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Compare Yemen (2001) - Peru (2001)

Compare Yemen (2001) z Peru (2001)

 Yemen (2001)Peru (2001)
 YemenPeru
Administrative divisions 17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan, Al Bayda', Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, 'Ataq, Dhamar, Hadhramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa'dah, San'a', Ta'izz

note:
there may be three more governorates: Al Daleh, Shabwah, and the capital city of Sana'a
24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

note:
the 1979 constitution mandated the creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) to function eventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been constituted from 23 of the 24 departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the central government and organizational and political difficulties, the regions have yet to assume major responsibilities; the 1993 constitution retains the regions but limits their authority; the 1993 constitution also reaffirms the roles of departmental and municipal governments
Age structure 0-14 years:
47.21% (male 4,340,436; female 4,195,076)

15-64 years:
49.79% (male 4,598,301; female 4,402,402)

65 years and over:
3% (male 274,202; female 267,618) (2001 est.)
0-14 years:
34.41% (male 4,803,464; female 4,654,890)

15-64 years:
60.8% (male 8,408,210; female 8,302,943)

65 years and over:
4.79% (male 603,309; female 711,048) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products grain, fruits, vegetables, pulses, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton; dairy products, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle, camels), poultry; fish coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products, wool; fish
Airports 50 (2000 est.) 233 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total:
13

over 3,047 m:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
8

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
1

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total:
46

over 3,047 m:
6

2,438 to 3,047 m:
18

1,524 to 2,437 m:
13

914 to 1,523 m:
8

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
37

over 3,047 m:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
9

1,524 to 2,437 m:
8

914 to 1,523 m:
13

under 914 m:
5 (2000 est.)
total:
187

over 3,047 m:
1

2,438 to 3,047 m:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
25

914 to 1,523 m:
65

under 914 m:
95 (2000 est.)
Area total:
527,970 sq km

land:
527,970 sq km

water:
0 sq km

note:
includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)
total:
1,285,220 sq km

land:
1.28 million sq km

water:
5,220 sq km
Area - comparative slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming slightly smaller than Alaska
Background North Yemen became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became South Yemen. Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist orientation. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis from the south to the north contributed to two decades of hostility between the states. The two countries were formally unified as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. A southern secessionist movement in 1994 was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to a delimitation of their border. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980. In recent years, bold reform programs and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity and drug trafficking have resulted in solid economic growth.
Birth rate 43.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 23.9 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues:
$3 billion

expenditures:
$3.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
revenues:
$8.5 billion

expenditures:
$9.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $2 billion (1996 est.)
Capital Sanaa Lima
Climate mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Coastline 1,906 km 2,414 km
Constitution 16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001 31 December 1993
Country name conventional long form:
Republic of Yemen

conventional short form:
Yemen

local long form:
Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah

local short form:
Al Yaman
conventional long form:
Republic of Peru

conventional short form:
Peru

local long form:
Republica del Peru

local short form:
Peru
Currency Yemeni rial (YER) nuevo sol (PEN)
Death rate 9.58 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 5.78 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $4.4 billion (2000) $31 billion (2000 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Barbara K. BODINE

embassy:
Dhahar Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa

mailing address:
P. O. Box 22347, Sanaa

telephone:
[967] (1) 303-161

FAX:
[967] (1) 303-182
chief of mission:
Ambassador John HAMILTON

embassy:
Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33

mailing address:
P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000

telephone:
[51] (1) 434-3000

FAX:
[51] (1) 434-3037
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Abd al-Wahhab Abdallah al-HAJRI

chancery:
Suite 705, 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037

telephone:
[1] (202) 965-4760

FAX:
[1] (202) 337-2017
chief of mission:
Ambassador Alfonso RIVERO Monsalve

chancery:
1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone:
[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869

FAX:
[1] (202) 659-8124

consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco
Disputes - international a June 2000 treaty delimited the boundary with Saudi Arabia, but final demarcation requires adjustments based on tribal considerations none
Economic aid - recipient $176.1 million (1995) $895.1 million (1995)
Economy - overview Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world, reported strong growth in the mid-1990s with the onset of oil production, but was harmed by low oil prices in 1998. Yemen has embarked on an IMF-supported structural adjustment program designed to modernize and streamline the economy, which has led to foreign debt relief and restructuring. Aided by higher oil prices in 1999-2000, Yemen worked to maintain tight control over spending and implement additional components of the IMF program. A high population growth rate of nearly 3.4% and internal political dissension complicate the government's task. The Peruvian economy has become increasingly market-oriented, with major privatizations completed since 1990 in the mining, electricity, and telecommunications industries. Thanks to strong foreign investment and the cooperation between the FUJIMORI government and the IMF and World Bank, growth was strong in 1994-97 and inflation was brought under control. In 1998, El Nino's impact on agriculture, the financial crisis in Asia, and instability in Brazilian markets undercut growth. And 1999 was another lean year for Peru, with the aftermath of El Nino and the Asian financial crisis working its way through the economy. Political instability resulting from the presidential election and FUJIMORI's subsequent departure from office limited economic growth in 2000.
Electricity - consumption 2.232 billion kWh (1999) 17.565 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) 1 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 2.4 billion kWh (1999) 18.886 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel:
23.04%

