Mali (2004)

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Mali 2004 year


Administrative divisions	8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou
Age structure	0-14 years: 47.1% (male 2,835,378; female 2,801,578) 15-64 years: 49.9% (male 2,862,075; female 3,101,009) 65 years and over: 3% (male 163,927; female 192,821) (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products	cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats
Airports	27 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 9 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 19 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)
Area	total: 1.24 million sq km land: 1.22 million sq km water: 20,000 sq km
Area - comparative	slightly less than twice the size of Texas
Background	The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 with a transitional government and in 1992 when Mali's first democratic presidential election was held. After his reelection in 1997, President Alpha KONARE continued to push through political and economic reforms and to fight corruption. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou TOURE.
Birth rate	47.29 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Budget	revenues: $764 million expenditures: $828 million, including capital expenditures of NA (2002 est.)
Capital	Bamako
Climate	subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February
Coastline	0 km (landlocked)
Constitution	adopted 12 January 1992
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of Mali conventional short form: Mali local long form: Republique de Mali local short form: Mali former: French Sudan and Sudanese Republic
Currency	Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Death rate	19.12 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Debt - external	$3.3 billion (2000)
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Vicki HUDDLESTONE embassy: Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V, Bamako mailing address: B. P. 34, Bamako telephone: [223] (2) 223-833 FAX: [223] (2) 223-712
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Abdoulaye DIOP chancery: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950 FAX: [1] (202) 332-6603
Disputes - international	none
Economic aid - recipient	$596.4 million (2001)
Economy - overview	Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert and with a highly unequal distribution of income. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population is nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. Mali is heavily dependent on foreign aid and vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices for cotton, its main export, along with gold. The government has continued its successful implementation of an IMF-recommended structural adjustment program that is helping the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign investment. Mali's adherence to economic reform and the 50% devaluation of the African franc in January 1994 have pushed up economic growth to a sturdy 5% average in 1996-2002. Worker remittances and external trade routes have been jeopardized by continued unrest in neighboring Cote d'Ivoire.
Electricity - consumption	446.6 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports	0 kWh; note - recent hydropower developments may be providing electricity to Senegal and Mauritania (2001)
Electricity - imports	0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - production	480.2 million kWh (2001)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Senegal River 23 m highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m
Environment - current issues	deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching
Environment - international agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups	Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%
Exchange rates	Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000), 615.699 (1999)
Executive branch	chief of state: President Amadou Toumani TOURE (since 8 June 2002) head of government: Prime Minister Ousmane Issoufi MAIGA (since 30 April 2004) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (two-term limit); election last held 12 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Amadou Toumani TOURE elected president; percent of vote - Amadou Toumani TOURE 64.4%, Soumaila CISSE 35.6%
Exports	0 kWh; note - recent hydropower developments may be providing electricity to Senegal and Mauritania (2001)
Exports	$915 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Exports	NA (2001)
Exports - commodities	cotton, gold, livestock
Exports - partners	Thailand 14%, China 12.1%, India 7.9%, Italy 7.5%, Bangladesh 6.1%, UK 6.1% (2003)
Fiscal year	calendar year
Flag description	three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
GDP	purchasing power parity - $10.53 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: 45% industry: 17% services: 38% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - $900 (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	0.5% (2003 est.)
Geographic coordinates	17 00 N, 4 00 W
Geography - note	landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the northern, arid Saharan
Highways	total: 15,100 km paved: 1,827 km unpaved: 13,273 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 1.8% highest 10%: 40.4% (1994)
Imports	0 kWh (2001)
Imports	$927 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Imports	NA (2001)
Imports - commodities	petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs, textiles
Imports - partners	France 15.4%, Senegal 7.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 7.1% (2003)
Independence	22 September 1960 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate	NA (FY96/97)
Industries	food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining
Infant mortality rate	total: 117.99 deaths/1,000 live births male: 124.51 deaths/1,000 live births female: 111.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	4.5% (2002 est.)
International organization participation	ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Irrigated land	1,380 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch	Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
Labor force	3.93 million (2001 est.)
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture and fishing 80% (2001 est.)
Land boundaries	total: 7,243 km border countries: Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km
Land use	arable land: 3.82% permanent crops: 0.03% other: 96.15% (2001)
Languages	French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages
Legal system	based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was formally established on 9 March 1994); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch	unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 14 July and 28 July 2002 (next to be held NA July 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Hope 2002 coalition 66, ADEMA 51, other 30
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 45.28 years male: 44.7 years female: 45.87 years (2004 est.)
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 46.4% male: 53.5% female: 39.6% (2003 est.)
Location	Western Africa, southwest of Algeria
Map references	Africa
Maritime claims	none (landlocked)
Military branches	Army, Air Force, National Guard
Military expenditures - dollar figure	$51.1 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	1.3% (2003)
Military manpower - availability	males age 15-49: 2,529,147 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service	males age 15-49: 1,450,795 (2004 est.)
National holiday	Independence Day, 22 September (1960)
Nationality	noun: Malian(s) adjective: Malian
Natural hazards	hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding
Natural resources	gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, hydropower note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited
Net migration rate	-0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Political parties and leaders	Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE, party chairman]; Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA [Yoro DIAKITE]; Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [Mamadou Bakary SANGARE, chairman]; Hope 2002 [leader NA]; Movement for the Independence, Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA [Mohamed Lamine TRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO]; National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME, secretary general]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Ali GNANGADO]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA, chairman]; Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Bonbasor KEITA, chairman]; Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE, secretary general]; Union of Democratic Forces for Progress or UFDP [Youssouf TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]
Political pressure groups and leaders	Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda Koye or MPGK; United Movement and Fronts of Azawad or MFUA
Population	11,956,788 (July 2004 est.)
Population below poverty line	64% average; 30% of the total population living in urban areas; 70% of the total population living in rural areas) (2001 est.)
Population growth rate	2.78% (2004 est.)
Ports and harbors	Koulikoro
Radio broadcast stations	AM 1, FM 28, shortwave 1 note: the shortwave station in Bamako has seven frequencies and five transmitters and relays broadcasts for China Radio International (2001)
Railways	total: 729 km narrow gauge: 729 km 1.000-m gauge (2003)
Religions	Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: domestic system unreliable but improving; provides only minimal service domestic: network consists of microwave radio relay, open-wire, and radiotelephone communications stations; expansion of microwave radio relay in progress international: country code - 223; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use	56,600 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular	250,000 (2003)
Television broadcast stations	1 (plus repeaters) (2001)
Terrain	mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast
Total fertility rate	6.58 children born/woman (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate	14.6% urban areas; 5.3% rural areas (2001 est.)
Waterways	1,815 km (2004)

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