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Compare Romania (2001) - Botswana (2002)

Compare Romania (2001) z Botswana (2002)

 Romania (2001)Botswana (2002)
 RomaniaBotswana
Administrative divisions 40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea 10 districts and four town councils*; Central, Chobe, Francistown*, Gaborone*, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*, Ngamiland, North-East, Selebi-Pikwe*, South-East, Southern
Age structure 0-14 years:
17.95% (male 2,054,323; female 1,959,196)

15-64 years:
68.51% (male 7,605,751; female 7,715,434)

65 years and over:
13.54% (male 1,255,880; female 1,773,438) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 40% (male 319,988; female 316,961)


15-64 years: 55.8% (male 428,638; female 458,777)


65 years and over: 4.2% (male 26,965; female 39,903) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep livestock, sorghum, maize, millet, beans, sunflowers, groundnuts
Airports 62 (2000 est.) 92 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways total:
25

over 3,047 m:
3

2,438 to 3,047 m:
10

1,524 to 2,437 m:
12 (2000 est.)
total: 10


2,438 to 3,047 m: 2


1,524 to 2,437 m: 7


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
37

1,524 to 2,437 m:
2

914 to 1,523 m:
12

under 914 m:
23 (2000 est.)
total: 76


1,524 to 2,437 m: 3


914 to 1,523 m: 55


under 914 m: 18 (2002)
Area total:
237,500 sq km

land:
230,340 sq km

water:
7,160 sq km
total: 600,370 sq km


land: 585,370 sq km


water: 15,000 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Oregon slightly smaller than Texas
Background Soviet occupation following World War II led to the formation of a communist "peoples republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of President Nicolae CEAUSESCU became increasingly draconian through the 1980s. He was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Much economic restructuring remains to be carried out before Romania can achieve its hope of joining the EU. Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name upon independence in 1966. The economy, one of the most robust on the continent, is dominated by diamond mining.
Birth rate 10.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 28.04 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget revenues:
$11.7 billion

expenditures:
$12.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
revenues: $2.3 billion


expenditures: $2.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY01/02 )
Capital Bucharest Gaborone
Climate temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Coastline 225 km 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution 8 December 1991 March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
Country name conventional long form:
none

conventional short form:
Romania

local long form:
none

local short form:
Romania
conventional long form: Republic of Botswana


conventional short form: Botswana


former: Bechuanaland
Currency leu (ROL) pula (BWP)
Death rate 12.28 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 26.26 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external $9.3 billion (2000 est.) $325 million (2001)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador James C. ROSAPEPE

embassy:
Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest

mailing address:
American Embassy Bucharest, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)

telephone:
[40] (1) 210 40 42

FAX:
[40] (1) 210 03 95

branch office(s):
Cluj-Napoca
chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph HUGGING


embassy: address NA, Gaborone


mailing address: Embassy Enclave, P. O. Box 90, Gaborone


telephone: [267] 353982


FAX: [267] 312782
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador (vacant)

chancery:
1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851

FAX:
[1] (202) 232-4748

consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
chief of mission: Ambassador Kgosi SEEPAPITSO IV


chancery: 1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036


telephone: [1] (202) 244-4990


FAX: [1] (202) 244-4164
Disputes - international none none
Economic aid - recipient - $73 million (1995) (1995)
Economy - overview Romania, one of the poorest countries in Central and Eastern Europe, began the transition from communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Over the past decade economic restructuring has lagged behind most other countries in the region. Consequently, living standards have continued to fall - real wages are down over 40%. Corruption too has worsened. The EU ranks Romania last among enlargement candidates, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) rates Romania's transition progress the region's worst. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets. A new government elected in November 2000 promises to promote economic reform. Bucharest hopes to receive financial and technical assistance from international financial institutions and Western governments; negotiations over a new IMF standby agreement are to begin early in 2001. If reform stalls, Romania's ability to borrow from both public and private sources could quickly dry up, leading to another financial crisis. Botswana has maintained one of the world's highest growth rates since independence in 1966. Through fiscal discipline and sound management, Botswana has transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to a middle-income country with a per capita GDP of $7,800 in 2001. Two major investment services rank Botswana as the best credit risk in Africa. Diamond mining has fueled much of expansion and currently accounts for more than one-third of GDP and for four-fifths of export earnings. Tourism, subsistence farming, and cattle raising are other key sectors. On the downside, the government must deal with high rates of unemployment and poverty. Unemployment officially is 21%, but unofficial estimates place it closer to 40%. HIV/AIDS infection rates are the highest in the world and threaten Botswana's impressive economic gains.
Electricity - consumption 44.768 billion kWh (1999) 1.451 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports 1.935 billion kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports 1.1 billion kWh (1999) 986 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production 49.036 billion kWh (1999) 500 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
53.99%