hydro:
76.43%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0.53% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Arabian Sea 0 m

highest point:
Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,760 m
lowest point:
Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
Environment - current issues very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified:
Nuclear Test Ban
party to:
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Ethnic groups predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Exchange rates Yemeni rials per US dollar - 164.590 (October 2000), 160.683 (2000), 155.718 (1999), 135.882 (1998), 129.281 (1997), 94.157 (1996) nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.5230 (January 2001), 3.4900 (2000), 3.383 (1999), 2.930 (1998), 2.664 (1997), 2.453 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Field Marshall Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of North Yemen, assumed office upon the merger of North and South Yemen); Vice President Maj. Gen. Abd al-Rab Mansur al-HADI (since 3 October 1994)

head of government:
Prime Minister Abd al-Qadir BA JAMAL (since 4 April 2001)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister

elections:
president elected by direct, popular vote for a five-year term (a new constitution amendment extends the term by two years to a seven-year term); election last held 23 September 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); vice president appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president

election results:
Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of vote: Ali Abdallah SALIH 96.3%, Najeeb Qahtan AL-SHAABI 3.7%
chief of state:
President Alejandro TOLEDO (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the Constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Conseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)

head of government:
President Alejandro TOLEDO (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the Constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Conseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)

note:
Prime Minister Roberto DANINO (since 28 July 2001) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special presidential election held 8 April 2001 with runoff election 3 June 2001); next to be held NA 2006

election results:
President TOLEDO elected in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%
Exports $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish fish and fish products, copper, zinc, gold, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, coffee, sugar, cotton
Exports - partners Thailand 34%, China 26%, South Korea 14%, Japan 3% (1999) US 29%, EU 25%, Andean Community 6%, Japan 4%, Mercosur 3% (1999)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
GDP purchasing power parity - $14.4 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $123 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
20%

industry:
42%

services:
38% (1998)
agriculture:
15%

industry:
42%

services:
43% (1999)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $820 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $4,550 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 6% (2000 est.) 3.6% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 15 00 N, 48 00 E 10 00 S, 76 00 W
Geography - note strategic location on Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia
Highways total:
69,263 km

paved:
9,963 km

unpaved:
59,300 km (1999)
total:
72,900 km

paved:
8,700 km

unpaved:
64,200 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
2.3%

highest 10%:
30.8% (1992)
lowest 10%:
1.9%

highest 10%:
34.3% (1994)
Illicit drugs - until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru reduced the area of coca under cultivation by 64% to 34,200 hectares between 1996 and the end of 2000; much of the cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into cocaine for the international drug market; increasing amounts of finished cocaine, however, are being shipped to Europe or to Brazil and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipped to world markets
Imports $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities food and live animals, machinery and equipment machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Imports - partners Saudi Arabia 10%, UAE 8%, US 7%, France 7%, Italy 6% (1999) US 32%, EU 21%, Andean Community 6%, Mercosur 8%, Japan 5% (1999)
Independence 22 May 1990, Republic of Yemen was established with the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]; previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK) 28 July 1821 (from Spain)
Industrial production growth rate NA% 8.5% (2000 est.)
Industries crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; small aluminum products factory; cement mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication
Infant mortality rate 68.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 39.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 10% (2000 est.) 3.7% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer) ABEDA, APEC, CAN, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, MONUC, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNTAET, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 1 (2000) 10 (2000)
Irrigated land 5,674 sq km (1999) 12,800 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)
Labor force NA 7.6 million (1996 est.)
Labor force - by occupation most people are employed in agriculture and herding; services, construction, industry, and commerce account for less than one-fourth of the labor force agriculture, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, transport, services
Land boundaries total:
1,746 km

border countries:
Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km
total:
5,536 km

border countries:
Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 1,496 km (est.), Ecuador 1,420 km
Land use arable land:
3%

permanent crops:
13%

permanent pastures:
33.5%

forests and woodland:
4%

other:
46.5% (1999)
arable land:
3%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
21%

forests and woodland:
66%

other:
10% (1993 est.)
Languages Arabic Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara
Legal system based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local tribal customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch a new constitutional amendment ratified on 20 February 2001 created a bicameral legislature consisting of a Shura Council (111 seats; members appointed by the president) and a House of Representatives (301 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)

elections:
last held 27 April 1997 (next to be held 27 April 2003)

