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Compare Tonga (2005) - Macau (2002)
Compare Tonga (2005) z Macau (2002)
| Tonga (2005) | Macau (2002) | |
 |  | |
| Administrative divisions | 3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u | none (special administrative region of China) |
| Age structure | 0-14 years: 36.2% (male 20,738/female 19,907)
15-64 years: 59.7% (male 33,226/female 33,853) 65 years and over: 4.2% (male 2,031/female 2,667) (2005 est.) |
0-14 years: 21.8% (male 52,262; female 48,439)
15-64 years: 70.9% (male 154,942; female 172,647) 65 years and over: 7.3% (male 13,616; female 19,927) (2002 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish | rice, vegetables |
| Airports | 6 (2004 est.) | 1 (2001) |
| Airports - with paved runways | total: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.) |
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2002) |
| Airports - with unpaved runways | total: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.) |
- |
| Area | total: 748 sq km
land: 718 sq km water: 30 sq km |
total: 25.4 sq km
land: 25.4 sq km water: 0 sq km |
| Area - comparative | four times the size of Washington, DC | about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC |
| Background | The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific. | Colonized by the Portuguese in the 16th century, Macau was the first European settlement in the Far East. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and Portugal on 13 April 1987, Macau became the Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 20 December 1999. China has promised that, under its "one country, two systems" formula, China's socialist economic system will not be practiced in Macau and that Macau will enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and defense affairs. |
| Birth rate | 25.18 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) | 12.19 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Budget | revenues: $39.9 million
expenditures: $52.4 million, including capital expenditures of $1.9 million (FY99/00 est.) |
revenues: $1.15 billion
expenditures: $1.03 billion, including capital expenditures of $166 million (2000 est.) |
| Capital | Nuku'alofa | - |
| Climate | tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) | subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers |
| Coastline | 419 km | 41 km |
| Constitution | 4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967 | Basic Law, approved in March 1993 by China's National People's Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution" |
| Country name | conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga
conventional short form: Tonga former: Friendly Islands |
conventional long form: Macau Special Administrative Region
conventional short form: Macau local long form: Aomen Tebie Xingzhengqu (Chinese); Regiao Administrativa Especial de Macau (Portuguese) local short form: Aomen (Chinese); Macau (Portuguese) |
| Currency | - | pataca (MOP) |
| Death rate | 5.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) | 3.78 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Debt - external | $63.4 million (2001) | $1.5 billion (1998) |
| Dependency status | - | special administrative region of China |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga | the US has no offices in Macau, and US interests are monitored by the US Consulate General in Hong Kong |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Fekitamoeloa 'UTOIKAMANU
chancery: 250 East 51st Street, New York, NY 10022 telephone: [1] (917) 369-1025 FAX: [1] (917) 369-1024 consulate(s) general: San Francisco |
none (special administrative region of China) |
| Disputes - international | none | none |
| Economic aid - recipient | Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02) | $NA |
| Economy - overview | Tonga, a small, open, South Pacific island economy, has a narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. Tourism is the second largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. The country remains dependent on external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. High unemployment among the young, a continuing upturn in inflation, and rising civil service expenditures are major issues facing the government. | Macau's economy two years after reversion to China remains one of the most open in the world, according to the World Trade Organization. The government collects no duty on imports and sets no restrictions on exports beyond those required by international agreements. The territory's net exports of goods and services account for 35% of GDP, with tourism and apparel exports as the mainstays. The territory therefore has been hit hard by the 2001 downturn in its key US and EU export markets. Tourism remained strong, however, driven by a surge in visitors from mainland China. In response to the expected contraction of the economy in 2002, the government has announced a stimulative income tax cut and public works program that will push the budget into deficit. China already has extended support by easing restrictions on travel to Macau and is proposing a China-Hong Kong-Macau free trade area. China's economic weight is increasingly felt, with the mainland now holding more than 50% of assets in the financial, real estate, and construction sectors. Mainlanders, however, have been excluded from bidding on the gambling industry licenses that Macau is offering to break up the territory's four-decade-old gambling monopoly. Gambling taxes account for up to 60% of revenue, and the government with Beijing's backing intends to revitalize the industry. |
| Electricity - consumption | 23.06 million kWh (2002) | 1.476 billion kWh (2000) |
