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Compare Mongolia (2001) - Djibouti (2004)

Compare Mongolia (2001) z Djibouti (2004)

 Mongolia (2001)Djibouti (2004)
 MongoliaDjibouti
Administrative divisions 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

note:
there may be a new province named Gobi-Sumber; further, there may now be 21 provinces and 1 capital city instead of 18 provinces and 3 municipalities
5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); 'Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti, Obock, Tadjoura
Age structure 0-14 years:
32.99% (male 445,252; female 430,758)

15-64 years:
63.13% (male 837,771; female 838,384)

65 years and over:
3.88% (male 44,436; female 58,398) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 43.2% (male 101,168; female 100,545)


15-64 years: 53.7% (male 131,320; female 119,387)


65 years and over: 3.1% (male 7,327; female 7,153) (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products wheat, barley, potatoes, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses fruits, vegetables; goats, sheep, camels
Airports 34 (2000 est.) 13 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total:
8

2,438 to 3,047 m:
7

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total: 3


over 3,047 m: 1


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1


1524 to 2437 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
26

over 3,047 m:
3

2,438 to 3,047 m:
5

1,524 to 2,437 m:
10

914 to 1,523 m:
3

under 914 m:
5 (2000 est.)
total: 10


1,524 to 2,437 m: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 5


under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)
Area total:
1.565 million sq km

land:
1.565 million sq km

water:
0 sq km
total: 23,000 sq km


land: 22,980 sq km


water: 20 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Alaska slightly smaller than Massachusetts
Background Long a province of China, Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A communist regime was installed in 1924. During the early 1990s, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) gradually yielded its monopoly on power. In 1996, the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) defeated the MPRP in a national election. Over the next four years the Coalition implemented a number of key reforms to modernize the economy and institutionalize democratic reforms. However, the former communists were a strong opposition that stalled additional reforms and made implementation difficult. In 2000, the MPRP won 72 of the 76 seats in Parliament and completely reshuffled the government. While it continues many of the reform policies, the MPRP is focusing on social welfare and public order priorities. The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas became Djibouti in 1977. Hassan Gouled APTIDON installed an authoritarian one-party state and proceeded to serve three consecutive six-year terms as president. Unrest among the Afars minority during the 1990s led to multi-party elections resulting in President Ismail Omar GUELLEH attaining office in May 1999. A peace accord in 2001 ended the final phases of a ten-year uprising by Afar rebels. Djibouti occupies a very strategic geographic location at the mouth of the Red Sea and serves as an important transshipment location for goods entering and leaving the east African highlands. GUELLEH favors close ties to France, which maintains a significant military presence in the country.
Birth rate 21.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 40.39 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Budget revenues:
$262 million

expenditures:
$328 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
revenues: $135 million


expenditures: $182 million, including capital expenditures of NA (1999 est.)
Capital Ulaanbaatar Djibouti
Climate desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) desert; torrid, dry
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 314 km
Constitution 12 February 1992 multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September 1992
Country name conventional long form:
none

conventional short form:
Mongolia

local long form:
none

local short form:
Mongol Uls

former:
Outer Mongolia
conventional long form: Republic of Djibouti


conventional short form: Djibouti


former: French Territory of the Afars and Issas, French Somaliland
Currency togrog/tugrik (MNT) Djiboutian franc (DJF)
Death rate 7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 19.42 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Debt - external $760 million (2000 est.) $366 million (2002 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador John DINGER

embassy:
inner north side of the Big Ring, just west of the Selbe Gol, Ulaanbaatar

mailing address:
United States Embassy in Mongolia, P. O. Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar 13; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002

telephone:
[976] (11) 329095

FAX:
[976] (11) 320776
chief of mission: Ambassador Marguerita RAGSDALE


embassy: Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti


mailing address: B. P. 185, Djibouti


telephone: [253] 35 39 95


FAX: [253] 35 39 40
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Jalbuugiyn CHOINHOR

