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Constitution (2002)

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Informations about Constitution in 2002 year

AfghanistanAfghanistan the Bonn Agreement called for a Loya Jirga (Grand Council) to be convened within 18 months of the establishment of the Transitional Authority to draft a new constitution for the country; the basis for the next constitution is the 1963/64 Constitution, according to the Bonn Agreement
AlbaniaAlbania a constitution was adopted by popular referendum on 28 November 1998; note - the opposition Democratic Party boycotted the vote
AlgeriaAlgeria 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996
American SamoaAmerican Samoa ratified 1966, in effect 1967
AndorraAndorra Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; approved by referendum 14 March 1993; came into force 4 May 1993
AngolaAngola 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992
AnguillaAnguilla Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Antigua and BarbudaAntigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981
ArgentinaArgentina 1 May 1853; revised August 1994
ArmeniaArmenia adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995
ArubaAruba 1 January 1986
AustraliaAustralia 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
AustriaAustria 1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1 May 1945)
AzerbaijanAzerbaijan adopted 12 November 1995
Bahamas, TheBahamas, The 10 July 1973
BahrainBahrain adopted late December 2000; Bahrani voters approved on 13-14 February 2001 a referendum on legislative changes (revised constitution calls for a partially elected legislature, a constitutional monarchy, and an independent judiciary)
BangladeshBangladesh 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended many times
BarbadosBarbados 30 November 1966
BelarusBelarus 30 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996
BelgiumBelgium 7 February 1831, last revised 14 July 1993; parliament approved a constitutional package creating a federal state
BelizeBelize 21 September 1981
BeninBenin December 1990
BermudaBermuda 8 June 1968, amended 1989
BhutanBhutan no written constitution or bill of rights; note - Bhutan uses 1953 Royal decree for the Constitution of the National Assembly; on 7 July 1998, a Royal edict was ratified giving the National Assembly additional powers
BoliviaBolivia 2 February 1967; revised in August 1994
Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995, included a new constitution now in force; note - each of the entities also has its own constitution
BotswanaBotswana March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
BrazilBrazil 5 October 1988
British Virgin IslandsBritish Virgin Islands 1 June 1977
BruneiBrunei 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)
BulgariaBulgaria adopted 12 July 1991
Burkina FasoBurkina Faso 2 June 1991 approved by referendum; 11 June 1991 formally adopted
BurmaBurma 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); national convention started on 9 January 1993 to draft a new constitution; progress has since been stalled
BurundiBurundi 13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural political system; supplanted on 6 June 1998 by a Transitional Constitution which enlarged the National Assembly and created two vice presidents
CambodiaCambodia promulgated 21 September 1993
CameroonCameroon 20 May 1972 approved by referendum; 2 June 1972 formally adopted; revised January 1996
CanadaCanada 17 April 1982 (Constitution Act); originally, the machinery of the government was set up in the British North America Act of 1867; charter of rights and unwritten customs
Cape VerdeCape Verde new constitution came into force 25 September 1992; underwent a major revision on 23 November 1995, substantially increasing the powers of the president, and a further revision in 1999, to create the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)
Cayman IslandsCayman Islands 1959, revised 1972 and 1992
Central African RepublicCentral African Republic passed by referendum 29 December 1994; adopted 7 January 1995
ChadChad passed by referendum 31 March 1996
ChileChile 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981, amended 30 July 1989, 1993, and 1997
ChinaChina most recent promulgation 4 December 1982
Christmas IslandChristmas Island NA
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsCocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955
ColombiaColombia 5 July 1991
ComorosComoros 23 December 2001