hydro:
36.18%

nuclear:
9.81%

other:
0.02% (1999)
fossil fuel: 100%


hydro: 0%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Black Sea 0 m

highest point:
Moldoveanu 2,544 m
lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m


highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m
Environment - current issues soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands overgrazing; desertification; limited fresh water resources
Environment - international agreements party to:
Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 7.1%, Roma 1.8%, German 0.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, other 0.8% (1992) Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other, including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Exchange rates lei per US dollar - 26,243.0 (January 2001), 21,708.7 (2000), 15,332.8 (1999), 8,875.6 (1998), 7,167.9 (1997), 3,084.2 (1996); note - lei is the plural form of leu pulas per US dollar - 6.8353 (January 2002), 5.8412 (2001), 5.1018 (2000), 4.6244 (1999), 4.2259 (1998), 3.6508 (1997)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 December 2000)

head of government:
Prime Minister Adrian NASTASE (since 29 December 2000)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 26 November 2000, with runoff between the top two candidates held 10 December 2000 (next to be held NA November/December 2004); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
percent of vote - Ion ILIESCU 66.84%, Corneliu Vadim TUDOR 33.16%
chief of state: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government


head of government: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government


cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president


elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 16 October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004); vice president appointed by the president


election results: Festus MOGAE elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 54.3%
Exports $11.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $2.5 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Exports - commodities textiles and footwear 26%, metals and metal products 15%, machinery and equipment 11%, minerals and fuels 6% (1999) diamonds 80%, copper, nickel, soda ash, meat, textiles (2001)
Exports - partners Italy 23%, Germany 18%, France 6%, Turkey 5%, US (1999) EFTA 85%, Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 10%, Zimbabwe 2% (1999)
Fiscal year calendar year 1 April - 31 March
Flag description three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed; now similar to the flag of Chad, also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center
GDP purchasing power parity - $132.5 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $12.4 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
13.9%

industry:
32.6%

services:
53.5% (2000)
agriculture: 4%


industry: 44% (including 36% mining)


services: 52% (2000 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $5,900 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $7,800 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 2.2% (2000 est.) 4.7% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates 46 00 N, 25 00 E 22 00 S, 24 00 E
Geography - note controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country
Heliports 1 (2000 est.) -
Highways total:
153,359 km

paved:
103,671 km (including 133 km of expressways)

unpaved:
49,688 km (1998 est.)
total: 10,217 km


paved: 5,620 km


unpaved: 4,597 km (1999)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
3.8%

highest 10%:
20.2% (1992)
lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Illicit drugs important transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe -
Imports $11.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $2.1 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment 23%, fuels and minerals 12%, chemicals 9%, textile and products 19% (1999) foodstuffs, machinery, electrical goods, transport equipment, textiles, fuel and petroleum products, wood and paper products, metal and metal products (2000)
Imports - partners Italy 20%, Germany 19%, France 7%, Russia 6% (1999) Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 77%, EFTA 9%, Zimbabwe 4% (1999)
Independence 1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947) 30 September 1966 (from UK)
Industrial production growth rate 8% (2000) 2.4% (2001 est.)
Industries textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock processing; textiles
Infant mortality rate 19.36 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 64.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 45.7% (2000 est.) 6.6% (2001 est.)
International organization participation ACCT, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, G- 9, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MONUC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 38 (2000) 11 (2001)
Irrigated land 31,020 sq km (1993 est.) 10 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court of Justice (judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistrates) High Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrates' Courts (one in each district)
Labor force 9.9 million (1999 est.) 264,000 formal sector employees (2000)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 40%, industry 25%, services 35% (1998) NA
Land boundaries total:
2,508 km

border countries:
Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Yugoslavia 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km
total: 4,013 km


border countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km
Land use arable land:
41%

permanent crops:
3%

permanent pastures:
21%

forests and woodland:
29%

other:
6% (1993 est.)
arable land: 0.61%


permanent crops: 0.01%


other: 99.38% (1998 est.)
Languages Romanian, Hungarian, German English (official), Setswana
Legal system former mixture of civil law system and communist legal theory; is now based on the constitution of France's Fifth Republic based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (140 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Adunarea Deputatilor (345 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms)