chancery:
2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

telephone:
[1] (202) 333-7117

FAX:
[1] (202) 298-9227

consulate(s) general:
New York
chief of mission: Ambassador ROBLE Olhaye


chancery: Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005


telephone: [1] (202) 331-0270


FAX: [1] (202) 331-0302
Disputes - international none Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with "Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to various factions in Somalia including the Somali Transitional National Government in Mogadishu
Economic aid - recipient $200 million (1998 est.) $36 million (2001)
Economy - overview Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and breeding of livestock. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits: copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990-91, at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. Mongolia was driven into deep recession, which was prolonged by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party's (MPRP) reluctance to undertake serious economic reform. The Democratic Coalition (DC) government has embraced free-market economics, easing price controls, liberalizing domestic and international trade, and attempting to restructure the banking system and the energy sector. Major domestic privatization programs were undertaken, as well as the fostering of foreign investment through international tender of the oil distribution company, a leading cashmere company, and banks. Reform was held back by the ex-communist MPRP opposition and by the political instability brought about through four successive governments under the DC. Economic growth picked up in 1997-99 after stalling in 1996 due to a series of natural disasters and declines in world prices of copper and cashmere. In August and September 1999, the economy suffered from a temporary Russian ban on exports of oil and oil products, and Mongolia remains vulnerable in this sector. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTrO) in 1997. The international donor community pledged over $300 million per year at the last Consultative Group Meeting, held in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999. The MPRP government, elected in July 2000, is anxious to improve the investment climate; it must also deal with a heavy burden of external debt. The economy is based on service activities connected with the country's strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa. Two-thirds of the inhabitants live in the capital city, the remainder being mostly nomadic herders. Scanty rainfall limits crop production to fruits and vegetables, and most food must be imported. Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance development projects. An unemployment rate of 50% continues to be a major problem. Inflation is not a concern, however, because of the fixed tie of the franc to the US dollar. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last seven years because of recession, civil war, and a high population growth rate (including immigrants and refugees). Faced with a multitude of economic difficulties, the government has fallen in arrears on long-term external debt and has been struggling to meet the stipulations of foreign aid donors.
Electricity - consumption 2.767 billion kWh (1999) 167.4 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports 80 million kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports 363 million kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - production 2.671 billion kWh (1999) 180 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
-
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Hoh Nuur 518 m

highest point:
Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m
lowest point: Lac Assal -155 m


highest point: Moussa Ali 2,028 m
Environment - current issues limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; policies of the former communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and industrial growth have raised concerns about their negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws have severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land to agricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities have also had a deleterious effect on the environment inadequate supplies of potable water; limited arable land; desertification; endangered species
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Mongol (predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which Kazakh is the largest group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 3.4% (1998) Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5%
Exchange rates togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,097.00 (December 2000), 1,076.67 (2000), 1,072.37 (1999), 840.83 (1998), 789.99 (1997), 548.40 (1996) Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.721 (2003), 177.721 (2002), 177.721 (2001), 177.721 (2000), 177.721 (1999)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (since 20 June 1997)

head of government:
Prime Minister Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 26 July 2000)

cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation with the president

elections:
president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural; election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
Natsagiyn BAGABANDI reelected president; percent of vote - NA%; Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected prime minister by a vote in the State Great Hural of 68 to 3
chief of state: President Ismail Omar GUELLEH (since 8 May 1999)


head of government: Prime Minister DILEITA Mohamed Dileita (since 4 March 2001)


cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the president


elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 9 April 1999 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president


election results: Ismail Omar GUELLEH elected president; percent of vote - Ismail Omar GUELLEH 74.4%, IDRIS Moussa Ahmed 25.6%
Exports $454.3 million (f.o.b., 1999) NA (2001)
Exports - commodities copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals reexports, hides and skins, coffee (in transit)
Exports - partners China 60%, US 20%, Russia 9%, Japan 2% (2000 est.) Somalia 63.9%, Yemen 22.5%, Ethiopia 4.7% (2003)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol) two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center
GDP purchasing power parity - $4.7 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $619 million (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
36%

industry:
22%

services:
42% (2000 est.)
agriculture: 3.5%


industry: 15.8%


services: 80.7% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,780 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate -1% (2000 est.) 3.5% (2002 est.)
Geographic coordinates 46 00 N, 105 00 E 11 30 N, 43 00 E
Geography - note landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia; mostly wasteland; Lac Assal (Lake Assal) is the lowest point in Africa
Highways total:
3,387 km

paved:
1,563 km

unpaved:
1,824 km

note:
there are also 45,862 km of rural roads that consist of rough, unimproved, cross-country tracks (2000)
total: 2,890 km


paved: 364 km


unpaved: 2,526 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
2.9%

highest 10%:
24.5% (1995)
lowest 10%: NA


highest 10%: NA
Imports $510.7 million (c.i.f., 1999) NA (2001)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products
Imports - partners Russia 33%, China 21%, Japan 12%, South Korea 10%, US 4% (1999) Saudi Arabia 19.7%, Ethiopia 10.9%, China 9.2%, France 6.5%, UK 5.1%, US 4.9% (2003)
Independence 11 July 1921 (from China) 27 June 1977 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate 2.4% (2000 est.) 3% (1996 est.)
Industries construction materials, mining (particularly coal and copper); food and beverages, processing of animal products construction, agricultural processing
Infant mortality rate 53.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) total: 105.54 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 113.3 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 97.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 7.6% (1999) 2% (2002 est.)
International organization participation ARF (dialogue partner), AsDB, ASEAN (observer), CCC, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 5 (2001) -
Irrigated land 800 sq km (1993 est.) 10 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval by the president) Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
Labor force 1.3 million (1999) 282,000 (2000)
Labor force - by occupation primarily herding/agricultural NA
Land boundaries total:
8,161.9 km

border countries:
China 4,676.9 km, Russia 3,485 km
total: 516 km


border countries: Eritrea 109 km, Ethiopia 349 km, Somalia 58 km
Land use arable land:
5.7%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
81%

forests and woodland:
11.4%

other:
1.9% (2000 est.)
arable land: 0.04%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 99.96% (2001)
Languages Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar
Legal system blend of Russian, Chinese, Turkish, and Western systems of law that combines aspects of a parliamentary system with some aspects of a presidential system; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law
Legislative branch unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections:
last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2004)