note: a Transitional National Unity Government (GUNT) was formed on 20 January 2002 following the passing of the new constitution; the GUNT governed until the presidential elections on 14 April 2002
Congo, Democratic Republic of theCongo, Democratic Republic of the 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978, amended April 1990; transitional constitution promulgated in April 1994; in November 1998, a draft constitution was approved by former President Laurent KABILA but it was not ratified by a national referendum; one outcome of the ongoing inter-Congolese dialogue is to be a new constitution
Congo, Republic of theCongo, Republic of the constitution approved by referendum in January 2002
Cook IslandsCook Islands 4 August 1965
Costa RicaCosta Rica 7 November 1949
Cote d'IvoireCote d'Ivoire 3 November 1960; has been amended numerous times, last time 27 July 1998
CroatiaCroatia adopted on 22 December 1990
CubaCuba 24 February 1976, amended July 1992
CyprusCyprus 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new constitution for the Turkish Cypriot area passed by referendum on 5 May 1985
Czech RepublicCzech Republic ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993
DenmarkDenmark 1849 was the original constitution; there was a major overhaul 5 June 1953, allowing for a unicameral legislature and a female chief of state
DjiboutiDjibouti multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September 1992
DominicaDominica 3 November 1978
Dominican RepublicDominican Republic 28 November 1966
East TimorEast Timor 22 March 2002 (based on the Portuguese model)
EcuadorEcuador 10 August 1998
EgyptEgypt 11 September 1971
El SalvadorEl Salvador 23 December 1983
Equatorial GuineaEquatorial Guinea approved by national referendum 17 November 1991; amended January 1995
EritreaEritrea the transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet implemented
EstoniaEstonia adopted 28 June 1992
EthiopiaEthiopia ratified December 1994; effective 22 August 1995
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998
Faroe IslandsFaroe Islands 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
FijiFiji promulgated on 25 July 1990 and amended on 25 July 1997 to allow nonethnic Fijians greater say in government and to make multiparty government mandatory; entered into force 28 July 1998; note - the May 1999 election was the first test of the amended constitution and introduced open voting - not racially prescribed - for the first time at the national level
FinlandFinland 17 July 1919
FranceFrance 28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962, amended to comply with provisions of EC Maastricht Treaty in 1992, Amsterdam Treaty in 1996, Treaty of Nice in 2000; amended to tighten immigration laws 1993
French GuianaFrench Guiana 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
French PolynesiaFrench Polynesia 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
GabonGabon adopted 14 March 1991
Gambia, TheGambia, The 24 April 1970; suspended July 1994; rewritten and approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; reestablished in January 1997
GeorgiaGeorgia adopted 17 October 1995
GermanyGermany 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united German people 3 October 1990
GhanaGhana new constitution approved 28 April 1992
GibraltarGibraltar 30 May 1969
GreeceGreece 11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001
GreenlandGreenland 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
GrenadaGrenada 19 December 1973
GuadeloupeGuadeloupe 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
GuamGuam Organic Act of 1 August 1950
GuatemalaGuatemala 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended 25 May 1993 by former President SERRANO; reinstated 5 June 1993 following ouster of president; amended November 1993
GuernseyGuernsey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
GuineaGuinea 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau 16 May 1984, amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993, 9 June 1993, and 1996
GuyanaGuyana 6 October 1980
HaitiHaiti approved March 1987; suspended June 1988, with most articles reinstated March 1989; in October 1991, government claimed to be observing the constitution; return to constitutional rule, October 1994
Holy See (Vatican City)Holy See (Vatican City) Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968)
HondurasHonduras 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended 1995
Hong KongHong Kong Basic Law approved in March 1990 by China's National People's Congress is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"
HungaryHungary 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system
IcelandIceland 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944
IndiaIndia 26 January 1950
IndonesiaIndonesia August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
IranIran 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and eliminate the prime ministership
IraqIraq 22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (provisional constitution); new constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted
IrelandIreland 29 December 1937; adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite
Isle of ManIsle of Man unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act, 1961, does not embody the Manx Constitution
IsraelIsrael no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law
ItalyItaly 1 January 1948
JamaicaJamaica 6 August 1962
JapanJapan 3 May 1947
JerseyJersey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
JordanJordan 8 January 1952
KazakhstanKazakhstan adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995; first post-independence constitution was adopted 28 January 1993
KenyaKenya 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, and 2001
KiribatiKiribati 12 July 1979
Korea, NorthKorea, North adopted 1948, completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in April 1992 and September 1998
Korea, SouthKorea, South 25 February 1948
KuwaitKuwait approved and promulgated 11 November 1962
KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan adopted 5 May 1993; note - amendment proposed by President AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 10 February 1996 significantly expands the powers of the president at the expense of the legislature
LaosLaos promulgated 14 August 1991
LatviaLatvia the 1991 Constitutional Law which supplements the 1922 constitution, provides for basic rights and freedoms
LebanonLebanon 23 May 1926, amended a number of times, most recently Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of October 1989
LesothoLesotho 2 April 1993
LiberiaLiberia 6 January 1986
LibyaLibya 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
LiechtensteinLiechtenstein 5 October 1921
LithuaniaLithuania adopted 25 October 1992
LuxembourgLuxembourg 17 October 1868, occasional revisions
MacauMacau Basic Law, approved in March 1993 by China's National People's Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991