elections:
Senate - last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in the fall of 2004); Chamber of Deputies - last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in the fall of 2004)

election results:
Senate - percent of vote by party - PDSR 37.1%, PRM 21.0%, PD 7.6%, PNL 7.5%, UDMR 6.9%; seats by party - PDSR 65, PRM 37, PD 13, PNL 13, UDMR 12; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PDSR 36.6%, PRM 19.5%, PD 7.0%, PNL, 6.9%, UDMR 6.8%; seats by party - PDSR 155, PRM 84, PD 31, PNL 30, UDMR 27, ethnic minorities 18
bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Chiefs (a largely advisory 15-member body consisting of the chiefs of the eight principal tribes, four elected subchiefs, and three members selected by the other 12 members) and the National Assembly (44 seats, 40 members are directly elected by popular vote and 4 are appointed by the majority party; members serve five-year terms)


elections: National Assembly elections last held 16 October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004)


election results: percent of vote by party - BDP 54.3%, BNF 24.7%, other 21%; seats by party - BDP 33, BNF 6, other 1
Life expectancy at birth total population:
70.16 years

male:
66.36 years

female:
74.19 years (2001 est.)
total population: 35.29 years


male: 35.15 years


female: 35.43 years (2002 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
97%

male:
98%

female:
95% (1992 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 69.8%


male: 80.5%


female: 59.9% (1995 est.)
Location Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine Southern Africa, north of South Africa
Map references Europe Africa
Maritime claims contiguous zone:
24 NM

continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
none (landlocked)
Merchant marine total:
95 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 695,227 GRT/931,598 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 10, cargo 71, container 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 4, railcar carrier 2, roll on/roll off 4, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)
-
Military branches Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing), Botswana National Police
Military expenditures - dollar figure $720 million (FY00) $135 million (FY01/02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 2.2% (FY00) 3.5% (FY01/02)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
5,899,536 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 384,888 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
4,962,807 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 202,685 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - military age 20 years of age 18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
179,951 (2001 est.)
males: 19,479 (2002 est.)
National holiday Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918) Independence Day (Botswana Day), 30 September (1966)
Nationality noun:
Romanian(s)

adjective:
Romanian
noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)


adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
Natural hazards earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility
Natural resources petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver
Net migration rate -0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km; natural gas 6,400 km (1992) -
Political parties and leaders Democratic Party or PD [Petre ROMAN]; Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Party or PNL [Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS]; Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR [Adrian NASTASE]; Romania Mare Party (Greater Romanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; The Democratic Convention or CDR [Ion DIACONESCU] Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus MOGAE]; Botswana National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Mokgweetsi KGOSIPULA]; Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]


note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats; the BAM parties are: the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO], the Independence Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO], and the Botswana Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]
Political pressure groups and leaders various human rights and professional associations NA
Population 22,364,022 (July 2001 est.) 1,591,232


note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line 44.5% (2000) 47% (2000 est.)
Population growth rate -0.21% (2001 est.) 0.18% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors Braila, Constanta, Galati, Mangalia, Sulina, Tulcea none
Radio broadcast stations AM 40, FM 202, shortwave 3 (1998) AM 8, FM 13, shortwave 4 (2001)
Radios 7.2 million (1997) 252,720 (2000)
Railways total:
11,385 km (3,888 km electrified)

standard gauge:
10,898 km

narrow gauge:
487 km (1996)
total: 888 km


narrow gauge: 888 km 1.067-m gauge (2000 est.)
Religions Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 3%, Uniate Catholic 3%, Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 18% indigenous beliefs 85%, Christian 15%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.71 male(s)/female

total population:
0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female


total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
poor domestic service, but improving

domestic:
90% of telephone network is automatic; trunk network is mostly microwave radio relay, with some fiber-optic cable; about one-third of exchange capacity is digital; roughly 3,300 villages have no service

international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; new digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest; note - Romania is an active participant in several international telecommunication network projects (1999)
general assessment: the system is expanding with the growth of mobile cellular service and participation in regional development


domestic: small system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and a few radiotelephone communication stations; mobile cellular service is growing fast


international: two international exchanges; digital microwave radio relay links to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 3.777 million (1997) 131,000 (September 2001)
Telephones - mobile cellular 645,500 (1999) 270,000 (September 2001)
Television broadcast stations 48 (plus 392 repeaters) (1995) 1 (2001)
Terrain central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest
Total fertility rate 1.35 children born/woman (2001 est.) 3.6 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate 11.5% (1999) 40% (official rate is 21%) (2001 est.)
Waterways 1,724 km (1984) none
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