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPRP 72, other 4
unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (65 seats; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms)


elections: last held 10 January 2003 (next to be held NA January 2008)


election results: percent of vote - RPP 62.2%, FRUD 36.9%; seats - RPP 65, FRUD 0; note - RPP (the ruling party) dominated the election
Life expectancy at birth total population:
64.26 years

male:
62.14 years

female:
66.5 years (2001 est.)
total population: 43.12 years


male: 41.83 years


female: 44.44 years (2004 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
97%

male:
98%

female:
97.5% (2000)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 67.9%


male: 78%


female: 58.4% (2003 est.)
Location Northern Asia, between China and Russia Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, between Eritrea and Somalia
Map references Asia Africa
Maritime claims none (landlocked) territorial sea: 12 nm


contiguous zone: 24 nm


exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Merchant marine - total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,369 GRT/3,030 DWT


by type: cargo 1 (2004 est.)
Military branches Mongolian Armed Forces (includes General Purpose Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense Troops); note - Border Troops are under Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs in peacetime Djibouti National Army (including Navy and Air Force)
Military expenditures - dollar figure $25.5 million (FY01) $26.5 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 2.3% (FY01) 4.4% (2003)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
748,779 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 108,771 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
486,491 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 64,540 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
30,230 (2001 est.)
-
National holiday Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921) Independence Day, 27 June (1977)
Nationality noun:
Mongolian(s)

adjective:
Mongolian
noun: Djiboutian(s)


adjective: Djiboutian
Natural hazards dust and snow storms, grassland and forest fires, drought and "zud", which is a combination of drought followed by harsh winter conditions earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods
Natural resources oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphate geothermal areas
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Political parties and leaders Citizens' Will Party or CWP (also called Civil Will Party) [Sanjaasurengyn OYUN]; Democratic Party or DP [D. DORLIGAN]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]; Mongolian Democratic New Socialist Party or MDNSP [B. ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]

note:
the MPRP is the ruling party
Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh]; Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; Djibouti Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM]; Front pour la Restauration de l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD]; People's Progress Assembly or RPP (governing party) [Ismail Omar GUELLEH]; Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Moumin Bahdon FARAH]; Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Ahmed Dini AHMED]; Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [leader NA]
Political pressure groups and leaders NA Union for Presidential Majority UMP (coalition includes RPP, FRUD, PPSD and PND); Union for Democratic Changeover or UAD (opposition coalition includes ARD, MRDD, UDJ, and PDD) [Ahmed Dini AHMED]
Population 2,654,999 (July 2001 est.) 466,900 (July 2004 est.)
Population below poverty line 40% (2000 est.) 50% (2001 est.)
Population growth rate 1.47% (2001 est.) 2.1% (2004 est.)
Ports and harbors none Djibouti
Radio broadcast stations AM 7, FM 9, shortwave 4 (2001) AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (2001)
Radios 155,900 (1999) -
Railways 1,815 km

broad gauge:
1,815 km 1.524-m gauge (2001)
total: 100 km (Djibouti segment of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway)


narrow gauge: 100 km 1.000-m gauge


note: railway under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia (2003)
Religions Tibetan Buddhist Lamaism 96%, Muslim (primarily in the southwest), Shamanism, and Christian 4% (1998) Muslim 94%, Christian 6%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.76 male(s)/female

total population:
1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.1 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female


total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal adult
Telephone system general assessment:
very low density: about 3.5 telephones for each thousand persons

domestic:
NA

international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)
general assessment: telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti are adequate as are the microwave radio relay connections to outlying areas of the country


domestic: microwave radio relay network


international: country code - 253; submarine cable to Jiddah, Suez, Sicily, Marseilles, Colombo, and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; Medarabtel regional microwave radio relay telephone network
Telephones - main lines in use 104,100 (1999) 9,500 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular 110,000 (2001) 23,000 (2003)
Television broadcast stations 4 (plus 18 provincial repeaters and many low powered repeaters) (1999) 1 (2002)
Terrain vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains
Total fertility rate 2.39 children born/woman (2001 est.) 5.48 children born/woman (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate NA% 50% (2000 est.)
Waterways 400 km (1999) -
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