Compare Languages (2001) - Languages (2004)

Languages (2001)

Languages (2004)

Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism

Pashtu (official) 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism

Albania

Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek

Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects

Algeria

Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects

American Samoa

Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English

note:
most people are bilingual

Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English

note: most people are bilingual

Andorra

Catalan (official), French, Castilian

Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese

Angola

Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages

Anguilla

English (official)

Antigua and Barbuda

English (official), local dialects

Argentina

Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French

Armenia

Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%

Aruba

Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish

Australia

English, native languages

Austria

German

German (official nationwide), Slovene (official in Carinthia), Croatian (official in Burgenland), Hungarian (official in Burgenland)

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.)

Bahamas, The

English, Creole (among Haitian immigrants)

English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)

Bahrain

Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu

Bangladesh

Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English

Barbados

English

Belarus

Byelorussian, Russian, other

Belarusian, Russian, other

Belgium

Dutch 58%, French 32%, German 10%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French)

Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French)

Belize

English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole

Benin

French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north)

Bermuda

English (official), Portuguese

Bhutan

Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects

Bolivia

Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian

Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian

Botswana

English (official), Setswana

Brazil

Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French

British Virgin Islands

English (official)

Brunei

Malay (official), English, Chinese

Bulgaria

Bulgarian, secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown

Burkina Faso

French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population

Burma

Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages

Burundi

Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)

Cambodia

Khmer (official) 95%, French, English

Cameroon

24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)

Canada

English 59.3% (official), French 23.2% (official), other 17.5%

Cape Verde

Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words)

Cayman Islands

English

Central African Republic

French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), Arabic, Hunsa, Swahili

French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages

Chad

French (official), Arabic (official), Sara and Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects

French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects

Chile

Spanish

China

Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)

Christmas Island

English, Chinese, Malay

English (official), Chinese, Malay

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

English, Malay

Malay (Cocos dialect), English

Colombia

Spanish

Comoros

Arabic (official), French (official), Comoran (a blend of Swahili and Arabic)

Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba

Congo, Republic of the

French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo has the most users)

French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread)

Cook Islands

English (official), Maori

Costa Rica

Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto Limon

Spanish (official), English

Cote d'Ivoire

French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken

Croatia

Croatian 96%, other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German)

Cuba

Spanish

Cyprus

Greek, Turkish, English

Czech Republic

Czech

Denmark

Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority)

note:
English is the predominant second language

Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority)

note: English is the predominant second language

Djibouti

French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar

Dominica

English (official), French patois

Dominican Republic

Spanish

East Timor

-

Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English

note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by significant numbers of people

Ecuador

Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua)

Egypt

Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes

El Salvador

Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)

Equatorial Guinea

Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo

Eritrea

Afar, Amharic, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages

Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages

Estonia

Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, English, Finnish, other

Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, Finnish, other

Ethiopia

Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools)

European Union

-

Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish; note - only official languages are listed

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

English

Faroe Islands

Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish

Fiji

English (official), Fijian, Hindustani

Finland

Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities

Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities

France

French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)

French Guiana

French

French Polynesia

French (official), Tahitian (official)

Gabon

French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi

French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi

Gambia, The

English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars

Gaza Strip

Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood)

Georgia

Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7%

note:
Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia

Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7%

note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia

Germany

German

Ghana

English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)

Gibraltar

English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Russian

English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese

Greece

Greek 99% (official), English, French

Greenland

Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English

Grenada

English (official), French patois

Guadeloupe

French (official) 99%, Creole patois

Guam

English, Chamorro, Japanese

Guatemala

Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (more than 20 Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)

Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)

Guernsey

English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts

Guinea

French (official), each ethnic group has its own language

Guinea-Bissau

Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages

Guyana

English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu

Haiti

French (official), Creole (official)

Holy See (Vatican City)

Italian, Latin, French, various other languages

Honduras

Spanish, Amerindian dialects

Hong Kong

Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official

Hungary

Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%

Iceland

Icelandic

Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken

India

English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication, Hindi the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people, Bengali (official), Telugu (official), Marathi (official), Tamil (official), Urdu (official), Gujarati (official), Malayalam (official), Kannada (official), Oriya (official), Punjabi (official), Assamese (official), Kashmiri (official), Sindhi (official), Sanskrit (official), Hindustani (a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India)

note:
24 languages each spoken by a million or more persons; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible

English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language

Indonesia

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Iran

Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%

Iraq

Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian

Ireland

English is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard

English is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard

Isle of Man

English, Manx Gaelic

Israel

Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language

Italy

Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)

Jamaica

English, Creole

English, patois English

Japan

Japanese

Jersey

English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts

Jordan

Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes

Kazakhstan

Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 40%, Russian (official, used in everyday business) 66%

Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.)

Kenya

English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages

Kiribati

English (official), I-Kiribati

I-Kiribati, English (official)

Korea, North

Korean

Korea, South

Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school

Kuwait

Arabic (official), English widely spoken

Kyrgyzstan

Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) - official language, Russian - official language

note:
in May 2000, the Kyrgyzstani legislature made Russian an official language, equal in status to Kirghiz

Kyrgyz - official language, Russian - official language

note: in December 2001, the Kyrgyzstani legislature made Russian an official language, equal in status to Kyrgyz

Laos

Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages

Latvia

Latvian or Lettish (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other

Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other

Lebanon

Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian

Lesotho

Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa

Liberia

English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence

Libya

Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities

Liechtenstein

German (official), Alemannic dialect

Lithuania

Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian

Luxembourg

Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language)

Macau

Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese)

Macedonia

-

Macedonian 68%, Albanian 25%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 2%, other 2%

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of

Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3%

-

Madagascar

French (official), Malagasy (official)

