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Compare Reunion (2001) - Svalbard (2001)

Compare Reunion (2001) z Svalbard (2001)

 Reunion (2001)Svalbard (2001)
 ReunionSvalbard
Administrative divisions none (overseas department of France); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 4 arrondissements, 24 communes, and 47 cantons -
Age structure 0-14 years:
32.07% (male 120,259; female 114,669)

15-64 years:
62.25% (male 224,347; female 231,698)

65 years and over:
5.68% (male 16,892; female 24,705) (2001 est.)		 0-14 years:
NA%

15-64 years:
NA%

65 years and over:
NA%
Agriculture - products sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco, tropical fruits, vegetables, corn -
Airports 2 (2000 est.) 4 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
1 (2000 est.)		 total:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways - total:
3

under 914 m:
3 (2000 est.)
Area total:
2,512 sq km

land:
2,502 sq km

water:
10 sq km		 total:
62,049 sq km

land:
62,049 sq km

water:
0 sq km

note:
includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island)
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Rhode Island slightly smaller than West Virginia
Background The Portuguese discovered the uninhabited island in 1513. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French immigration supplemented by influxes of Africans, Chinese, Malays, and Malabar Indians gave the island its ethnic mix. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cost the island its importance as a stopover on the East Indies trade route. First discovered by the Norwegians in the 12th century, the islands served as an international whaling base during the 17th and 18th centuries. Norway's sovereignty was recognized in 1920; five years later it officially took over the territory.
Birth rate 21.26 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) NA births/1,000 population
Budget revenues:
NA

expenditures:
NA		 revenues:
$11.5 million

expenditures:
$11.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Capital Saint-Denis Longyearbyen
Climate tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year
Coastline 207 km 3,587 km
Constitution 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -
Country name conventional long form:
Department of Reunion

conventional short form:
Reunion

local long form:
none

local short form:
Ile de la Reunion

former:
Bourbon Island		 conventional long form:
none

conventional short form:
Svalbard (sometimes referred to as Spitzbergen)
Currency French franc (FRF); euro (EUR) Norwegian krone (NOK)
Death rate 5.52 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) NA deaths/1,000 population
Debt - external $NA -
Dependency status overseas department of France territory of Norway; administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway
Diplomatic representation from the US none (overseas department of France) -
Diplomatic representation in the US none (overseas department of France) -
Disputes - international none focus of a maritime boundary dispute between Norway and Russia
Economic aid - recipient $NA; note - substantial annual subsidies from France $8.2 million from Norway (1998)
Economy - overview The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist industry to relieve high unemployment, which amounts to more than 40% of the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the population, often approaching European standards, whereas minority groups suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from France. Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. The treaty of 9 February 1920 gives the 41 signatories equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some trapping of seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus.
Electricity - consumption 1.023 billion kWh (1999) NA kWh
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) -
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) -
Electricity - production 1.1 billion kWh (1999) NA kWh
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
54.55%

hydro:
45.45%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)		 fossil fuel:
NA%

hydro:
NA%

nuclear:
NA%

other:
NA%
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Piton des Neiges 3,069 m		 lowest point:
Arctic Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Newtontoppen 1,717 m
Environment - current issues NA NA
Ethnic groups French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3% (1998)
Exchange rates euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996) Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 8.7784 (January 2001), 8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Robert POMMIES (since NA 1996)

head of government:
President of the General Council Jean-Luc POUDROUX (since NA March 1998) and President of the Regional Council Paul VERGES (since NA March 1993)

cabinet:
NA

elections:
French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils		 chief of state:
King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January 1991)

head of government:
Governor Morten RUUD (since NA November 1998) and Assistant Governor Odd Redar HUMLEGAARD (since NA)

elections:
none; the monarch is hereditary; governor and assistant governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice
Exports $214 million (f.o.b., 1997) $NA
Exports - commodities sugar 63%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 2%, lobster 3%, (1993) -
Exports - partners France 74%, Japan 6%, Comoros 4% (1994) -
Fiscal year calendar year -
Flag description the flag of France is used the flag of Norway is used
GDP purchasing power parity - $3.4 billion (1998 est.) purchasing power parity - $NA
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
NA%

industry:
NA%

services:
NA%		 -
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $4,800 (1998 est.) purchasing power parity - $NA
GDP - real growth rate 3.8% (1998 est.) NA%
Geographic coordinates 21 06 S, 55 36 E 78 00 N, 20 00 E
Geography - note - northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists of nine main islands; glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total area
Highways total:
2,724 km

paved:
1,300 km (including 73 km of four-lane road)

unpaved:
1,424 km

note:
370 km of road are maintained by national authorities, 754 km by departmental authorities and 1600 km by local authorities (1994)		 total:
NA km

