Tajikistan (2003)

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Tajikistan 2003 year


Administrative divisions	2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor); Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon* (Khorugh), Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Viloyati Sughd (Khujand) note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses
Age structure	0-14 years: 39.8% (male 1,376,244; female 1,353,108) 15-64 years: 55.5% (male 1,896,509; female 1,915,334) 65 years and over: 4.7% (male 140,993; female 181,564) (2003 est.)
Agriculture - products	cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats
Airports	66 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 13 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 53 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 14 under 914 m: 36 (2002)
Area	total: 143,100 sq km land: 142,700 sq km water: 400 sq km
Area - comparative	slightly smaller than Wisconsin
Background	Tajikistan has experienced three changes in government and a five-year civil war since it gained independence in 1991 from the USSR. A peace agreement among rival factions was signed in 1997, and implemented in 2000. The central government's less than total control over some areas of the country has forced it to compromise and forge alliances among factions. Attention by the international community in the wake of the war in Afghanistan has brought increased economic development assistance, which could create jobs and increase stability in the long term. Tajikistan is in the early stages of seeking World Trade Organization membership and has joined NATO's Partnership for Peace.
Birth rate	32.78 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Budget	revenues: $502 million expenditures: $520 million, including capital expenditures of $86 million (2002 est.)
Capital	Dushanbe
Climate	midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Coastline	0 km (landlocked)
Constitution	6 November 1994
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan conventional short form: Tajikistan local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston local short form: Tojikiston former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
Currency	somoni
Death rate	8.46 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Debt - external	$1 billion (2002 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Richard E. HOAGLAND embassy: 10 Pavlova Street, Dushanbe, Tajikistan 734003; note - the embassy in Dushanbe is not yet fully operational; most business is still handled in Almaty at 531 Sayfullin Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan, telephone 7-3272-58-79-61, FAX 7-3272-58-79-68 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [992] (372) 21-03-48 (Dushanbe) FAX: [992] (372) 21-03-62
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Khamrokhon ZARIPOV chancery: 1725 K Sreet NW, Suite 409, Washington, DC 20006 telephone: [1] (202) 223-6090 FAX: [1] (202) 223-6091
Disputes - international	prolonged regional drought creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; boundary agreements signed in 2002 cede 1,000 sq km of Pamir Mountain range to China in return for China relinquishing claims to 28,000 sq km of Tajikistani lands; negotiations with China resolved the longstanding boundary dispute; talks have begun with Uzbekistan to demine and delimit border; disputes in Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with Kyrgyzstan
Economic aid - recipient	$60.7 million from US (2001)
Economy - overview	Tajikistan has the lowest per capita GDP among the 15 former Soviet republics. Only 8% to 10% of the land area is arable. Cotton is the most important crop. Mineral resources, varied but limited in amount, include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Even though 60% of its people continue to live in abject poverty, Tajikistan has experienced steady economic growth since 1997. Continued privatization of medium and large state-owned enterprises will further increase productivity. Tajikistan's economic situation, however, remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, weak governance, widespread unemployment, and the external debt burden. A debt restructuring agreement was reached with Russia in December 2002, including an interest rate of 4%, a 3-year grace period, and a US $49.8 million credit to the Central Bank of Tajikistan.
Electricity - consumption	14.52 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports	3.909 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports	5.242 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production	14.18 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source	fossil fuel: 1.9% hydro: 98.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m highest point: Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m
Environment - current issues	inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides
Environment - international agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups	Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because of emigration), other 6.6%
Exchange rates	Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.37 (2001), 2.08 (2000), 1.24 (1999), 0.78 (1998) note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000, with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles
Executive branch	chief of state: President Emomali RAHMONOV (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992) head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January 1999) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 6 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president; Tajikistan held a constitutional referendum on 22 June 2003 that, among other things, set a term limit of two seven-year terms for the president election results: Emomali RAHMONOV elected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 97%, Davlat USMON 2%