Malawi

English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally

Malaysia

Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; note - in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the largest of which are Iban and Kadazan

Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; note - in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the largest are Iban and Kadazan

Maldives

Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials

Mali

French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages

Malta

Maltese (official), English (official)

Marshall Islands

English (universally spoken and is the official language), two major Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese

English (widely spoken as a second language, both English and Marshallese are official languages), two major Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese

Martinique

French, Creole patois

Mauritania

Hasaniya Arabic (official), Pular, Soninke, Wolof (official), French

Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof

Mauritius

English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori

English (official), Creole, French (official), Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bhojpuri

Mayotte

Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population

Mexico

Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages

Micronesia, Federated States of

English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean

English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi

Moldova

Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)

Monaco

French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque

Mongolia

Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)

Montserrat

English

Morocco

Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy

Mozambique

Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects

Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, numerous other indigenous languages, Portuguese (official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language)

Namibia

English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama

Nauru

Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes

Nepal

Nepali (official; spoken by 90% of the population), about a dozen other languages and about 30 major dialects; note - many in government and business also speak English (1995)

Netherlands

Dutch

Dutch (official language), Frisian (official language)

Netherlands Antilles

Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) predominates, English widely spoken, Spanish

New Caledonia

French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects

New Zealand

English (official), Maori

English (official), Maori (official)

Nicaragua

Spanish (official)

note:
English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast

Spanish (official)

note: English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast

Niger

French (official), Hausa, Djerma

Nigeria

English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani

Niue

Polynesian closely related to Tongan and Samoan, English

Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English

Norfolk Island

English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian

Northern Mariana Islands

English, Chamorro, Carolinian

note:
86% of population speaks a language other than English at home

English, Chamorro, Carolinian

note: 86% of population speaks a language other than English at home

Norway

Norwegian (official)

note:
small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official)

note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Oman

Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects

Pakistan

Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%

Palau

English and Palauan official in all states except Sonsoral (Sonsorolese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official)

English and Palauan official in all states except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official)

Panama

Spanish (official), English 14%

note:
many Panamanians bilingual

Spanish (official), English 14%

note: many Panamanians bilingual

Papua New Guinea

English spoken by 1%-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region

note:
715 indigenous languages

Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region

note: 715 indigenous languages -- many unrelated

Paraguay

Spanish (official), Guarani (official)

Peru

Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara

Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages

Philippines

two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English, eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense

two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense

Pitcairn Islands

English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect)

Poland

Polish

Portugal

Portuguese

Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used)

Puerto Rico

Spanish, English

Qatar

Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language

Reunion

French (official), Creole widely used

Romania

Romanian, Hungarian, German

Romanian (official), Hungarian, German

Russia

Russian, other

Rwanda

Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers

Saint Helena

English

Saint Kitts and Nevis

English

Saint Lucia

English (official), French patois

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

French

French (official)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

English, French patois

Samoa

Samoan (Polynesian), English

San Marino

Italian

Sao Tome and Principe

Portuguese (official)

Saudi Arabia

Arabic

Senegal

French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka

Serbia and Montenegro

-

Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%

Seychelles

English (official), French (official), Creole

Sierra Leone

English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)

Singapore

Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official)

Slovakia

Slovak (official), Hungarian

Slovenia

Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 6%, other 3%

Slovenian 92%, Serbo-Croatian 6.2%, other 1.8%

Solomon Islands

Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2% of population

note:
120 indigenous languages

Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English is official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population

note: 120 indigenous languages

Somalia

Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English

South Africa

11 official languages, including Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu

Spain

Castilian Spanish (official) 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%

Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%

note: Castilian is the official language nationwide; the other languages are official regionally

Sri Lanka

Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8%

note:
English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population

Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8%

note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population

Sudan

Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English

note:
program of "Arabization" in process

Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English

note: program of "Arabization" in process

Suriname

Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese

Svalbard

Russian, Norwegian

Norwegian, Russian

Swaziland

English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official)

Sweden

Swedish

note:
small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Swedish

note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Switzerland

German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 19.2%, Italian (official) 7.6%, Romansch 0.6%, other 8.9%

German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 19.2%, Italian (official) 7.6%, Romansch (official) 0.6%, other 8.9%

Syria

Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood

Taiwan

Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects

Tajikistan

Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business

Tanzania

Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguju (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages

note:
Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources, including Arabic and English, and it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages

Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguju (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages

note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources, including Arabic and English, and it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages

Thailand

Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects

Togo

French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)

Tokelau

Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English

Tonga

Tongan, English

Trinidad and Tobago

English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese

Tunisia

Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce)

Turkey

Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek

Turkmenistan

Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%

Turks and Caicos Islands

English (official)

Tuvalu

Tuvaluan, English

Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)

Uganda

English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic

Ukraine

Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian

United Arab Emirates

Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu

United Kingdom

English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)

United States

English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority)

Uruguay

Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier)

Uzbekistan

Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%

Vanuatu

English (official), French (official), pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama)

three official languages: English, French, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama), plus more than 100 local languages

Venezuela

Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects

Vietnam

Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)

Virgin Islands

English (official), Spanish, Creole

Wallis and Futuna

French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language)

West Bank

Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood)

Western Sahara

Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic

World

-

Chinese, Mandarin 14.37%, Hindi 6.02%, English 5.61%, Spanish 5.59%, Bengali 3.4%, Portuguese 2.63%, Russian 2.75%, Japanese 2.06%, German, Standard 1.64%, Korean 1.28%, French 1.27% (2000 est.)

note: percents are for "first language" speakers only

Yemen

Arabic

Yugoslavia

Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%

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Zambia

English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages

Zimbabwe

English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects