Moldova (2002)

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Moldova 2002 year


Administrative divisions	9 counties (judetele, singular - judetul), 1 municipality* (municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit (unitate teritoriala autonoma), and 1 territorial unit* (unitate teritoriala); Balti, Cahul, Chisinau, Chisinau, Edinet, Gagauzia, Lapusna, Orhei, Soroca, Stinga Nistrului**, Tighina, Ungheni
Age structure	0-14 years: 21.7% (male 490,414; female 472,912) 15-64 years: 68.2% (male 1,451,962; female 1,572,561) 65 years and over: 10.1% (male 165,860; female 280,838) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products	vegetables, fruits, wine, grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, tobacco; beef, milk
Airports	30 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 7 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 23 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 14 (2002)
Area	total: 33,843 sq km land: 33,371 sq km water: 472 sq km
Area - comparative	slightly larger than Maryland
Background	Formerly ruled by Romania, Moldova became part of the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although independent from the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Dniester River supporting the Slavic majority population, mostly Ukrainians and Russians, who have proclaimed a "Transnistria" republic. One of the poorest nations in Europe, Moldova became the first former Soviet state to elect a Communist as its president in 2001.
Birth rate	13.82 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget	revenues: $536 million expenditures: $594 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Capital	Chisinau
Climate	moderate winters, warm summers
Coastline	0 km (landlocked)
Constitution	new constitution adopted 28 July 1994; replaces old Soviet constitution of 1979
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of Moldova conventional short form: Moldova local long form: Republica Moldova local short form: none former: Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia
Currency	Moldovan leu (MDL)
Death rate	12.64 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external	$1.3 billion (2002)
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Pamela Hyde SMITH embassy: 103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009 mailing address: use embassy street address; pouch address - American Embassy Chisinau, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7080 telephone: [373] (2) 23-37-72 FAX: [373] (2) 23-30-44
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Mihai MANOLI chancery: 2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 667-1130 FAX: [1] (202) 667-1204
Disputes - international	Moldovan difficulties with break-away Transnistria region inhibit establishment of a joint customs regime with Ukraine to curtail smuggling, arms transfers, and other illegal activities
Economic aid - recipient	$100 million (2000)
Economy - overview	Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import all of its supplies of oil, coal, and natural gas, largely from Russia. Energy shortages contributed to sharp production declines after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. As part of an ambitious reform effort, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, freed all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises, backed steady land privatization, removed export controls, and freed interest rates. The government entered into agreements with the World Bank and the IMF to promote growth and reduce poverty. The economy returned to positive growth, of 2.1% in 2000 and 6.1% in 2001. Growth remained strong in 2002, in part because of the reforms and because of starting from a small base. Further reforms are in doubt because of strong political forces backing government controls. The economy remains vulnerable to higher fuel prices, poor agricultural weather, and the scepticism of foreign investors.
Electricity - consumption	3.655 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports	630 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports	1.2 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production	3.317 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source	fossil fuel: 90% hydro: 10% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2000)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Dniester River 2 m highest point: Dealul Balanesti 430 m
Environment - current issues	heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods
Environment - international agreements	party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
Ethnic groups	Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, Gagauz and other 5.2% (1989 est.) note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region
Exchange rates	lei per US dollar - 12.8579 (October 2001), 12.4342 (2000), 10.5158 (1999), 5.3707 (1998), 4.6236 (1997); note - lei is the plural form of leu
Executive branch	chief of state: President Vladimir VORONIN (since 4 April 2001) head of government: Prime Minister Vasile TARLEV (since 15 April 2001), First Deputy Prime Minister Vasile IOVV (since NA 2002), Deputy Prime Minister Stefan ODAGIU (since NA 2002) cabinet: selected by prime minister, subject to approval of Parliament elections: president elected by Parliament for a four-year term; election last held 4 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2005); note - presidential elections were scheduled for December 2000, but in July 2000, Parliament canceled direct, popular elections; Parliament's failure to chose a new president in December 2000 led to early parliamentary elections in February 2001; prime minister designated by the president, upon consultation with Parliament; note - within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence from the Parliament regarding his/her work program and entire cabinet; prime minister designated 15 April 2001, cabinet received a vote of confidence 19 April 2001 election results: Vladimir VORONIN elected president; parliamentary votes - Vladimir VORONIN 71, Dumitru BRAGHIS 15, Valerian CHRISTEA 3; Vasile TARLEV designated prime minister; parliamentary votes of confidence - 75 of 101
