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Compare Mali (2001) - Burundi (2004)

Compare Mali (2001) z Burundi (2004)

 Mali (2001)Burundi (2004)
 MaliBurundi
Administrative divisions 8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou 16 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Mwaro, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi
Age structure 0-14 years:
47.2% (male 2,612,215; female 2,583,370)

15-64 years:
49.73% (male 2,610,142; female 2,864,127)

65 years and over:
3.07% (male 158,486; female 180,178) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 46.4% (male 1,459,251; female 1,430,332)


15-64 years: 50.9% (male 1,566,274; female 1,607,705)


65 years and over: 2.7% (male 66,306; female 101,353) (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats coffee, cotton, tea, corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc (tapioca); beef, milk, hides
Airports 27 (2000 est.) 8 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total:
7

2,438 to 3,047 m:
4

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
2 (2000 est.)
total: 1


over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
20

1,524 to 2,437 m:
4

914 to 1,523 m:
7

under 914 m:
9 (2000 est.)
total: 7


914 to 1,523 m: 4


under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)
Area total:
1.24 million sq km

land:
1.22 million sq km

water:
20,000 sq km
total: 27,830 sq km


land: 25,650 sq km


water: 2,180 sq km
Area - comparative slightly less than twice the size of Texas slightly smaller than Maryland
Background The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 with a transitional government, and in 1992 when Mali's first democratic presidential election was held. Since his reelection in 1997, President KONARE has continued to push through political and economic reforms and to fight corruption. In 1999 he indicated he would not run for a third term. Burundi's first democratically elected president was assassinated in October 1993 after only one hundred days in office. Since then, some 200,000 Burundians have perished in widespread, often intense ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions. Hundreds of thousands have been internally displaced or have become refugees in neighboring countries. Burundi troops, seeking to secure their borders, briefly intervened in the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1998. A new transitional government, inaugurated on 1 November 2001, signed a power-sharing agreement with the largest rebel faction in December 2003 and set in place a provisional constitution in October 2004. Implementation of the agreement has been problematic, however, as one remaining rebel group refuses to sign on and elections have been repeatedly delayed, clouding prospects for a sustainable peace.
Birth rate 48.79 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 39.68 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Budget revenues:
$730 million

expenditures:
$770 million, including capital expenditures of $320 million (1997 est.)
revenues: $179.4 million


expenditures: $209 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2003)
Capital Bamako Bujumbura
Climate subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution adopted 12 January 1992 13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural political system; supplanted on 20 October 2004 by a provisional constitution approved by the parliament, which extended the transition, set ethnic quotas for government positions, and tentatively scheduled elections for February-April 2005
Country name conventional long form:
Republic of Mali

conventional short form:
Mali

local long form:
Republique de Mali

local short form:
Mali

former:
French Sudan and Sudanese Republic
conventional long form: Republic of Burundi


conventional short form: Burundi


local long form: Republika y'u Burundi


local short form: Burundi


former: Urundi
Currency Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States Burundi franc (BIF)
Death rate 18.71 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 17.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Debt - external $3 billion (1999) $1.133 billion (2002)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Michael RANNEBERGER

embassy:
Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V, Bamako

mailing address:
B. P. 34, Bamako

telephone:
[223] 22 54 70

FAX:
[223] 22 37 12
chief of mission: Ambassador James Howard YELLIN


embassy: Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura


mailing address: B. P. 1720, Bujumbura


telephone: [257] 223454


FAX: [257] 222926
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Cheick Oumar DIARRAH

