Montenegro (2006)

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Administrative divisions	21 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Andrijevia, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pluzine, Pljevlja, Podgornica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak
Agriculture - products	grains, tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheepherding; commercial fishing negligible
Airports	5 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Area	total: 14,026 sq km land: 13,812 sq km water: 214 sq km
Area - comparative	slightly smaller than Connecticut
Background	The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries it was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocratic state ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and, at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. Following a three-year postponement, Montenegro held an independence referendum in the spring of 2006 under rules set by the EU. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded the 55% threshold, allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006.
Birth rate	12.6 births/1,000 population (2004)
Budget	revenues: NA expenditures: NA
Capital	name: Podgorica (administrative capital) geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October note: Cetinje (capital city)
Climate	Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Coastline	293.5 km
Constitution	12 October 1992 (was approved by the Assembly)
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of Montenegro conventional short form: Montenegro local long form: Republika Crna Gora local short form: Crna Gora former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro
Death rate	9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004)
Debt - external	NA
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Miodrag VLAHOVIC
Disputes - international	ethnic Albanians in Kosovo refuse demarcation of the boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement, which includes a section of boundary with Montenegro
Economic aid - recipient	NA
Economy - overview	The republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and continues to maintain its own central bank, uses the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collects customs tariffs, and manages its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the IMF, World Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the World Trade Organization as well as negotiating a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union in anticipation of eventual membership. Severe unemployment remains a key political and economic problem for this entire region. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector.
Electricity - consumption	NA
Electricity - production	2.864 billion kWh 2.864 billion kWh (2005 est.)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m
Environment - current issues	pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor
Ethnic groups	Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma) 12%
Exchange rates	euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8089 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Executive branch	chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 11 May 2003) head of government: Prime Minister Zeljko STURANOVIC (since 10 November 2006) cabinet: Ministries act as cabinet elections: president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 11 May 2003 (next to be held in 2008); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly election results: Filip VUJANOVIC elected on the third round; Filip VUJANOVIC 63.3%, Miodrag ZIVKOVIC 30.8%
Exports	$171.3 million (2003)
Exports - partners	Switzerland 83.9%, Italy 6.1%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.3% (2003)
Fiscal year	calendar year
Flag description	a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: % NA industry: % NA services: % NA
GDP - real growth rate	NA
Geographic coordinates	42 30 N, 19 18 E
Geography - note	strategic location along the Adriatic coast
Imports	$601.7 million (2003)
Imports - partners	Greece 10.2%, Italy 10.2%, Germany 9.6%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.2% (2003)
Independence	3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro); note - a referendum on independence was held 21 May 2006
Industries	steelmaking, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	3.4% (2004)
International organization participation	CEI, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, ICFTU, ILO, Interpol, IPU, ITU, OSCE, UN, UPU, WHO, WTO (observer)
Irrigated land	NA
Judicial branch	Constitutional Court (five judges with nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)
Labor force	259,100 (2004)
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture: 2% industry: 30% services: 68% (2004)
Land boundaries	total: 625 km border countries: Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Serbia 203 km
Land use	arable land: 13.7% permanent crops: 1% other: 85.3%
Languages	Serbian (Ijekavian dialect - official), Bosnian, Albanian, Croatian
Legal system	based on civil law system
Legislative branch	unicameral Assembly (81 seats, elected by direct vote for four-year terms; changed from 74 seats at the time of the elections) elections: last held 10 September 2006 (next to be held 2010) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Coalition for a European Montenegro 41, SNS 12, Coalition SPP/NS/DSS 11, PZP 11, Liberals and Bosniaks 3, Democratic League-Democratic Prosperity 1, Democratic Union of Albanians 1, Albanian Alternative 1
Location	Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
Map references	Europe
Maritime claims	NA
Merchant marine	total: 4 ships (1000 GRT or over) 9,458 GRT/10,172 DWT by type: cargo 4 registered in other countries: 4 (Bahamas 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2) (2006)
Military - note	Montenegrin plans call for the establishment of a fully professional armed forces
Military expenditures - dollar figure	$2.306 billion
National holiday	National Day, 13 July
Nationality	noun: Montenegrin(s) adjective: Montenegrin
Natural hazards	destructive earthquakes
Natural resources	bauxite, hydroelectricity
Political parties and leaders	Albanian Alternative or AA; Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]; Coalition for a European Montenegro (Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS and Social Democratic Party or SDP) [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Coalition SPP/NS/DSS; Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity [Mehmet BARHDI]; Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSA]; Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC]; Serbian People's Party of Montenegro or SNS [Andrija MANDIC]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Social Democratic Party of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Socialist People's Party or SNP [Predrag BULATOVIC]
Population	630,548 (2004)
Population below poverty line	12.2% (2003)
Population growth rate	3.5% (2004)
Radio broadcast stations	31 (2004)
Railways	total: 250 km standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 169 km) (2005)
Religions	Orthodox, Muslim, Roman Catholic
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites domestic: GSM wireless service, available through two providers with national coverage, is growing rapidly international: country code - 382 (the old code of 381 used by Serbia and Montenegro will also remain in use until Feb 2007); two international switches connect the national system
Telephones - main lines in use	177,663 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular	543,220 (2005)
Television broadcast stations	13 (2004)
Terrain	highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
Unemployment rate	27.7% (2005)

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