Exports	3.909 billion kWh (2001)
Exports	$710 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Exports	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Exports	NA (2001)
Exports - commodities	aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles
Exports - partners	Netherlands 29.4%, Turkey 16.1%, Russia 11.9%, Uzbekistan 9.9%, Switzerland 9.3%, Hungary 5.4%, Latvia 4.2% (2002)
Fiscal year	calendar year
Flag description	three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe
GDP	purchasing power parity - $8.476 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: 19% industry: 26% services: 55% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	9.1% (2002 est.)
Geographic coordinates	39 00 N, 71 00 E
Geography - note	landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR
Highways	total: 27,767 km paved: NA unpaved: NA (2000)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 25.2% (1998)
Illicit drugs	major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; Tajikistan seizes roughly 80 percent of all drugs captured in Central Asia and stands third world-wide in seizures of opiates (heroin and raw opium)
Imports	5.242 billion kWh (2001)
Imports	$830 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Imports	1.25 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Imports	NA (2001)
Imports - commodities	electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs
Imports - partners	Russia 22.7%, Uzbekistan 18.4%, Ukraine 11.2%, Kazakhstan 10%, Turkmenistan 6.5%, Azerbaijan 5.7%, India 4.4% (2002)
Independence	9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)
Industrial production growth rate	10.3% (2000 est.)
Industries	aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers
Infant mortality rate	total: 113.43 deaths/1,000 live births male: 126.58 deaths/1,000 live births female: 99.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	12% (2001 est.)
International organization participation	AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM, ITU, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)	4 (2002)
Irrigated land	7,200 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch	Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
Labor force	3.187 million (2000)
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture 67.2%, industry 7.5%, services 25.3% (2000 est.)
Land boundaries	total: 3,651 km border countries: Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km
Land use	arable land: 5.41% permanent crops: 0.92% other: 93.67% (1998 est.)
Languages	Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
Legal system	based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
Legislative branch	bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milliy (33 seats; members are indirectly elected, 25 selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; all serve five-year terms) elections: last held 27 February and 12 March 2000 for the Assembly of Representatives (next to be held NA 2005) and 23 March 2000 for the National Assembly (next to be held NA 2005) election results: Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDPT 65%, Communist Party 20%, Islamic Rebirth Party 7.5%, other 7.5%; seats by party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 64.37 years male: 61.39 years female: 67.5 years (2003 est.)
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.4% male: 99.6% female: 99.1% (2003 est.)
Location	Central Asia, west of China
Map references	Asia
Maritime claims	none (landlocked)
Military branches	Army, Air Force and Air Defense Force, Presidential National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)
Military expenditures - dollar figure	$35.4 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	3.9% (FY01)
Military manpower - availability	males age 15-49: 1,704,457 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service	males age 15-49: 1,397,188 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - military age	18 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually	males: 82,490 (2003 est.)
National holiday	Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)
Nationality	noun: Tajikistani(s) adjective: Tajikistani
Natural hazards	earthquakes and floods
Natural resources	hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold
Net migration rate	-3.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Pipelines	gas 540 km; oil 38 km (2003)
Political parties and leaders	Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV, chairman]; Islamic Revival Party [Said Abdullo NURI, chairman]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMONOV]; Social Democratic Party or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOIROV]; Socialist Party or SPT [Sherali KENJAYEV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]
Political pressure groups and leaders	there are two unregistered political parties with 1,000 or more members: Progressive Party [Suton QUVVATOV]; Unity Party [Hikmatuko SAIDOV]
Population	6,863,752 (July 2003 est.)
Population below poverty line	60% (2001 est.)
Population growth rate	2.13% (2003 est.)
Ports and harbors	none
Radio broadcast stations	AM 8, FM 10, shortwave 2 (2002)
Railways	total: 482 km broad gauge: 482 km 1.520-m gauge (2002)
Religions	Sunni Muslim 85%, Shi'a Muslim 5%
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached by the national network domestic: cable and microwave radio relay international: linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat
Telephones - main lines in use	363,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular	2,500 (1997)
Television broadcast stations	13 (2001)
Terrain	Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest
Total fertility rate	4.17 children born/woman (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate	40% (2002 est.)
Waterways	none

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