chancery:
2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950

FAX:
[1] (202) 332-6603
chief of mission: Ambassador Antoine NTAMOBWA


chancery: Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007


telephone: [1] (202) 342-2574


FAX: [1] (202) 342-2578
Disputes - international none Tutsi, Hutu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated and natural resource areas; government heads pledge to end conflict, but localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts
Economic aid - recipient $596.4 million (1995) $92.7 million (2000)
Economy - overview Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population is nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. Mali is heavily dependent on foreign aid and vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices for cotton, its main export. In 1997, the government continued its successful implementation of an IMF-recommended structural adjustment program that is helping the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign investment. Mali's adherence to economic reform and the 50% devaluation of the African franc in January 1994 have pushed up economic growth to a sturdy 5% average in 1996-2000. Growth should remain around 5% in 2001-02, and inflation should stay less than 2%. Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. The economy is predominantly agricultural with roughly 90% of the population dependent on subsistence agriculture. Economic growth depends on coffee and tea exports, which account for 90% of foreign exchange earnings. The ability to pay for imports, therefore, rests primarily on weather conditions and international coffee and tea prices. The Tutsi minority, 14% of the population, dominates the government and the coffee trade at the expense of the Hutu majority, 85% of the population. Since October 1993 an ethnic-based war has resulted in more than 200,000 deaths, forced 800,000 refugees into Tanzania, and displaced 525,000 others internally. Doubts about the prospects for sustainable peace continue to impede development. Only one in two children go to school, and approximately one in ten adults has HIV/AIDS. Food, medicine, and electricity remain in short supply.
Electricity - consumption 413.9 million kWh (1999) 177.5 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) 33 million kWh; note - supplied by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001)
Electricity - production 445 million kWh (1999) 155.4 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
44.94%

hydro:
55.06%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
-
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Senegal River 23 m

highest point:
Hombori Tondo 1,155 m
lowest point: Lake Tanganyika 772 m


highest point: Mount Heha 2,670 m
Environment - current issues deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection


signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Ethnic groups Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5% Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%, Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
Exchange rates Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro Burundi francs per US dollar - 1,082.62 (2003), 930.75 (2002), 830.35 (2001), 720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992)

head of government:
Prime Minister Mande SIDIBE (since September 2000)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 11 May 1997 (next to be held NA May 2002); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
Alpha Oumar KONARE reelected president; percent of vote - Alpha Oumar KONARE 95.9%, Mamadou DIABY 4.1%
chief of state: President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 30 April 2003); note - NDAYIZEYE, a Hutu, was sworn in as president for the second half of the three-year transitional government inaugurated on 1 November 2001; Vice President Frederic NGENZEBUHORO (since 11 November 2004)


head of government: President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 30 April 2003); note - NDAYIZEYE, a Hutu, was sworn in as president for the second half of the three-year transitional government inaugurated on 1 November 2001; Vice President Frederic NGENZEBUHORO (since 11 November 2004)


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president


elections: NA; current president assumed power on 30 April 2003 as part of the transitional government established by the 2000 Arusha Accord
Exports $480 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) NA (2001)
Exports - commodities cotton 50%, gold, livestock (1999 est.) coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides
Exports - partners Italy 18%, Thailand 15%, Germany 7%, Portugal 4% (1999) Switzerland 31.6%, UK 15.8%, Netherlands 5.3%, Rwanda 5.3% (2003)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below)
GDP purchasing power parity - $9.1 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $3.78 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
46%

industry:
21%

services:
33% (1998)
agriculture: 47.4%


industry: 19.3%


services: 33.3% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $850 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $600 (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 4.8% (2000 est.) -1.3% (2003 est.)
Geographic coordinates 17 00 N, 4 00 W 3 30 S, 30 00 E
Geography - note landlocked landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed; the Kagera, which drains into Lake Victoria, is the most remote headstream of the White Nile
Highways total:
15,100 km

paved:
1,827 km

unpaved:
13,273 km (1996)
total: 14,480 km


paved: 1,028 km


unpaved: 13,452 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
1.8%

highest 10%:
40.4% (1994)
lowest 10%: 1.8%


highest 10%: 32.9% (1998)
Imports $575 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) NA (2001)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, construction materials, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs
Imports - partners Cote d'Ivoire 19%, France 19%, Senegal 4%, Benelux 3% (1999) Kenya 14.6%, Tanzania 11.5%, Uganda 5.7%, France 5.1%, Zambia 5.1%, China 4.5%, India 4.5%, Japan 4.5% (2003)
Independence 22 September 1960 (from France) 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
Industrial production growth rate NA 18% (2001)
Industries minor local consumer goods production and food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imported components; public works construction; food processing
Infant mortality rate 121.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) total: 70.4 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 77.15 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 63.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 0.8% (2000 est.) 10.7% (2003 est.)
International organization participation ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WAEMU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 1 (2000) -
Irrigated land 780 sq km (1993 est.) 740 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court or Cour Supreme Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Constitutional Court; Courts of Appeal (there are three in separate locations); Tribunals of First Instance (17 at the province level and 123 small local tribunals)
Labor force NA 2.99 million (2002)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture and fishing 80% (1998 est.) agriculture 93.6%, industry 2.3%, services 4.1% (2002 est.)
Land boundaries total:
7,243 km

border countries:
Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km
total: 974 km


border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km
Land use arable land:
2%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
25%

forests and woodland:
6%

other:
67% (1993 est.)
arable land: 35.05%


permanent crops: 14.02%


other: 50.93% (2001)
Languages French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)
Legal system based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was formally established on 9 March 1994); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 20 July and 3 August 1997 (next to be held in two rounds in 2002); note - much of the opposition boycotted the election