note: the Macedonian Parliament approved November 2001 a series of new constitutional amendments, strengthening minority rights
MadagascarMadagascar 19 August 1992 by national referendum
MalawiMalawi 18 May 1994
MalaysiaMalaysia 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963
MaldivesMaldives adopted January 1998
MaliMali adopted 12 January 1992
MaltaMalta 1964 constitution substantially amended on 13 December 1974 and again in 1987
Marshall IslandsMarshall Islands 1 May 1979
MartiniqueMartinique 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
MauritaniaMauritania 12 July 1991
MauritiusMauritius 12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992
MayotteMayotte 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
MexicoMexico 5 February 1917
Micronesia, Federated States ofMicronesia, Federated States of 10 May 1979
MoldovaMoldova new constitution adopted 28 July 1994; replaces old Soviet constitution of 1979
MonacoMonaco 17 December 1962
MongoliaMongolia 12 February 1992
MontserratMontserrat present constitution came into force 19 December 1989
MoroccoMorocco 10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992, amended (to create bicameral legislature) September 1996
MozambiqueMozambique 30 November 1990
NamibiaNamibia ratified 9 February 1990; effective 12 March 1990
NauruNauru 29 January 1968
NepalNepal 9 November 1990
NetherlandsNetherlands adopted 1814; amended many times, last time 17 February 1983
Netherlands AntillesNetherlands Antilles 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended
New CaledoniaNew Caledonia 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
New ZealandNew Zealand consists of a series of legal documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments and The Constitution Act 1986 which is the principal formal charter
NicaraguaNicaragua 9 January 1987, with reforms in 1995 and 2000
NigerNiger the constitution of January 1993 was revised by national referendum on 12 May 1996 and again by referendum on 18 July 1999
NigeriaNigeria new constitution adopted May 1999
NiueNiue 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)
Norfolk IslandNorfolk Island Norfolk Island Act of 1979
Northern Mariana IslandsNorthern Mariana Islands Covenant Agreement effective 4 November 1986 and the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978
NorwayNorway 17 May 1814, modified in 1884
OmanOman none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal decree promulgating a new basic law which, among other things, clarifies the royal succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from holding interests in companies doing business with the government, establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil liberties for Omani citizens
PakistanPakistan 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999
PalauPalau 1 January 1981
PanamaPanama 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted 1978, 1983 and 1994
Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea 16 September 1975
ParaguayParaguay promulgated 20 June 1992
PeruPeru 31 December 1993
PhilippinesPhilippines 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Pitcairn IslandsPitcairn Islands 1838; reformed 1904 with additional reforms in 1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinance of 1964
PolandPoland 16 October 1997; adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 23 May 1997
PortugalPortugal 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982, 1 June 1989, 5 November 1992, and 3 September 1997
Puerto RicoPuerto Rico ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952
QatarQatar provisional constitution enacted 19 April 1972; in July 1999 Amir HAMAD issued a decree forming a committee to draft a permanent constitution
ReunionReunion 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
RomaniaRomania 8 December 1991
RussiaRussia adopted 12 December 1993
RwandaRwanda on 5 May 1995, the Transitional National Assembly adopted as Fundamental Law the constitution of 18 June 1991, provisions of the 1993 Arusha peace accord, the July 1994 Declaration by the Rwanda Patriotic Front, and the November 1994 multiparty protocol of understanding
Saint HelenaSaint Helena 1 January 1989
Saint Kitts and NevisSaint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983
Saint LuciaSaint Lucia 22 February 1979
Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Pierre and Miquelon 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesSaint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979
SamoaSamoa 1 January 1962
San MarinoSan Marino 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution
Sao Tome and PrincipeSao Tome and Principe approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law); the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was introduced in 1993
SenegalSenegal a new constitution was adopted 7 January 2001
Serbia and MontenegroSerbia and Montenegro 27 April 1992
SeychellesSeychelles 18 June 1993
Sierra LeoneSierra Leone 1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times
SingaporeSingapore 3 June 1959, amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of Singapore Constitution)
SlovakiaSlovakia ratified 1 September 1992, fully effective 1 January 1993; changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president; amended February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU membership
SloveniaSlovenia adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands 7 July 1978
SomaliaSomalia 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979


note: the Transitional National Government formed in August 2000 has a mandate to create a new constitution and hold elections within three years
South AfricaSouth Africa 10 December 1996; this new constitution was certified by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by then President MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 3 February 1997; it is being implemented in phases
South Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands adopted 3 October 1985
SpainSpain 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
Sri LankaSri Lanka adopted 16 August 1978
SudanSudan 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June 1998 partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR
SurinameSuriname ratified 30 September 1987
SwazilandSwaziland none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended 12 April 1973; a new constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but was not formally presented to the people; since then a few more outlines for a constitution have been compiled under the Constitutional Review Commission (CRC), but so far none have been accepted
SwedenSweden 1 January 1975
SwitzerlandSwitzerland 29 May 1874
SyriaSyria 13 March 1973
TaiwanTaiwan 1 January 1947, amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, and 1999
TajikistanTajikistan 6 November 1994
TanzaniaTanzania 25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
ThailandThailand new constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON on 11 October 1997
TogoTogo multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
TokelauTokelau administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970
TongaTonga 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago 1 August 1976
TunisiaTunisia 1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988
TurkeyTurkey 7 November 1982
TurkmenistanTurkmenistan adopted 18 May 1992
Turks and Caicos IslandsTurks and Caicos Islands introduced 30 August 1976; suspended in 1986; restored and revised 5 March 1988
TuvaluTuvalu 1 October 1978
UgandaUganda 8 October 1995; adopted by the interim, 284-member Constituent Assembly, charged with debating the draft constitution that had been proposed in May 1993; the Constituent Assembly was dissolved upon the promulgation of the constitution in October 1995
UkraineUkraine adopted 28 June 1996
United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates 2 December 1971 (made permanent in 1996)
United KingdomUnited Kingdom unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
United StatesUnited States 17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789
UruguayUruguay 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997
UzbekistanUzbekistan new constitution adopted 8 December 1992
VanuatuVanuatu 30 July 1980
VenezuelaVenezuela 30 December 1999
VietnamVietnam 15 April 1992
Virgin IslandsVirgin Islands Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954
Wallis and FutunaWallis and Futuna 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
YemenYemen 16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001
ZambiaZambia 2 August 1991
ZimbabweZimbabwe 21 December 1979
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