Tajikistan (2008)

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Administrative divisions	2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor); Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon* [Gorno-Badakhshan] (Khorugh), Viloyati Sughd (Khujand) note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses
Age structure	0-14 years: 35% (male 1,261,247/female 1,218,686) 15-64 years: 61.2% (male 2,145,300/female 2,184,519) 65 years and over: 3.8% (male 113,186/female 153,660) (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products	cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats
Airports	26 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 18 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 3 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 8 under 914 m: 8 (2007)
Area	total: 143,100 sq km land: 142,700 sq km water: 400 sq km
Area - comparative	slightly smaller than Wisconsin
Background	The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. Bolshevik control of the area was fiercely contested and not fully reestablished until 1925. Much of present-day Sughd province was transferred from the Uzbekistan SSR to newly formed Tajikistan SSR in 1929. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Sughd province. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and it is now in the process of strengthening its democracy and transitioning to a free market economy after its 1992-97 civil war. There have been no major security incidents in recent years, although the country remains the poorest in the former Soviet sphere. Attention by the international community in the wake of the war in Afghanistan has brought increased economic development and security assistance, which could create jobs and increase stability in the long term. Tajikistan is in the early stages of seeking World Trade Organization membership and has joined NATO's Partnership for Peace.
Birth rate	27.33 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Budget	revenues: $614.8 million expenditures: $756.9 million (2007 est.)
Capital	name: Dushanbe geographic coordinates: 38 35 N, 68 48 E time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Climate	midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Coastline	0 km (landlocked)
Constitution	6 November 1994
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan conventional short form: Tajikistan local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston local short form: Tojikiston former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
Death rate	7.05 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Debt - external	$1.308 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Tracey Ann JACOBSON embassy: 109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue, Dushanbe 734019 mailing address: 7090 Dushanbe Place, Dulles, VA 20189 telephone: [992] (37) 229-20-00 FAX: [992] (37) 229-20-50
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Abdujabbor SHIRINOV chancery: 1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 223-6090 FAX: [1] (202) 223-6091
Disputes - international	in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan
Economic aid - recipient	$241.4 million from US (2005)
Economy - overview	Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among the 15 former Soviet republics. Only 7% of the land area is arable; cotton is the most important crop. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. While Tajikistan has experienced steady economic growth since 1997, nearly two-thirds of the population continues to live in abject poverty. Economic growth reached 10.6% in 2004, but dropped to 8% in 2005, 7% in 2006, and 7.2% in 2007. Tajikistan's economic situation remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, weak governance, widespread unemployment, and the external debt burden. Continued privatization of medium and large state-owned enterprises could increase productivity. A debt restructuring agreement was reached with Russia in December 2002 including a $250 million write-off of Tajikistan's $300 million debt. Tajikistan ranks third in the world in terms of water resources per head. Russian investment in the Sangtuda I hydropower dam, set to go online late 2007 or early 2008, will increase production of electricity for domestic consumption. The completion of Sangtuda II and Rogun dams would substantially add to electricity output, which could also be exported for profit. If finished, Rogun will be the world's tallest dam. Tajikistan was also the recipient of substantial infrastructure development credits from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to improve roads and an electricity transmission network. To help increase north-south trade, the US funded a $36 million bridge which opened in August 2007 and links Tajikistan and Afghanistan.
Electricity - consumption	14.66 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports	4.257 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports	4.508 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - production	16.89 billion kWh (2005)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m highest point: Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m
Environment - current issues	inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides
Environment - international agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups	Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%, other 2.6% (2000 census)
Exchange rates	Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 3.4418 (2007), 3.3 (2006), 3.1166 (2005), 2.9705 (2004), 3.0614 (2003)
Executive branch	chief of state: President Emomali RAHMON (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992) head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January 1999) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 6 November 2006 (next to be held in November 2013); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Emomali RAHMONOV reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 79.3%, Olimzon BOBOYEV 6.2%, other 14.5%
Exports	4.257 billion kWh (2005)
Exports	$1.736 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Exports	0 cu m (2005 est.)
Exports	305.8 bbl/day (2004)
Exports - commodities	aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles
Exports - partners	Netherlands 40.7%, Turkey 31.7%, Iran 5.4%, Uzbekistan 4.8%, Russia 4.7% (2006)
Fiscal year	calendar year
Flag description	three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: 23.6% industry: 30.6% services: 45.8% (2007 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	7.2% (2007 est.)