| Electricity - exports | 0 kWh (2002) | 1 million kWh (2000) |
| Electricity - imports | 0 kWh (2002) | 175 million kWh (2000) |
| Electricity - production | 24.79 million kWh (2002) | 1.4 billion kWh (2000) |
| Electricity - production by source | - | fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2000) |
| Elevation extremes | lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m |
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Coloane Alto 172.4 m |
| Environment - current issues | deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations | NA |
| Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
- |
| Ethnic groups | Polynesian, Europeans about 300 | Chinese 95%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry), Portuguese, other |
| Exchange rates | pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9716 (2004), 2.142 (2003), 2.1952 (2002), 2.1236 (2001), 1.7585 (2000) | patacas per US dollar - 8.033 (January 2002), 8.034 (2001), 8.026 (2000), 7.992 (1999), 7.979 (1998), 7.975 (1997); note - linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar |
| Executive branch | chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)
head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA (since 3 January 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister James C. COCKER (since NA January 2001) cabinet: cabinet consists of 16 members, 12 appointed by the monarch for life; 4 appointed from among the elected members of the Legislative Assembly including 2 each from the Nobles and Peoples representatives serving three year terms note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch, the Cabinet, and two governors elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch |
chief of state: President of China JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993)
head of government: Chief Executive Edmund HO Hau-wah (since 20 December 1999) cabinet: Executive Council consists of all five government secretaries, three legislators, and two businessmen elections: chief executive chosen by a 200-member selection committee for up to two five-year terms |
| Exports | NA | $2.5 billion f.o.b. (2000) |
| Exports - commodities | squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops | clothing, textiles, cement, electronics, cameras |
| Exports - partners | Japan 37.1%, China 18.7%, US 17.7%, Taiwan 8.7%, New Zealand 7.4% (2004) | US 48%, EU 28%, China 10%, Hong Kong 7% (2000) |
| Fiscal year | 1 July - 30 June | calendar year |
| Flag description | red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner | light green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in center of arc and four smaller |
| GDP | - | purchasing power parity - $8 billion (2001 est.) |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 23%
industry: 13% services: 64% (2002 est.) |
agriculture: 1%
industry: 25% services: 74% (2000 est.) |
| GDP - per capita | purchasing power parity - $2,300 (2002 est.) | purchasing power parity - $17,600 (2001 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate | 1.5% (2002 est.) | 0.5% (2001 est.) |
| Geographic coordinates | 20 00 S, 175 00 W | 22 10 N, 113 33 E |
| Geography - note | archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited) | essentially urban; one causeway and two bridges connect the two islands of Coloane and Taipa to the peninsula on mainland |
| Highways | total: 680 km
paved: 184 km unpaved: 496 km (1999 est.) |
total: 50 km
paved: 50 km unpaved: 0 km (2001) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA |
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
| Imports | NA | $2.3 billion c.i.f. (2000) |
| Imports - commodities | foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals | clothing, textiles, yarn, minerals, electrical machinery, fuel, livestock |
| Imports - partners | New Zealand 37.1%, Fiji 24.3%, Australia 9.1%, China 8.9%, US 6.3% (2004) | China 41%, Hong Kong 15%, EU 10%, Taiwan 10%, Japan 6% (2000) |
| Independence | 4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate) | none (special administrative region of China) |
| Industrial production growth rate | 8.6% (FY98/99) | NA% |
| Industries | tourism, fishing | tourism, gambling, clothing, textiles, electronics, footwear, toys |
| Infant mortality rate | total: 12.62 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 13.97 deaths/1,000 live births female: 11.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) |
4.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 10.3% (2002 est.) | -2% (2001 est.) |
| International organization participation | ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) | CCC, ESCAP (associate), IHO, IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), ISO (correspondent), UNESCO (associate), WMO, WToO (associate), WTrO |
| Internet Service Providers (ISPs) | - | 1 (2000) |
| Irrigated land | NA | NA sq km |
| Judicial branch | Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief justice of the Supreme Court) | The Court of Final Appeal in the Macau Special Administrative Region |
| Labor force | 33,910 (1996) | 218,000 (2001) |
| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture 65% (1997 est.) | restaurants and hotels 26%, manufacturing 20%, other services and agriculture 54% (2000 est.) |
| Land boundaries | 0 km | total: 0.34 km
border countries: China 0.34 km |
| Land use | arable land: 23.61%
permanent crops: 43.06% other: 33.33% (2001) |
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0% other: 100% note: "green areas" represent 22.4% (1998 est.) |
| Languages | Tongan, English | Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese) |
| Legal system | based on English law | based on Portuguese civil law system |
