Montenegro (2008)

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Montenegro 2008 year


Administrative divisions	21 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berana, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak
Agriculture - products	grains, tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheepherding; commercial fishing negligible
Airports	5 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2007)
Area	total: 14,026 sq km land: 13,812 sq km water: 214 sq km
Area - comparative	slightly smaller than Connecticut
Background	The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries Montenegro was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006.
Birth rate	11.18 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Budget	revenues: NA expenditures: NA
Capital	name: Podgorica geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Climate	Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Coastline	293.5 km
Constitution	19 October 2007 (was approved by the Assembly)
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of Montenegro conventional short form: Montenegro local long form: Republika Crna Gora local short form: Crna Gora former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro
Death rate	8.39 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Debt - external	$650 million (2006)
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Roderick W. MOORE embassy: Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [382] 81 225 417 FAX: [382] 81 241 358
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Miodrag VLAHOVIC chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108 FAX: [1] (202) 234-6109 consulate(s) general: New York
Disputes - international	none
Economic aid - recipient	$NA
Economy - overview	The republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and maintained its own central bank, used the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. On 18 January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the World Trade Organization as well as negotiating a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union in anticipation of eventual membership. Severe unemployment remains a key political and economic problem for this entire region. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector.
Electricity - consumption	18.6 million kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports	0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports	0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - production	2.864 billion kWh (2005 est.)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m
Environment - current issues	pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor
Environment - international agreements	party to: Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ship Pollution
Ethnic groups	Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12%
Exchange rates	euros per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8089 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Executive branch	chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 11 May 2003) head of government: Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 29 February 2008) cabinet: Ministries act as cabinet elections: president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 11 May 2003 (next to be held in 2008); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly election results: Filip VUJANOVIC elected on the third round; Filip VUJANOVIC 63.3%, Miodrag ZIVKOVIC 30.8%
Exports	0 kWh (2005)
Exports	$171.3 million (2003)
Exports - partners	Switzerland 83.9%, Italy 6.1%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.3% (2006)
Fiscal year	calendar year
Flag description	a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
GDP - real growth rate	6% (2007 est.)
Geographic coordinates	42 30 N, 19 18 E
Geography - note	strategic location along the Adriatic coast
Heliports	1 (2007)
Imports	0 kWh (2005)
Imports	$601.7 million (2003)
Imports - partners	Greece 10.2%, Italy 10.2%, Germany 9.6%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.2% (2006)
Independence	3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)
Industries	steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	3.4% (2004)
International organization participation	CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Irrigated land	NA
Judicial branch	Constitutional Court (five judges with nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)
Labor force	259,100 (2004)
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture: 2% industry: 30% services: 68% (2004 est.)
Land boundaries	total: 625 km border countries: Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Serbia 203 km
Land use	arable land: 13.7% permanent crops: 1% other: 85.3%
Languages	Serbian (official; Ijekavian dialect), Bosnian, Albanian, Croatian
Legal system	based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch	unicameral Assembly (81 seats; members elected by direct vote for four-year terms; changed from 74 seats in 2006) elections: last held 10 September 2006 (next to be held 2010) election results: percent of vote by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 47.7%, Serbian List 14.4%, Coalition SNP-NS-DSS 13.8%, PZP 12.9%, Liberals and Bosniaks 3.7%, other (including Albanian minority parties) 7.5%; seats by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 41, Serbian List 12, Coalition SNP/NS/DSS 11, PZP 11, Liberals and Bosniaks 3, Albanian minority parties 3
Location	Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
Map references	Europe
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: defined by treaty
Merchant marine	total: 4 ships (1000 GRT or over) 9,458 GRT/10,172 DWT by type: cargo 4 registered in other countries: 3 (Bahamas 2, St Vincent and The Grenadines 1) (2007)
Military - note	Montenegrin plans call for the establishment of a fully professional armed forces
National holiday	National Day, 13 July (1878)
Nationality	noun: Montenegrin(s) adjective: Montenegrin
Natural hazards	destructive earthquakes
Natural resources	bauxite, hydroelectricity
Political parties and leaders	Albanian Alternative or AA [Vesel SINISHTAJ]; Coalition for European Montenegro or DPS-SDP (bloc) [Milo DUKANOVIC] (includes Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DUKANOVIC] and Social Democratic Party of SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]); Coalition SNP-NS-DSS (bloc) (includes Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdjan MILIC], People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC], and Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]); Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity or SPP [Mehmet BARHDI]; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSA]; Liberals and the Bosniak Party (bloc) [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC] (includes Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC] and Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]); Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; Serbian List (bloc) [Andrija MANDIC] (includes Party of Serb Radicals or SSR [Dusko SEKULIC], People's Socialist Party or NSS [Emilo LABUDOVIC], and Serbian People's Party of Montenegro or SNS [Andrija MANDIC])
Population	684,736 (July 2007 est.)
Population below poverty line	7% (2007 est.)
Population growth rate	-1% (2007 est.)
Radio broadcast stations	31 (station types NA) (2004)
Railways	total: 250 km standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 169 km) (2006)
Religions	Orthodox, Muslim, Roman Catholic
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites domestic: GSM wireless service, available through 2 providers with national coverage, is growing rapidly international: country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system
Telephones - main lines in use	353,300 (2006)
Telephones - mobile cellular	821,800 (2006)
Television broadcast stations	13 (2004)
Terrain	highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
Unemployment rate	14.7% (2007 est.)

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