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Compare Moldova (2002) - Macau (2001)
Compare Moldova (2002) z Macau (2001)
| Moldova (2002) | Macau (2001) | |
 |  | |
| Administrative divisions | 9 counties (judetele, singular - judetul), 1 municipality* (municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit** (unitate teritoriala autonoma), and 1 territorial unit*** (unitate teritoriala); Balti, Cahul, Chisinau, Chisinau*, Edinet, Gagauzia**, Lapusna, Orhei, Soroca, Stinga Nistrului***, Tighina, Ungheni | none (special administrative region of China) |
| Age structure | 0-14 years: 21.7% (male 490,414; female 472,912)
15-64 years: 68.2% (male 1,451,962; female 1,572,561) 65 years and over: 10.1% (male 165,860; female 280,838) (2002 est.) |
0-14 years:
22.68% (male 53,291; female 49,615) 15-64 years: 70.08% (male 150,538; female 167,431) 65 years and over: 7.24% (male 13,287; female 19,571) (2001 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | vegetables, fruits, wine, grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, tobacco; beef, milk | rice, vegetables |
| Airports | 30 (2001) | 1 (2000 est.) |
| Airports - with paved runways | total: 7
over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2002) |
total:
1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2000 est.) |
| Airports - with unpaved runways | total: 23
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 14 (2002) |
- |
| Area | total: 33,843 sq km
land: 33,371 sq km water: 472 sq km |
total:
21 sq km land: 21 sq km water: 0 sq km |
| Area - comparative | slightly larger than Maryland | about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC |
| Background | Formerly ruled by Romania, Moldova became part of the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although independent from the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Dniester River supporting the Slavic majority population, mostly Ukrainians and Russians, who have proclaimed a "Transnistria" republic. One of the poorest nations in Europe, Moldova became the first former Soviet state to elect a Communist as its president in 2001. | Colonized by the Portuguese in the 16th century, Macau was the first European settlement in the Far East. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and Portugal on 13 April 1987, Macau became the Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 20 December 1999. China has promised that, under its "one country, two systems" formula, China's socialist economic system will not be practiced in Macau and that Macau will enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and defense affairs. |
| Birth rate | 13.82 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) | 12.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Budget | revenues: $536 million
expenditures: $594 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.) |
revenues:
$1.26 billion expenditures: $1.22 billion, including capital expenditures of $175 million (1999 est.) |
| Capital | Chisinau | - |
| Climate | moderate winters, warm summers | subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers |
| Coastline | 0 km (landlocked) | 40 km |
| Constitution | new constitution adopted 28 July 1994; replaces old Soviet constitution of 1979 | Basic Law, approved in March 1993 by China's National People's Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution" |
| Country name | conventional long form: Republic of Moldova
conventional short form: Moldova local long form: Republica Moldova local short form: none former: Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia |
conventional long form:
Macau Special Administrative Region conventional short form: Macau local long form: Aomen Tebie Xingzhengqu (Chinese); Regiao Administrativa Especial de Macau (Portuguese) local short form: Aomen (Chinese); Macau (Portuguese) |
| Currency | Moldovan leu (MDL) | pataca (MOP) |
| Death rate | 12.64 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) | 3.71 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Debt - external | $1.3 billion (2002) | $1.7 billion (1997) |
| Dependency status | - | special administrative region of China |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Pamela Hyde SMITH
embassy: 103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009 mailing address: use embassy street address; pouch address - American Embassy Chisinau, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7080 telephone: [373] (2) 23-37-72 FAX: [373] (2) 23-30-44 |
the US has no offices in Macau, and US interests are monitored by the US Consulate General in Hong Kong |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Mihai MANOLI
chancery: 2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 667-1130 FAX: [1] (202) 667-1204 |
none (special administrative region of China) |
| Disputes - international | Moldovan difficulties with break-away Transnistria region inhibit establishment of a joint customs regime with Ukraine to curtail smuggling, arms transfers, and other illegal activities | none |
| Economic aid - recipient | $100 million (2000) | $NA |
