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Compare Macau (2005) - Cambodia (2002)

Compare Macau (2005) z Cambodia (2002)

 Macau (2005)Cambodia (2002)
 MacauCambodia
Administrative divisions none (special administrative region of China) 20 provinces (khett, singular and plural) and 4 municipalities* (krong, singular and plural); Banteay Mean Cheay, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Keb*, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Otdar Mean Cheay, Pailin*, Phnum Penh*, Pouthisat, Preah Seihanu* (Sihanoukville), Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanah Kiri, Siem Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev
Age structure 0-14 years: 17% (male 39,564/female 36,947)


15-64 years: 75.1% (male 160,957/female 176,386)


65 years and over: 7.9% (male 14,713/female 20,631) (2005 est.)
0-14 years: 40.7% (male 2,646,883; female 2,550,015)


15-64 years: 55.8% (male 3,373,692; female 3,758,736)


65 years and over: 3.5% (male 182,149; female 263,849) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products only 2% of land area is cultivated, mainly by vegetable growers; fishing, mostly for crustaceans, is important, some of catch is exported to Hong Kong; most food requirements are met by imports, primarily from China rice, rubber, corn, vegetables
Airports 1 (2004 est.) 20 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways total: 1


over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)
total: 5


2,438 to 3,047 m: 2


1,524 to 2,437 m: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways - total: 16 15


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 13


under 914 m: 2 1 (2002)
Area total: 25.4 sq km


land: 25.4 sq km


water: 0 sq km
total: 181,040 sq km


land: 176,520 sq km


water: 4,520 sq km
Area - comparative about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC slightly smaller than Oklahoma
Background Colonized by the Portuguese in the 16th century, Macau was the first European settlement in the Far East. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and Portugal on 13 April 1987, Macau became the Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 20 December 1999. China has promised that, under its "one country, two systems" formula, China's socialist economic system will not be practiced in Macau, and that Macau will enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and defense affairs for the next 50 years. Following a five-year struggle, Communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in 1975 and ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns; over 1 million displaced people died from execution or enforced hardships. A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside and touched off 13 years of fighting. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy, as did the rapid diminishment of the Khmer Rouge in the mid-1990s. A coalition government, formed after national elections in 1998, brought renewed political stability and the surrender of remaining Khmer Rouge forces.
Birth rate 8.04 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) 32.93 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget revenues: $1.84 billion


expenditures: $1.57 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003)
revenues: $363 million


expenditures: $532 million, including capital expenditures of $225 million (2000 est.)
Capital - Phnom Penh
Climate subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Coastline 41 km 443 km
Constitution Basic Law, approved in March 1993 by China's National People's Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution" promulgated 21 September 1993
Country name conventional long form: Macau Special Administrative Region


conventional short form: Macau


local long form: Aomen Tebie Xingzhengqu (Chinese); Regiao Administrativa Especial de Macau (Portuguese)


local short form: Aomen (Chinese); Macau (Portuguese)
conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia


conventional short form: Cambodia


local long form: Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea


local short form: Kampuchea


former: Khmer Republic, Kampuchea Republic
Currency - riel (KHR)
Death rate 4.23 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) 10.51 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external $2.7 billion (2003) $829 million (1999 est.)
Dependency status special administrative region of China -
Diplomatic representation from the US the US has no offices in Macau; US interests are monitored by the US Consulate General in Hong Kong chief of mission: Ambassador Charles Aaron RAY


embassy: 16, Street 228 (between streets 51 and 63), Phnom Penh


mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546


telephone: [855] (23) 216-436


FAX: [855] (23) 216-437
Diplomatic representation in the US none (special administrative region of China) chief of mission: Ambassador ROLAND ENG