Geographic coordinates	39 00 N, 71 00 E
Geography - note	landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 3.3% highest 10%: 25.6% (2003)
Illicit drugs	major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; Tajikistan seizes roughly 80% of all drugs captured in Central Asia and stands third worldwide in seizures of opiates (heroin and raw opium); significant consumer of opiates
Imports	4.508 billion kWh (2005)
Imports	$2.357 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Imports	1.333 billion cu m (2005)
Imports	29,480 bbl/day (2004)
Imports - commodities	electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs
Imports - partners	Russia 24.6%, Kazakhstan 10.8%, Uzbekistan 10.2%, China 8.6%, Azerbaijan 8% (2006)
Independence	9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)
Industrial production growth rate	5% (2007 est.)
Industries	aluminum, zinc, lead; chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers
Infant mortality rate	total: 43.64 deaths/1,000 live births male: 48.73 deaths/1,000 live births female: 38.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	9.8% (2007 est.)
International organization participation	ADB, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Irrigated land	7,220 sq km (2003)
Judicial branch	Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
Labor force	3.7 million (2003)
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture: 67.2% industry: 7.5% services: 25.3% (2000 est.)
Land boundaries	total: 3,651 km border countries: Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km
Land use	arable land: 6.52% permanent crops: 0.89% other: 92.59% (2005)
Languages	Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
Legal system	based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch	bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milliy (34 seats; 25 members selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; 1 seat reserved for the former president; to serve five-year terms) and the Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 25 March 2005 for the National Assembly (next to be held in February 2010) and 27 February and 13 March 2005 for the Assembly of Representatives (next to be held in February 2010) election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDPT 29, CPT 2, independents 3; Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDPT 74.9%, CPT 13.6%, Islamic Revival Party 8.9%, other 2.5%; seats by party - PDPT 51, CPT 5, Islamic Revival Party 2, independents 5
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 64.61 years male: 61.6 years female: 67.78 years (2007 est.)
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.5% male: 99.7% female: 99.2% (2000 census)
Location	Central Asia, west of China
Map references	Asia
Maritime claims	none (landlocked)
Military branches	Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Mobile Force (2008)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	3.9% (2005 est.)
National holiday	Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)
Nationality	noun: Tajikistani(s) adjective: Tajikistani
Natural hazards	earthquakes and floods
Natural resources	hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold
Net migration rate	-1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Pipelines	gas 549 km; oil 38 km (2007)
Political parties and leaders	Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Amir KARAKULOV]; Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV (imprisoned October 2005); Rahmatullo VALIYEV, deputy]; Islamic Revival Party [Muhiddin KABIRI]; Party of Economic Reform or PER [Olimzon BOBOYEV]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMON]; Social Democratic Party or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOYIROV]; Socialist Party or SPT [Abdualim GHAFFOROV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]
Political pressure groups and leaders	unregistered political parties: Agrarian Party [Hikmatullo NASREDDINOV]; Party of Justice [Abdurahim KARIMOV]; People's Unity Party [Abdumalik ABDULLOJONOV]; Progressive Party [Sulton QUVVATOV]; Socialist Party or SPT [Mirhuseyn NAZRIYEV]; note - this is a SPT that was disbanded, another pro-government SPT (listed above under political parties) replaced it; Unity Party [Hikmatullo SAIDOV]
Population	7,076,598 (July 2007 est.)
Population below poverty line	64% (2004 est.)
Population growth rate	1.895% (2007 est.)
Radio broadcast stations	AM 8, FM 10, shortwave 2 (2002)
Railways	total: 482 km broad gauge: 482 km 1.520-m gauge (2006)
Religions	Sunni Muslim 85%, Shi'a Muslim 5%, other 10% (2003 est.)
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.035 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.982 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.737 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not linked to the national network domestic: the domestic telecommunications network has historically been under funded and poorly maintained; main line availability has not changed significantly since 1998; cellular telephone use is growing but coverage remains limited international: country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat (2006)
Telephones - main lines in use	280,200 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular	265,000 (2005)
Television broadcast stations	6 (2006)
Terrain	Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest
Total fertility rate	3.09 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate	12% (2004 est.)
Waterways	200 km (along Vakhsh River) (2006)

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