| Economy - overview | Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import all of its supplies of oil, coal, and natural gas, largely from Russia. Energy shortages contributed to sharp production declines after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. As part of an ambitious reform effort, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, freed all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises, backed steady land privatization, removed export controls, and freed interest rates. The government entered into agreements with the World Bank and the IMF to promote growth and reduce poverty. The economy returned to positive growth, of 2.1% in 2000 and 6.1% in 2001. Growth remained strong in 2002, in part because of the reforms and because of starting from a small base. Further reforms are in doubt because of strong political forces backing government controls. The economy remains vulnerable to higher fuel prices, poor agricultural weather, and the scepticism of foreign investors. | The economy is based largely on tourism (including gambling) and textile and fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have spawned other small industries - toys, artificial flowers, and electronics. The tourist sector has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing industry has provided about three-fourths of export earnings; the gambling industry probably represents over 40% of GDP. More than 8 million tourists visited Macau in 2000. Macau depends on China for most of its food, fresh water, and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong are the main suppliers of raw materials and capital goods. Output dropped 5% in 1998 and 3% in 1999, with a small 2% gain in 2000. Macau reverted to Chinese administration on 20 December 1999. Gang violence, a dark spot in the economy, probably will be reduced in 2000-01 to the advantage of the tourism sector. |
| Electricity - consumption | 3.655 billion kWh (2000) | 1.422 billion kWh (1999) |
| Electricity - exports | 630 million kWh (2000) | 3 million kWh (1999) |
| Electricity - imports | 1.2 billion kWh (2000) | 165 million kWh (1999) |
| Electricity - production | 3.317 billion kWh (2000) | 1.355 billion kWh (1999) |
| Electricity - production by source | fossil fuel: 90%
hydro: 10% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2000) |
fossil fuel:
100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999) |
| Elevation extremes | lowest point: Dniester River 2 m
highest point: Dealul Balanesti 430 m |
lowest point:
South China Sea 0 m highest point: Coloane Alto 174 m |
| Environment - current issues | heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods | NA |
| Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants |
- |
| Ethnic groups | Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, Gagauz and other 5.2% (1989 est.)
note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region |
Chinese 95%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry), Portuguese, other |
| Exchange rates | lei per US dollar - 12.8579 (October 2001), 12.4342 (2000), 10.5158 (1999), 5.3707 (1998), 4.6236 (1997); note - lei is the plural form of leu | patacas per US dollar - 8.033 (January 2001), 8.025 (2000), 7.990 (1999), 7.978 (1998), 7.974 (1997), 7.966 (1996); note - linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar |
| Executive branch | chief of state: President Vladimir VORONIN (since 4 April 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Vasile TARLEV (since 15 April 2001), First Deputy Prime Minister Vasile IOVV (since NA 2002), Deputy Prime Minister Stefan ODAGIU (since NA 2002) cabinet: selected by prime minister, subject to approval of Parliament elections: president elected by Parliament for a four-year term; election last held 4 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2005); note - presidential elections were scheduled for December 2000, but in July 2000, Parliament canceled direct, popular elections; Parliament's failure to chose a new president in December 2000 led to early parliamentary elections in February 2001; prime minister designated by the president, upon consultation with Parliament; note - within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence from the Parliament regarding his/her work program and entire cabinet; prime minister designated 15 April 2001, cabinet received a vote of confidence 19 April 2001 election results: Vladimir VORONIN elected president; parliamentary votes - Vladimir VORONIN 71, Dumitru BRAGHIS 15, Valerian CHRISTEA 3; Vasile TARLEV designated prime minister; parliamentary votes of confidence - 75 of 101 |
chief of state:
President of China JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993) head of government: Chief Executive Edmund HO Hau-wah (since 20 December 1999) cabinet: Executive Council consists of all five government secretaries, three legislators, and two businessmen elections: NA |
| Exports | $590 million f.o.b. (2002 est.) | $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) |
| Exports - commodities | foodstuffs, textiles, and machinery (2001) | textiles, clothing, toys, electronics, cement, footwear, machinery |
| Exports - partners | Russia 43%, Ukraine 10.1%, Italy 8.1%, Germany 7.2%, Romania 6.7% (2001) | US 47%, EU 30%, China 9.2%, Hong Kong 6.7% (1999) |
| Fiscal year | calendar year | calendar year |