paved:
NA km

unpaved:
NA km
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%		 lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
Imports $2.5 billion (c.i.f., 1997) $NA
Imports - commodities manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products -
Imports - partners France 64%, Bahrain 3%, Germany 3%, Italy 3% (1994) -
Independence none (overseas department of France) none (territory of Norway)
Industrial production growth rate NA% NA%
Industries sugar, rum, cigarettes, handicraft items, flower oil extraction -
Infant mortality rate 8.49 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) NA deaths/1,000 live births
Inflation rate (consumer prices) NA% NA%
International organization participation FZ, InOC, WFTU none
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 1 (2000) 13 (Svalbard and Jan Mayen) (2000)
Irrigated land 60 sq km (1993 est.) NA sq km
Judicial branch Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel -
Labor force 261,000 (1995) NA
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 8%, industry 19%, services 73% (1990) -
Land boundaries 0 km 0 km
Land use arable land:
17%

permanent crops:
2%

permanent pastures:
5%

forests and woodland:
35%

other:
41% (1993 est.)		 arable land:
0%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
0%

forests and woodland:
0%

other:
100% (no trees, and the only bushes are crowberry and cloudberry)
Languages French (official), Creole widely used Russian, Norwegian
Legal system French law NA
Legislative branch unicameral General Council (47 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a unicameral Regional Council (45 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve six-year terms)

elections:
General Council - last held NA March 1994 (next to be held NA 2000); Regional Council - last held 15 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PCR 12, PS 12, UDF 11, RPR 5, others 7; Regional Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PCR 7, UDF 8, PS 6, RPR 4, various right-wing candidates 15, various left-wing candidates 5

note:
Reunion elects three representatives to the French Senate; elections last held 14 April 1996 (next to be held NA 2001); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR 1, PCR 2; Reunion also elects five deputies to the French National Assembly; elections last held 25 May and 1 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PCR 3, PS 1, and RPR-UDF 1		 -
Life expectancy at birth total population:
72.93 years

male:
69.53 years

female:
76.49 years (2001 est.)		 total population:
NA years

male:
NA years

female:
NA years
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
79%

male:
76%

female:
80% (1982 est.)		 -
Location Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar Northern Europe, islands between the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea, north of Norway
Map references World Arctic Region
Maritime claims exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM		 exclusive fishing zone:
200 NM unilaterally claimed by Norway but not recognized by Russia

territorial sea:
4 NM
Merchant marine total:
1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 28,264 GRT/44,885 DWT

ships by type:
chemical tanker 1 (2000 est.)		 none (2000 est.)
Military - note defense is the responsibility of France demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920)
Military branches French forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie) -
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
190,846 (2001 est.)		 -
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
97,497 (2001 est.)		 -
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
6,243 (2001 est.)		 -
National holiday Bastille Day, 14 July (1789) NA
Nationality noun:
Reunionese (singular and plural)

adjective:
Reunionese		 -
Natural hazards periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April); Piton de la Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano ice floes often block up the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic
Natural resources fish, arable land, hydropower coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Political parties and leaders Communist Party of Reunion or PCR [Paul VERGES]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE]; Socialist Party or PS [Jean-Claude FRUTEAU]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Gilbert GERARD] -
Political pressure groups and leaders NA -
Population 732,570 (July 2001 est.) 2,332 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line NA% NA%
Population growth rate 1.57% (2001 est.) -3.55% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Le Port, Pointe des Galets Barentsburg, Longyearbyen, Ny-Alesund, Pyramiden
Radio broadcast stations AM 2, FM 55, shortwave 0 (1998) AM 1, FM 1 (plus 2 repeaters), shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios 173,000 (1997) NA
Railways 0 km 0 km
Religions Roman Catholic 86%, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist (1995) -
Sex ratio at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.68 male(s)/female

total population:
0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)		 -
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal -
Telephone system general assessment:
adequate system; principal center is Saint-Denis

domestic:
modern open wire and microwave radio relay network

international:
radiotelephone communication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new microwave route to Mauritius; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)		 general assessment:
probably adequate

domestic:
local telephone service

international:
satellite earth station - 1 of unknown type (for communication with Norwegian mainland only)
Telephones - main lines in use 236,500 (1997) NA
Telephones - mobile cellular 85,000 (1999) NA
Television broadcast stations 22 (plus 18 low-power repeaters) (1997) NA
Terrain mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of ice about one-half of the year; fjords along west and north coasts
Total fertility rate 2.58 children born/woman (2001 est.) NA children born/woman
Unemployment rate 42.8% (1998) -
Waterways none none
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