| Legislative branch | unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms)
elections: last held 21 March 2005 (next to be held in 2008) election results: Peoples Representatives: percent of vote - HRDMT 70%; seats - HRDMT 7, independents 2 |
unicameral Legislative Council or LEGCO (27 seats; 10 elected by popular vote, 10 by indirect vote, and 7 appointed by the chief executive; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 23 September 2001 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by political bloc - Entertainment Industry 3, pro-democracy 2, pro-Beijing Labor Union 2, pro-Beijing Neighborhood Association 2, pro-business 1 |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population: 69.53 years
male: 67.05 years female: 72.14 years (2005 est.) |
total population: 81.78 years
male: 78.97 years female: 84.73 years (2002 est.) |
| Literacy | definition: can read and write Tongan and/or English
total population: 98.9% male: 98.8% female: 99% (1996 est.) |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90% male: 93% female: 86% (1981 est.) |
| Location | Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand | Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China |
| Map references | Oceania | Southeast Asia |
| Maritime claims | territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation |
not specified |
| Merchant marine | total: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 136,977 GRT/200,751 DWT
by type: cargo 21, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 1 foreign-owned: 7 (Cyprus 1, France 1, Greece 1, Norway 1, Romania 2, United Kingdom 1) (2005) |
none (2002 est.) |
| Military - note | - | responsibility for defense reverted to China on 20 December 1999 |
| Military branches | Tonga Defense Services: Ground Forces (Royal Marines, Royal Guard), Maritime Force (includes Air Wing) | no regular indigenous military forces; responsibility for defense reverted to China on 20 December 1999; there is a local police force |
| Military expenditures - dollar figure | NA | - |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | NA | - |
| Military manpower - availability | - | males age 15-49: 128,005 (2002 est.) |
| Military manpower - fit for military service | - | males age 15-49: 70,508 (2002 est.) |
| National holiday | Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970) | National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 20 December 1999 is celebrated as Macau Special Administrative Region Establishment Day |
| Nationality | noun: Tongan(s)
adjective: Tongan |
noun: Chinese
adjective: Chinese |
| Natural hazards | cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou | typhoons |
| Natural resources | fish, fertile soil | NEGL |
| Net migration rate | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) | 9.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Political parties and leaders | there are no political parties | there are no formal political parties, however, there are civic associations that, for purposes of legislative voting, join together to form political blocs |
| Political pressure groups and leaders | Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. Simote VEA, chairman] | Catholic Church [Domingos LAM, bishop]; Macau Society of Tourism and Entertainment or STDM [Stanley HO, managing director]; Union for Democracy Development [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong, leader] |
| Population | 112,422 (July 2005 est.) | 461,833 (July 2002 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | NA | NA% |
| Population growth rate | 1.98% (2005 est.) | 1.75% (2002 est.) |
| Ports and harbors | Nuku'alofa | Macau |
| Radio broadcast stations | AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2004) | AM 0, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998) |
| Radios | - | 160,000 (1997) |
| Railways | - | 0 km |
| Religions | Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents) | Buddhist 50%, Roman Catholic 15%, none and other 35% (1997 est.) |
| Sex ratio | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.) |
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2002 est.) |
| Suffrage | 21 years of age; universal | direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past seven years; indirect election limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters" (257 are currently registered) and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies |
| Telephone system | general assessment: competition between Tonga Telecommunications Corporation (TCC) and Shoreline Communications Tonga (SCT) is accelerating expansion of telecommunications; SCT recently granted authority to develop high-speed digital service for telephone, Internet, and television
domestic: fully automatic switched network international: country code - 676; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2004) |
general assessment: fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and international services
domestic: NA international: HF radiotelephone communication facility; access to international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and China; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) |
| Telephones - main lines in use | 11,200 (2002) | 176,902 (November 2001) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | 9,000 (2004) | 158,251 (November 2001) |
| Television broadcast stations | 3 (2004) | 0 (receives Hong Kong broadcasts) (1997) |
| Terrain | most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base | generally flat |
| Total fertility rate | 3 children born/woman (2005 est.) | 1.31 children born/woman (2002 est.) |
| Unemployment rate | 13.3% (1996 est.) | 6.5% (2001 est.) |
| Waterways | - | none |
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