Exports	630 million kWh (2000)
Exports	$590 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Exports - commodities	foodstuffs, textiles, and machinery (2001)
Exports - partners	Russia 43%, Ukraine 10.1%, Italy 8.1%, Germany 7.2%, Romania 6.7% (2001)
Fiscal year	calendar year
Flag description	same color scheme as Romania - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow
GDP	purchasing power parity - $11 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: 28% industry: 23% services: 49% (2000)
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - $3,000 (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	4% (2002 est.)
Geographic coordinates	47 00 N, 29 00 E
Geography - note	landlocked; well endowed with various sedimentary rocks and minerals including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone
Highways	total: 20,000 km paved: 13,900 km (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads) unpaved: 6,100 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 2% highest 10%: 31% (1997)
Illicit drugs	limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity
Imports	1.2 billion kWh (2000)
Imports	$980 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Imports - commodities	mineral products and fuel 32%, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles (2000)
Imports - partners	Ukraine 18%, Russia 15.1%, Romania 13.1%, Germany 10.5%, Italy 6.4% (2001)
Independence	27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
Industrial production growth rate	9% (2002 est.)
Industries	food processing, agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery, sugar, vegetable oil, shoes, textiles
Infant mortality rate	42.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	5.5% (2002 est.)
International organization participation	ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)	2 (1999)
Irrigated land	3,070 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch	Supreme Court; Constitutional Court (the sole authority for constitutional judicature)
Labor force	1.7 million (1998) (1998)
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture 40%, industry 14%, services 46% (1998) (1998)
Land boundaries	total: 1,389 km border countries: Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km
Land use	arable land: 54.08% permanent crops: 12.1% other: 33.82% (1998 est.)
Languages	Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian (official), Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)
Legal system	based on civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews legality of legislative acts and governmental decisions of resolution; it is unclear if Moldova accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) documents
Legislative branch	unicameral Parliament or Parlamentul (101 seats; parties and electoral blocs, as well as independent candidates, elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 25 February 2001 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - PCM 50.1%, Braghis Alliance 13.4%, PPCD 8.2%, other parties 28.3%; seats by party - PCM 71, Braghis Alliance 19, PPCD 11
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 64.74 years male: 60.39 years female: 69.31 years (2002 est.)
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 96% male: 99% female: 94% (1989 est.)
Location	Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania
Map references	Europe
Maritime claims	none (landlocked)
Military branches	Ground Forces (includes Air and Air Defense Forces), Republic Security Forces (includes paramilitary Internal Troops and Border Troops)
Military expenditures - dollar figure	$6 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	0.4% (FY01)
Military manpower - availability	males age 15-49: 1,172,714 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service	males age 15-49: 929,316 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - military age	18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually	males: 42,268 (2002 est.)
National holiday	Independence Day, 27 August (1991)
Nationality	noun: Moldovan(s) adjective: Moldovan
Natural hazards	landslides (57 cases in 1998)
Natural resources	lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land, limestone
Net migration rate	-0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Pipelines	natural gas 310 km (1992)
Political parties and leaders	Braghis Alliance [Dumitru BRAGHIS]; Communist Party or PCM [Vladimir VORONIN, first chairman]; Popular Christian Democratic Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA]; Social Democratic Union (composed of Braghis Alliance and the Democratic Party of Moldova) [leader NA]
Political pressure groups and leaders	NA
Population	4,434,547 (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line	80% (2001 est.)
Population growth rate	0.09% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors	none
Radio broadcast stations	AM 7, FM 50, shortwave 3 (1998)
Radios	3.22 million (1997)
Railways	total: 1,328 km broad gauge: 1,328 km 1.520-m gauge (2001)
Religions	Eastern Orthodox 98%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist and other 0.5% (2000)
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: inadequate, outmoded, poor service outside Chisinau, some effort to modernize is under way domestic: new subscribers face long wait for service; mobile cellular telephone service being introduced international: service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik
Telephones - main lines in use	627,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular	2,200 (1997)
Television broadcast stations	1 (plus 30 repeaters) (1995)
Terrain	rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea
Total fertility rate	1.71 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate	8% (roughly 25% of working age Moldovans are employed abroad) (2002 est.)
Waterways	424 km (1994)

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