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ADEMA 130, PARENA 8, CDS 4, UDD 3, PDP 2
bicameral, consists of a National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (expanded from 121 to approximately 140 seats under the transitional government inaugurated 1 November 2001; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and a Senate (54 seats; term length is undefined, the current senators will likely serve out the three-year transition period)


elections: last held 29 June 1993 (next was scheduled to be held in 1998, but was suspended by presidential decree in 1996; elections are planned to follow the completion of the three-year transitional government)


election results: percent of vote by party - FRODEBU 71.04%, UPRONA 21.4%, other 7.56%; seats by party - FRODEBU 65, UPRONA 16, civilians 27, other parties 13
Life expectancy at birth total population:
47.02 years

male:
45.84 years

female:
48.24 years (2001 est.)
total population: 43.36 years


male: 42.73 years


female: 44 years (2004 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
31%

male:
39.4%

female:
23.1% (1995 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 51.6%


male: 58.5%


female: 45.2% (2003 est.)
Location Western Africa, southwest of Algeria Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo
Map references Africa Africa
Maritime claims none (landlocked) none (landlocked)
Military branches Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Guard, National Police (Surete Nationale) Army (including Naval Detachment and Air Wing), National Gendarmerie
Military expenditures - dollar figure $49 million (FY96) $33.3 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 2% (FY96) 6% (2003)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
2,284,632 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 1,419,755 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
1,309,612 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 747,400 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males: 81,862 (2004 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 22 September (1960) Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Nationality noun:
Malian(s)

adjective:
Malian
noun: Burundian(s)


adjective: Burundian
Natural hazards hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts flooding, landslides, drought
Natural resources gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, hydropower

note:
bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited
nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium, arable land, hydropower
Net migration rate -0.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -0.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Political parties and leaders Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA, party chairman]; Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA [Yoro DIAKITE]; Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [Mamadou Bakary SANGARE, chairman]; Movement for the Independence, Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA [Mohamed Lamine TRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO]; National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME, secretary general]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Ali GNANGADO]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA, chairman]; Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE, secretary general]; Union of Democratic Forces for Progress or UFDP [Youssouf TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY] the two national, mainstream, governing parties are: Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Alphonse KADEGE, president]; Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI, president]


note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are: Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA [Terrence NSANZE]; Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development or RADDES [Joseph NZEYIMANA]; Party for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]; People's Reconciliation Party or PRP [Mathias HITIMANA]
Political pressure groups and leaders Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda Koye or MPGK; United Movement and Fronts of Azawad or MFUA loosely organized Hutu and Tutsi militias, often affiliated with Hutu and Tutsi extremist parties or subordinate to government security forces
Population 11,008,518 (July 2001 est.) 6,231,221


note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2004 est.)
Population below poverty line NA% 68% (2002 est.)
Population growth rate 2.97% (2001 est.) 2.2% (2004 est.)
Ports and harbors Koulikoro Bujumbura
Radio broadcast stations AM 1, FM 14, shortwave 7 (1998) AM 0, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2001)
Radios 570,000 (1997) -
Railways total:
729 km (linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes)

narrow gauge:
729 km 1.000-m gauge
-
Religions Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1% Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 23%, Muslim 10%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.91 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.88 male(s)/female

total population:
0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.65 male(s)/female


total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Suffrage 21 years of age; universal NA years of age; universal adult
Telephone system general assessment:
domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service

domestic:
network consists of microwave radio relay, open wire, and radiotelephone communications stations; expansion of microwave radio relay in progress

international:
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)
general assessment: primitive system


domestic: sparse system of open-wire, radiotelephone communications, and low-capacity microwave radio relay


international: country code - 257; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 23,000 (1997) 23,900 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular 2,842 (1997) 64,000 (2003)
Television broadcast stations 1 (plus two repeaters) (1997) 1 (2001)
Terrain mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains
Total fertility rate 6.81 children born/woman (2001 est.) 5.9 children born/woman (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate NA% NA
Waterways 1,815 km mainly on Lake Tanganyika (2004)
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