chancery: 4500 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011


telephone: [1] (202) 726-7742


FAX: [1] (202) 726-8381
Disputes - international none demarcation of boundaries with Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam is nearing completion; accuses Thailand of moving or destroying boundary markers and encroachment, of not respecting its claims, and of sealing off access to the Preah Vihear temple ruin awarded to Cambodia by the ICJ in 1962; accuses Vietnam of territorial encroachments and initiating armed border incidents in seven provinces, despite substantial demarcation efforts to date; disputes several offshore islands with Vietnam, which prevents delimitation of a maritime boundary
Economic aid - recipient NA $548 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for 2001 by international donors
Economy - overview Macau's well-to-do economy has remained one of the most open in the world since its reversion to China in 1999. Apparel exports and tourism are mainstays of the economy. Although the territory was hit hard by the 1998 Asian financial crisis and the global downturn in 2001, its economy grew 9.5% in 2002 and 15.6% in 2003. During the first three quarters of 2004, Macau registered year-on-year GDP increases of more than 20 percent. A rapid rise in the number of mainland visitors because of China's easing of restrictions on travel, increased public works expenditures, and significant investment inflows associated with the liberalization of Macau's gaming industry drove the recovery. The budget also returned to surplus in 2002 because of the surge in visitors from China and a hike in taxes on gambling profits, which generated about 70% of government revenue. The three companies awarded gambling licenses have pledged to invest $2.2 billion in the territory, which will boost GDP growth. Much of Macau's textile industry may move to the mainland as the Multi-Fiber Agreement is phased out. The territory may have to rely more on gambling and trade-related services to generate growth. Two new casinos were opened by new foreign gambling licensees in 2004; development of new infrastructure and facilities in preparation for Macau's hosting of the 2005 East Asian Games will bolster the construction sector. The Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between Macau and mainland China that came into effect on 1 January 2004 offers many Macau-made products tariff-free access to the mainland, and the range of products covered by CEPA was to be expanded on 1 January 2005. Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-98 due to the regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment and tourism fell off. In 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years, progress was made on economic reforms and growth resumed at 5%. GDP growth for 2000 had been projected to reach 5.5%, but the worst flooding in 70 years severely damaged agricultural crops, and high oil prices hurt industrial production, and growth for the year is estimated at only 4%. In 2001, severe floods damaged an estimated 15% of the area devoted to rice. Tourism now is Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals up 34% in 2000 and up another 40% in 2001 before the September 11 terrorist attacks in the US. The long-term development of the economy after decades of war remains a daunting challenge. The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid. On the brighter side, the government is addressing these issues with assistance from bilateral and multilateral donors.
Electricity - consumption 1.772 billion kWh (2003) 122.76 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports 1 million kWh (2003) 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports 179.7 million kWh (2003) 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - production 1.719 billion kWh (2003) 132 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel: 62%


hydro: 38%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
Elevation extremes lowest point: South China Sea 0 m


highest point: Coloane Alto 172.4 m
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m


highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
Environment - current issues NA illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; toxic waste delivery from Taiwan sparked unrest in Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville) in December 1998
Environment - international agreements - party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
Ethnic groups Chinese 95.7%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry) 1%, other 3.3% (2001 census) Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Exchange rates patacas per US dollar - 8.022 (2004), 8.021 (2003), 8.033 (2002), 8.034 (2001), 8.026 (2000) riels per US dollar - 3,895.0 (January 2002), 3,918.5 (2001), 3,840.8 (2000), 3,807.8 (1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997)
Executive branch chief of state: President of China HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003)


head of government: Chief Executive Edmund HO Hau-wah (since 20 December 1999)


cabinet: Executive Council consists of one government secretary, four legislators, four businessmen, and one pro-Beijing unionist


elections: chief executive chosen by a 300-member Election Committee for up to two five-year terms


election results: Edmund HO Hau-wah reelected on 29 August 2004; received 296 votes in Election Committee out of 300 possible; 3 members submitted blank ballots; 1 member was absent
chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September 1993)


head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998) and Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since NA) and TOL LAH (since NA)


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch


elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and apppointed by the king
Exports NA $1.05 billion f.o.b. (2000 est.)
Exports - commodities clothing, textiles, footwear, toys, electronics, machinery and parts timber, garments, rubber, rice, fish
Exports - partners US 48.7%, China 13.9%, Germany 8.3%, Hong Kong 7.6%, UK 4.4% (2004) US 46.4%, Vietnam 26.1%, Germany 5.6%, Singapore 5.0%, UK 3.9% (2000)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description light green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in center of arc and four smaller three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band
GDP - purchasing power parity - $18.7 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 0.1%


industry: 7.2%


services: 92.7% (2002 est.)
agriculture: 50%


industry: 15%


services: 35% (2000 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $19,400 (2003) purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 15.6% (2003) 5.3% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates 22 10 N, 113 33 E 13 00 N, 105 00 E
Geography - note essentially urban; one causeway and two bridges connect the two islands of Coloane and Taipa to the peninsula on mainland a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap
Heliports - 2 (2002)
Highways total: 341 km


paved: 341 km


unpaved: 0 km (2002)
total: 35,769 km


paved: 4,165 km


unpaved: 31,604 km (1997)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: NA


