Libya (2003)

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Libya 2003 year


Administrative divisions	25 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ajdabiya, Al 'Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, Zlitan; note - the 25 municipalities may have been replaced by 13 regions
Age structure	0-14 years: 34.5% (male 970,026; female 929,174) 15-64 years: 61.4% (male 1,744,992; female 1,630,399) 65 years and over: 4.1% (male 109,262; female 115,221) (2003 est.)
Agriculture - products	wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus, vegetables, peanuts, soybeans; cattle
Airports	136 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 58 over 3,047 m: 23 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 22 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 2 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 78 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 39 under 914 m: 18 (2002)
Area	total: 1,759,540 sq km land: 1,759,540 sq km water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative	slightly larger than Alaska
Background	Since he took power in a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI has espoused his own political system - a combination of socialism and Islam - which he calls the Third International Theory. Viewing himself as a revolutionary leader, he used oil funds during the 1970s and 1980s to promote his ideology outside Libya, even supporting subversives and terrorists abroad to hasten the end of Marxism and capitalism. Libyan military adventures failed, e.g., the prolonged foray of Libyan troops into the Aozou Strip in northern Chad was finally repulsed in 1987. Libyan support for terrorism decreased after UN sanctions were imposed in 1992. Those sanctions were suspended in April 1999.
Birth rate	27.43 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Budget	revenues: $13.7 billion expenditures: $8.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Capital	Tripoli
Climate	Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Coastline	1,770 km
Constitution	11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
Country name	conventional long form: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya conventional short form: Libya local long form: Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishtirakiyah al Uzma local short form: none
Currency	Libyan dinar (LYD)
Death rate	3.49 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Debt - external	$4.4 billion (2001 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US	the US suspended all embassy activities in Tripoli on 2 May 1980
Diplomatic representation in the US	Libya does not have an embassy in the US
Disputes - international	Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in Niger in currently dormant disputes; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in southern Libya
Economic aid - recipient	$15 million (2000)
Economy - overview	The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contribute practically all export earnings and about one-quarter of GDP. These oil revenues and a small population give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa, but little of this income flows down to the lower orders of society. Import restrictions and inefficient resource allocations have led to periodic shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs. The nonoil manufacturing and construction sectors, which account for about 20% of GDP, have expanded from processing mostly agricultural products to include the production of petrochemicals, iron, steel, and aluminum. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit agricultural output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food. Higher oil prices in the last three years led to an increase in export revenues, which has improved macroeconomic balances but has done little to stimulate broad-based economic growth. Libya is making slow progress toward economic liberalization and the upgrading of economic infrastructure, but truly market-based reforms will be slow in coming.
Electricity - consumption	18.77 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports	0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports	0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - production	20.18 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source	fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m
Environment - current issues	desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities
Environment - international agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
Ethnic groups	Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians
Exchange rates	Libyan dinars per US dollar - 1.2 (2003), 0.6 (2002), 0.51 (2001), 0.5 (2000), 0.39 (1999)
Executive branch	chief of state: Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969); note - holds no official title, but is de facto chief of state head of government: Secretary of the General People's Committee (Premier) Mubarak al-SHAMEKH (since 2 March 2000) cabinet: General People's Committee established by the General People's Congress elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of people's committees; head of government elected by the General People's Congress; election last held 2 March 2000 (next to be held NA) election results: Mubarak al-SHAMEKH elected premier; percent of General People's Congress vote - NA%
Exports	0 kWh (2001)
Exports	$11.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Exports	770 million cu m (2001 est.)
Exports	NA (2001)
Exports - commodities	crude oil, refined petroleum products (1999)
Exports - partners	Italy 42.6%, Germany 14.1%, Spain 13.6%, Turkey 6.9%, Switzerland 4.4% (2002)
Fiscal year	calendar year
Flag description	plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion)
GDP	purchasing power parity - $33.36 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: 9% industry: 45% services: 46% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - $6,200 (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	1.2% (2002 est.)
Geographic coordinates	25 00 N, 17 00 E
Geography - note	more than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert
Heliports	1 (2002)
Highways	total: 83,200 km paved: 47,590 km unpaved: 35,610 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Imports	0 kWh (2001)
Imports	$6.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)
Imports	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Imports	NA (2001)
Imports - commodities	machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods (1999)
Imports - partners	Italy 25.6%, Germany 9.8%, South Korea 6.6%, UK 6.6%, Tunisia 6.5%, Japan 6.4%, France 5.7% (2002)
Independence	24 December 1951 (from Italy)
Industrial production growth rate	NA%
Industries	petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement
Infant mortality rate	total: 26.8 deaths/1,000 live births male: 29.16 deaths/1,000 live births female: 24.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	1% (2001 est.)
International organization participation	ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)	1 (2002)
Irrigated land	4,700 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch	Supreme Court
Labor force	1.5 million (2000 est.)
Labor force - by occupation	services 54%, industry 29%, agriculture 17% (1997 est.)
Land boundaries	total: 4,348 km border countries: Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,115 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km
Land use	arable land: 1.03% permanent crops: 0.17% other: 98.8% (1998 est.)
Languages	Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities
Legal system	based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch	unicameral General People's Congress (NA seats; members elected indirectly through a hierarchy of people's committees)
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 76.07 years male: 73.91 years female: 78.34 years (2003 est.)
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 82.6% male: 92.4% female: 72% (2003 est.)
Location	Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Tunisia
Map references	Africa
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 NM note: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north
Merchant marine	total: 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 130,081 GRT/115,480 DWT ships by type: cargo 9, liquefied gas 3, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 4, short-sea passenger 4 note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Algeria 1, Kuwait 1, UAE 1 (2002 est.)
Military branches	Armed Peoples on Duty (Army), Navy, Air and Air Defense Command (includes Air Force)
Military expenditures - dollar figure	$1.3 billion (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	3.9% (FY99)
Military manpower - availability	males age 15-49: 1,546,432 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service	males age 15-49: 914,649 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - military age	17 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually	males: 61,511 (2003 est.)
National holiday	Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)
Nationality	noun: Libyan(s) adjective: Libyan
Natural hazards	hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms
Natural resources	petroleum, natural gas, gypsum
Net migration rate	0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Pipelines	condensate 225 km; gas 3,196 km; oil 6,872 km (2003)
Political parties and leaders	none
Political pressure groups and leaders	various Arab nationalist movements with almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements
Population	5,499,074 note: includes 166,510 non-nationals (July 2003 est.)
Population below poverty line	NA%
Population growth rate	2.39% (2003 est.)
Ports and harbors	Al Khums, Banghazi, Darnah, Marsa al Burayqah, Misratah, Ra's Lanuf, Tobruk, Tripoli, Zuwarah
Radio broadcast stations	AM 16, FM 3, shortwave 3 (2002)
Railways	0 km
Religions	Sunni Muslim 97%
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Telephone system	general assessment: telecommunications system is being modernized; mobile cellular telephone system became operational in 1996 domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, cellular, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations international: satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cables to France and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (1999)
Telephones - main lines in use	500,000 (1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular	20,000 (1998)
Television broadcast stations	12 (plus one low-power repeater) (1999)
Terrain	mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions
Total fertility rate	3.49 children born/woman (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate	30% (2001)
Waterways	none

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