short form: Burundi


local long form: Republika y'u Burundi


local short form: Burundi


former: Urundi
Currency Somali shilling (SOS) Burundi franc (BIF)
Death rate 18.35 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 17.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Debt - external $2.6 billion (1999 est.) $1.133 billion (2002)
Diplomatic representation from the US the US does not have an embassy in Somalia; US interests are represented by the US Embassy in Nairobi at Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue; mail address: P. O. Box 30137, Unit 64100, Nairobi; APO AE 09831; telephone: [254] (2) 334141; FAX [254] (2) 340838 chief of mission: Ambassador James Howard YELLIN


embassy: Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura


mailing address: B. P. 1720, Bujumbura


telephone: [257] 223454


FAX: [257] 222926
Diplomatic representation in the US Somalia does not have an embassy in the US (ceased operations on 8 May 1991) chief of mission: Ambassador Antoine NTAMOBWA


chancery: Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007


telephone: [1] (202) 342-2574


FAX: [1] (202) 342-2578
Disputes - international most of the southern half of the boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional Administrative Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden Tutsi, Hutu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated and natural resource areas; government heads pledge to end conflict, but localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts
Economic aid - recipient $191.5 million (1995) $92.7 million (2000)
Economy - overview One of the world's poorest and least developed countries, Somalia has few resources. Moreover, much of the economy has been devastated by the civil war. Agriculture is the most important sector, with livestock accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings. Nomads and semi-nomads, who are dependent upon livestock for their livelihood, make up a large portion of the population. Livestock and bananas are the principal exports; sugar, sorghum, corn, fish, and qat are products for the domestic market. The small industrial sector, based on the processing of agricultural products, accounts for 10% of GDP; most facilities have been shut down because of the civil strife. Moreover, ongoing civil disturbances in Mogadishu and outlying areas have interfered with any substantial economic advance and with international aid arrangements. Due to the civil strife, economic data is susceptible to an exceptionally wide margin of error. Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. The economy is predominantly agricultural with roughly 90% of the population dependent on subsistence agriculture. Economic growth depends on coffee and tea exports, which account for 90% of foreign exchange earnings. The ability to pay for imports, therefore, rests primarily on weather conditions and international coffee and tea prices. The Tutsi minority, 14% of the population, dominates the government and the coffee trade at the expense of the Hutu majority, 85% of the population. Since October 1993 an ethnic-based war has resulted in more than 200,000 deaths, forced 800,000 refugees into Tanzania, and displaced 525,000 others internally. Doubts about the prospects for sustainable peace continue to impede development. Only one in two children go to school, and approximately one in ten adults has HIV/AIDS. Food, medicine, and electricity remain in short supply.
Electricity - consumption 241.8 million kWh (1999) 177.5 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) 33 million kWh; note - supplied by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001)
Electricity - production 260 million kWh (1999) 155.4 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
-
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Shimbiris 2,416 m
lowest point: Lake Tanganyika 772 m


highest point: Mount Heha 2,670 m
Environment - current issues famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
Environment - international agreements party to:
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea

signed, but not ratified:
Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection


signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Ethnic groups Somali 85%, Bantu, Arabs 30,000 Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%, Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
Exchange rates Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000), 2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January 1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995), 2,616 (1 July 1993)

note:
the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own currency, the Somaliland shilling
Burundi francs per US dollar - 1,082.62 (2003), 930.75 (2002), 830.35 (2001), 720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999)
Executive branch chief of state:
ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan (since 26 August 2000); note - Interim President ABDIKASSIM was chosen for a three-year term by a 245-member National Assembly serving as a transitional government; the present political situation is still unstable, particularly in the south, with interclan fighting and random banditry

head of government:
ALI Khalifa Galaydh, appointed by the president 8 October 2000

cabinet:
appointed by the prime minister and sworn in on 20 October 2000

election results:
ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan was elected president of an interim government at the Djibouti-sponsored Arta Peace Conference on 26 August 2000 by a broad representation of Somali clans that comprised a transitional National Assembly.
chief of state: President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 30 April 2003); note - NDAYIZEYE, a Hutu, was sworn in as president for the second half of the three-year transitional government inaugurated on 1 November 2001; Vice President Frederic NGENZEBUHORO (since 11 November 2004)


head of government: President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 30 April 2003); note - NDAYIZEYE, a Hutu, was sworn in as president for the second half of the three-year transitional government inaugurated on 1 November 2001; Vice President Frederic NGENZEBUHORO (since 11 November 2004)


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president


elections: NA; current president assumed power on 30 April 2003 as part of the transitional government established by the 2000 Arusha Accord
Exports $186 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.) NA (2001)
Exports - commodities livestock, bananas, hides, fish (1999) coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides
Exports - partners Saudi Arabia 53%, Yemen 19%, UAE 14%, Italy 5%, Pakistan 2% (1999) Switzerland 31.6%, UK 15.8%, Netherlands 5.3%, Rwanda 5.3% (2003)
Fiscal year NA calendar year
Flag description light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory) divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below)
GDP purchasing power parity - $4.3 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $3.78 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
60%

industry:
10% (largely shut down in 2000)

services:
30% (2000 est.)
agriculture: 47.4%


industry: 19.3%


services: 33.3% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $600 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $600 (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate NA% -1.3% (2003 est.)
Geographic coordinates 10 00 N, 49 00 E 3 30 S, 30 00 E
Geography - note strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed; the Kagera, which drains into Lake Victoria, is the most remote headstream of the White Nile
Highways total:
22,100 km

paved:
2,608 km

unpaved:
19,492 km (1996)
total: 14,480 km


paved: 1,028 km


unpaved: 13,452 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
lowest 10%: 1.8%