| Flag description | same color scheme as Romania - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow | light green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in center of arc and four smaller |
| GDP | purchasing power parity - $11 billion (2002 est.) | purchasing power parity - $7.82 billion (2000 est.) |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 28%
industry: 23% services: 49% (2000) |
agriculture:
1% industry: 25% services: 74% (2000 est.) |
| GDP - per capita | purchasing power parity - $3,000 (2002 est.) | purchasing power parity - $17,500 (2000 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate | 4% (2002 est.) | 2% (2000 est.) |
| Geographic coordinates | 47 00 N, 29 00 E | 22 10 N, 113 33 E |
| Geography - note | landlocked; well endowed with various sedimentary rocks and minerals including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone | essentially urban; one causeway and two bridges connect the two islands of Coloane and Taipa to the peninsula on mainland |
| Highways | total: 20,000 km
paved: 13,900 km (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads) unpaved: 6,100 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990) |
total:
50 km paved: 50 km unpaved: 0 km (2001) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 31% (1997) |
lowest 10%:
NA% highest 10%: NA% |
| Illicit drugs | limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity | - |
| Imports | $980 million f.o.b. (2002 est.) | $2.4 billion (c.i.f., 2000 est.) |
| Imports - commodities | mineral products and fuel 32%, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles (2000) | raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods, fuels, consumer goods |
| Imports - partners | Ukraine 18%, Russia 15.1%, Romania 13.1%, Germany 10.5%, Italy 6.4% (2001) | China 36%, Hong Kong 18%, EU 13%, Taiwan 10%, Japan 7% (1999) |
| Independence | 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) | none (special administrative region of China) |
| Industrial production growth rate | 9% (2002 est.) | NA% |
| Industries | food processing, agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery, sugar, vegetable oil, shoes, textiles | clothing, textiles, toys, electronics, footwear, tourism, gambling |
| Infant mortality rate | 42.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) | 4.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 5.5% (2002 est.) | -1.8% (2000 est.) |
| International organization participation | ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO | CCC, ESCAP (associate), IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), UNESCO (associate), WMO, WToO (associate), WTrO |
| Internet Service Providers (ISPs) | 2 (1999) | 1 (2000) |
| Irrigated land | 3,070 sq km (1998 est.) | NA sq km |
| Judicial branch | Supreme Court; Constitutional Court (the sole authority for constitutional judicature) | The Court of Final Appeal in the Macau Special Administrative Region |
| Labor force | 1.7 million (1998) (1998) | 283,450 (1999) |
| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture 40%, industry 14%, services 46% (1998) (1998) | restaurants and hotels 26%, manufacturing 22%, other services 52% (2000 est.) |
| Land boundaries | total: 1,389 km
border countries: Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km |
total:
0.34 km border countries: China 0.34 km |
| Land use | arable land: 54.08%
permanent crops: 12.1% other: 33.82% (1998 est.) |
arable land:
0% permanent crops: 2% permanent pastures: 0% forests and woodland: 0% other: 98% (1998 est.) |
| Languages | Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian (official), Gagauz (a Turkish dialect) | Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese) |
| Legal system | based on civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews legality of legislative acts and governmental decisions of resolution; it is unclear if Moldova accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) documents | based on Portuguese civil law system |
| Legislative branch | unicameral Parliament or Parlamentul (101 seats; parties and electoral blocs, as well as independent candidates, elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 25 February 2001 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - PCM 50.1%, Braghis Alliance 13.4%, PPCD 8.2%, other parties 28.3%; seats by party - PCM 71, Braghis Alliance 19, PPCD 11 |
unicameral Legislative Council or LEGCO (23 seats; 8 elected by popular vote, 8 by indirect vote, and 7 appointed by the chief executive; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 22 September 1996 (next to be held by 15 October 2001) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - APPEM 2, UNIPRO 2, CODEM 1, UDM 1, UPD 1, ANMD 1 |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population: 64.74 years
male: 60.39 years female: 69.31 years (2002 est.) |
total population:
81.69 years male: 78.88 years female: 84.64 years (2001 est.) |
| Literacy | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96% male: 99% female: 94% (1989 est.) |
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write total population: 90% male: 93% female: 86% (1981 est.) |
| Location | Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania | Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China |