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - GPC 189, Islah 52, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab Socialist Baath Party 2, independents 54, election pending 1; latest seats by party: GPC 223, Islah 64, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab Socialist Baath Party 2, YSP 2, independents 7
unicameral Democratic Constituent Congress or Congresso Constituyente Democratico (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 9 April 2000 (next to be held 8 April 2001)

note:
many congressmen defected to and then from former President FUJIMORI's coalition in 2000

election results:
percent of vote by party - Peru 2000 42.16%, Peru Possible 23.34%, FIM 7.56%, Somos Peru 7.2%, APRA 5.5%, others 14.24%; seats by party - Peru 2000 52, Peru Possible 29, FIM 9, others 30
Life expectancy at birth total population:
60.21 years

male:
58.45 years

female:
62.05 years (2001 est.)
total population:
70.3 years

male:
67.9 years

female:
72.81 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
38%

male:
53%

female:
26% (1990 est.)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
88.7%

male:
94.5%

female:
83% (1995 est.)
Location Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea, between Oman and Saudi Arabia Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador
Map references Middle East South America
Maritime claims contiguous zone:
24 NM

continental shelf:
200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
continental shelf:
200 NM

territorial sea:
200 NM
Merchant marine total:
4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,075 GRT/23,562 DWT

ships by type:
cargo 1, petroleum tanker 3 (2000 est.)
total:
6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,623 GRT/61,769 DWT

ships by type:
cargo 5, petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)
Military branches Army, Navy, Coast Guard, Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Presidential Guards, paramilitary (includes Police) Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru; includes Naval Air, Marines, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru), National Police (Policia Nacional)
Military expenditures - dollar figure $414 million (FY99) $1 billion (FY00)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 7.6% (FY99) 1.9% (FY00)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
4,103,093 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
7,205,675 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
2,303,257 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
4,847,250 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age 14 years of age 20 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
238,690 (2001 est.)
males:
276,458 (2001 est.)
National holiday Unification Day, 22 May (1990) Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
Nationality noun:
Yemeni(s)

adjective:
Yemeni
noun:
Peruvian(s)

adjective:
Peruvian
Natural hazards sandstorms and dust storms in summer earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity
Natural resources petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 644 km; petroleum products 32 km crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km
Political parties and leaders there are over 12 political parties active in Yemen, some of the more prominent are: General People's Congress or GPC [President Ali Abdallah SALIH]; Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah [Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR]; National Arab Socialist Baath Party [Dr. Qassim SALAAM]; Nasserite Unionist Party [Abdel Malik al-MAKHLAFI]; Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Ali Salih MUQBIL]

note:
President SALIH's General People's Congress or GPC won a landslide victory in the April 1997 legislative election and no longer governs in coalition with Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR's Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah - the two parties had been in coalition since the end of the civil war in 1994; the YSP, a loyal opposition party, boycotted the April 1997 legislative election, but announced that it would participate in Yemen's first local elections to be held in February 2001; these local elections aim to decentralize political power and are a key element of the government's political reform program
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance or APRA [Alan GARCIA]; Andean Rebirth [Ciro GALVEZ Herreria]; Avancemos [leader NA]; Democratic Cause [Jorge SANTISTEVAN]; Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; National Solidarity or SN [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]; National Unity [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru 2000 [leader NA]; Peru Posible or PP [Alejandro TOLEDO Maniquez]; Popular Action or AP [leader NA]; Popular Agrarian Front of Peru or Frepap [leader NA]; Popular Solution [Carlos BOLONA Behr]; Project Country [Mario Antonio ARRUNATEGUI]; Somos Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [leader NA]; Vamos Vecinos or VV [Absalon VASQUEZ]
Political pressure groups and leaders NA leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)]
Population 18,078,035 (July 2001 est.) 27,483,864 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 19% (1992 est.) 49% (1994 est.)
Population growth rate 3.38% (2001 est.) 1.7% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Mukalla, As Salif, Mocha, Nishtun Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Matarani, Paita, Puerto Maldonado, Salaverry, San Martin, Talara, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas

note:
Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are all on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries
Radio broadcast stations AM 6, FM 1, shortwave 2 (1998) AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999)
Radios 1.05 million (1997) 6.65 million (1997)
Railways 0 km total:
1,988 km

standard gauge:
1,608 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge:
380 km 0.914-m gauge
Religions Muslim including Shaf'i (Sunni) and Zaydi (Shi'a), small numbers of Jewish, Christian, and Hindu Roman Catholic 90%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
1.02 male(s)/female

total population:
1.04 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.85 male(s)/female

total population:
1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
since unification in 1990, efforts have been made to create a national telecommunications network

domestic:
the national network consists of microwave radio relay, cable, tropospheric scatter, and GSM cellular mobile telephone systems

international:
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti
general assessment:
adequate for most requirements

domestic:
nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations

international:
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable
Telephones - main lines in use 291,359 (1999) 1.509 million (1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular 32,042 (2000) 504,995 (1998)
Television broadcast stations 7 (plus several low-power repeaters) (1997) 13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997)
Terrain narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Total fertility rate 6.97 children born/woman (2001 est.) 2.96 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 30% (1995 est.) 7.7%; extensive underemployment (1997)
Waterways none 8,808 km

note:
8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca
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