highest 10%: 32.9% (1998)
Imports $314 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.) NA (2001)
Imports - commodities manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials (1995) capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs
Imports - partners Djibouti 24%, Kenya 14%, Brazil 13%, Saudi Arabia 10%, India 9% (1999) Kenya 14.6%, Tanzania 11.5%, Uganda 5.7%, France 5.1%, Zambia 5.1%, China 4.5%, India 4.5%, Japan 4.5% (2003)
Independence 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to form the Somali Republic) 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
Industrial production growth rate NA% 18% (2001)
Industries a few small industries, including sugar refining, textiles, petroleum refining (mostly shut down), wireless communication light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imported components; public works construction; food processing
Infant mortality rate 123.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) total: 70.4 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 77.15 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 63.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) over 100% (businesses print their own money) (2000 est.) 10.7% (2003 est.)
International organization participation ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer) ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 1 (2000) -
Irrigated land 1,800 sq km (1993 est.) 740 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch following the breakdown of national government, most regions have reverted to Islamic (Shari'a) law with a provision for appeal of all sentences Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Constitutional Court; Courts of Appeal (there are three in separate locations); Tribunals of First Instance (17 at the province level and 123 small local tribunals)
Labor force 3.7 million (very few are skilled laborers) (1993 est.) 2.99 million (2002)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture (mostly pastoral nomadism) 71%, industry and services 29% agriculture 93.6%, industry 2.3%, services 4.1% (2002 est.)
Land boundaries total:
2,366 km

border countries:
Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,626 km, Kenya 682 km
total: 974 km


border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km
Land use arable land:
2%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
69%

forests and woodland:
26%

other:
3% (1993 est.)
arable land: 35.05%


permanent crops: 14.02%


other: 50.93% (2001)
Languages Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)
Legal system NA based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral People's Assembly or Golaha Shacbiga

note:
fledgling parliament; a transitional 245-member National Assembly began to meet on 13 August 2000 in the town of Arta, Djibouti and is now based in Mogadishu
bicameral, consists of a National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (expanded from 121 to approximately 140 seats under the transitional government inaugurated 1 November 2001; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and a Senate (54 seats; term length is undefined, the current senators will likely serve out the three-year transition period)


elections: last held 29 June 1993 (next was scheduled to be held in 1998, but was suspended by presidential decree in 1996; elections are planned to follow the completion of the three-year transitional government)


election results: percent of vote by party - FRODEBU 71.04%, UPRONA 21.4%, other 7.56%; seats by party - FRODEBU 65, UPRONA 16, civilians 27, other parties 13
Life expectancy at birth total population:
46.6 years

male:
44.99 years

female:
48.25 years (2001 est.)
total population: 43.36 years


male: 42.73 years


female: 44 years (2004 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
24%

male:
36%

female:
14% (1990 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 51.6%


male: 58.5%


female: 45.2% (2003 est.)
Location Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, east of Ethiopia Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo
Map references Africa Africa
Maritime claims territorial sea:
200 NM
none (landlocked)
Merchant marine none (2000 est.) -
Military branches A Somali National Army is being reformed under the interim government; numerous factions and clans maintain independent militias, and the Somaliland and Puntland regional governments maintain their own security and police forces Army (including Naval Detachment and Air Wing), National Gendarmerie
Military expenditures - dollar figure $NA $33.3 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP NA% 6% (2003)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
1,825,302 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 1,419,755 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
1,011,400 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 747,400 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males: 81,862 (2004 est.)
National holiday Foundation of the Somali Republic, 1 July (1960) Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Nationality noun:
Somali(s)

adjective:
Somali
noun: Burundian(s)


adjective: Burundian
Natural hazards recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season flooding, landslides, drought
Natural resources uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium, arable land, hydropower
Net migration rate 5.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -0.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 15 km -
Political parties and leaders none the two national, mainstream, governing parties are: Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Alphonse KADEGE, president]; Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI, president]


note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are: Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA [Terrence NSANZE]; Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development or RADDES [Joseph NZEYIMANA]; Party for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]; People's Reconciliation Party or PRP [Mathias HITIMANA]
Political pressure groups and leaders numerous clan and subclan factions are currently vying for power loosely organized Hutu and Tutsi militias, often affiliated with Hutu and Tutsi extremist parties or subordinate to government security forces
Population 7,488,773

note:
this estimate was derived from an official census taken in 1975 by the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is complicated by the large number of nomads and by refugee movements in response to famine and clan warfare (July 2001 est.)
6,231,221


note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2004 est.)
Population below poverty line NA% 68% (2002 est.)
Population growth rate 3.48% (2001 est.) 2.2% (2004 est.)
Ports and harbors Bender Cassim (Boosaaso), Berbera, Chisimayu (Kismaayo), Merca, Mogadishu Bujumbura
Radio broadcast stations AM 0, FM 0, shortwave 4 (1988) AM 0, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2001)
Radios 470,000 (1997) -
Railways 0 km -
Religions Sunni Muslim Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 23%, Muslim 10%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.79 male(s)/female

total population:
1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.65 male(s)/female


total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal NA years of age; universal adult
Telephone system general assessment:
the public telecommunications system was completely destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions; all relief organizations depend on their own private systems

domestic:
recently, local cellular telephone systems have been established in Mogadishu and in several other population centers

international:
international connections are available from Mogadishu by satellite
general assessment: primitive system


domestic: sparse system of open-wire, radiotelephone communications, and low-capacity microwave radio relay


international: country code - 257; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use NA 23,900 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular NA 64,000 (2003)
Television broadcast stations 1 (1997) 1 (2001)
Terrain mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains
Total fertility rate 7.11 children born/woman (2001 est.) 5.9 children born/woman (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate NA% NA
Waterways none mainly on Lake Tanganyika (2004)
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