| Map references | Europe | Southeast Asia |
| Maritime claims | none (landlocked) | not specified |
| Merchant marine | - | none (2000 est.) |
| Military - note | - | responsibility for defense reverted to China on 20 December 1999 |
| Military branches | Ground Forces (includes Air and Air Defense Forces), Republic Security Forces (includes paramilitary Internal Troops and Border Troops) | Macau garrison of China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) includes about 500 troops |
| Military expenditures - dollar figure | $6 million (FY01) | - |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | 0.4% (FY01) | - |
| Military manpower - availability | males age 15-49: 1,172,714 (2002 est.) | males age 15-49:
125,737 (2001 est.) |
| Military manpower - fit for military service | males age 15-49: 929,316 (2002 est.) | males age 15-49:
69,191 (2001 est.) |
| Military manpower - military age | 18 years of age (2002 est.) | - |
| Military manpower - reaching military age annually | males: 42,268 (2002 est.) | - |
| National holiday | Independence Day, 27 August (1991) | National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 20 December 1999 is celebrated as Macau Special Administrative Region Establishment Day |
| Nationality | noun: Moldovan(s)
adjective: Moldovan |
noun:
Chinese adjective: Chinese |
| Natural hazards | landslides (57 cases in 1998) | typhoons |
| Natural resources | lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land, limestone | NEGL |
| Net migration rate | -0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) | 9.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Pipelines | natural gas 310 km (1992) | - |
| Political parties and leaders | Braghis Alliance [Dumitru BRAGHIS]; Communist Party or PCM [Vladimir VORONIN, first chairman]; Popular Christian Democratic Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA]; Social Democratic Union (composed of Braghis Alliance and the Democratic Party of Moldova) [leader NA] | the following is a listing of those associations that participated in the last legislative elections: Associacao de Novo Macau Democratico or ANMD [leader NA]; Associacao Promotora para a Economia de Macau or APPEM [leader NA]; Convergencia para o Desenvolvimento or CODEM [leader NA]; Uniao Geral para o Desenvolvimento de Macau or UDM [leader NA]; Uniao para o Desenvolvimento or UPD [leader NA]; Uniao Promotora para o Progresso or UNIPRO [leader NA]
note: there are no formal political parties, but civic associations are used instead |
| Political pressure groups and leaders | NA | Catholic Church [Domingos LAM, bishop]; Macau Society of Tourism and Entertainment or STDM [Stanley HO, managing director]; Union for Democracy Development [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong, leader] |
| Population | 4,434,547 (July 2002 est.) | 453,733 (July 2001 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | 80% (2001 est.) | NA% |
| Population growth rate | 0.09% (2002 est.) | 1.79% (2001 est.) |
| Ports and harbors | none | Macau |
| Radio broadcast stations | AM 7, FM 50, shortwave 3 (1998) | AM 0, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998) |
| Radios | 3.22 million (1997) | 160,000 (1997) |
| Railways | total: 1,328 km
broad gauge: 1,328 km 1.520-m gauge (2001) |
0 km |
| Religions | Eastern Orthodox 98%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist and other 0.5% (2000) | Buddhist 50%, Roman Catholic 15%, none and other 35% (1997 est.) |
| Sex ratio | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2002 est.) |
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2001 est.) |
| Suffrage | 18 years of age; universal | direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past seven years; indirect election limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters" (257 are currently registered) and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies |
| Telephone system | general assessment: inadequate, outmoded, poor service outside Chisinau, some effort to modernize is under way
domestic: new subscribers face long wait for service; mobile cellular telephone service being introduced international: service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik |
general assessment:
fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and international services domestic: NA international: HF radiotelephone communication facility; access to international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and China; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) |
| Telephones - main lines in use | 627,000 (1997) | 176,837 (2000) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | 2,200 (1997) | 120,957 (2000) |
| Television broadcast stations | 1 (plus 30 repeaters) (1995) | 0 (receives Hong Kong broadcasts) (1997) |
| Terrain | rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea | generally flat |
| Total fertility rate | 1.71 children born/woman (2002 est.) | 1.31 children born/woman (2001 est.) |
| Unemployment rate | 8% (roughly 25% of working age Moldovans are employed abroad) (2002 est.) | 6.6% (2000) |
| Waterways | 424 km (1994) | none |
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