highest 10%: NA
lowest 10%: 3%


highest 10%: 34% (1997)
Illicit drugs - narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for the international market; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based economy and porous borders
Imports NA $1.4 billion f.o.b. (2000 est.)
Imports - commodities raw materials and semi-manufactured goods, consumer goods (foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco), capital goods, mineral fuels and oils petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction materials, machinery, motor vehicles
Imports - partners China 44.4%, Hong Kong 10.6%, Japan 9.6%, Taiwan 4.9%, Singapore 4.1%, US 4.1% (2004) Singapore 22.5%, Thailand 19.8%, Hong Kong 15.6%, China 4.9%, Vietnam 4.9% (2000)
Independence none (special administrative region of China) 9 November 1953 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate NA NA%
Industries tourism, gambling, clothing, textiles, electronics, footwear, toys tourism, garments, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles
Infant mortality rate total: 4.39 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 4.59 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 4.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
64 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2% (3rd quarter, 2004) 1.6% (2000 est.)
International organization participation IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol (sub-bureau), ISO (correspondent), UNESCO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO, WToO (associate), WTO ACCT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (subscriber), ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 2 (2000)
Irrigated land NA sq km 2,700 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch Court of Final Appeal in Macau Special Administrative Region Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided for in the constitution and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts) exercises judicial authority
Labor force 231,500 (3rd Quarter, 2004) 6 million (1998 est.)
Labor force - by occupation manufacturing 18.3%, construction 8%, transport and communications 7%, wholesale and retail trade 16.2%, restaurants and hotels 10.9%, gambling 11.6%, public sector 8.8%, other services and agriculture 19.2% (2003 est.) agriculture 80% (2001 est.)
Land boundaries total: 0.34 km


regional border: China 0.34 km
total: 2,572 km


border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
Land use arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100%


note: "green areas" represent 22.4% (2001)
arable land: 20.96%


permanent crops: 0.61%


other: 78.43% (1998 est.)
Languages Cantonese 87.9%, Hokkien 4.4%, Mandarin 1.6%, other Chinese dialects 3.1%, other 3% (2001 census) Khmer (official) 95%, French, English
Legal system based on Portuguese civil law system primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period, royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with influences of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent years
Legislative branch unicameral Legislative Council or LEGCO (29 seats; 12 elected by popular vote, 10 by indirect vote, and seven appointed by the chief executive; members serve four-year terms)


elections: last held 26 September 2005 (next in September 2009)


election results: percent of vote - Development Union 12.8%, Macau Development Alliance 9%, Macau United Citizens' Association 16%, New Democratic Macau Association 18.2%, others na; seats by political group - Development Union 2, Macau Development Alliance 1, Macau United Citizens' Association 2, New Democratic Macau Association 2, New Hope 1, Union Forces 2, others 2; 10 seats filled by professional and business groups; seven members appointed by chief executive
bicameral consists of the National Assembly (122 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Senate (61 seats; two members appointed by the monarch, two elected by the National Assembly, and 57 elected by "functional constituencies"; members serve five-year terms)


elections: National Assembly - last held 26 July 1998 (next to be held NA July 2003); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)


election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 41%, FUNCINPEC 32%, SRP 14%, other 13%; seats by party - CPP 64, FUNCINPEC 43, SRP 15; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7, other 2
Life expectancy at birth total population: 82.12 years


male: 79.29 years


female: 85.09 years (2005 est.)
total population: 57.1 years


male: 54.81 years


female: 59.5 years (2002 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 94.5%


male: 97.2%


female: 92% (2003 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 35%


male: 48%


female: 22% (1990 est.)
Location Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos
Map references Southeast Asia Southeast Asia
Maritime claims not specified contiguous zone: 24 NM


continental shelf: 200 NM


exclusive economic zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine - total: 404 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,889,404 GRT/2,740,232 DWT


ships by type: bulk 37, cargo 312, chemical tanker 2, combination bulk 5, container 7, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 2, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 15, refrigerated cargo 10, roll on/roll off 9, short-sea passenger 2


note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Aruba 1, Belize 8, British Virgin Islands 1, Bulgaria 3, China 21, Cyprus 15, Denmark 1, Egypt 7, Estonia 1, Georgia 1, Germany 1, Greece 12, Honduras 5, Hong Kong 12, Iceland 1, Indonesia 2, Iran 1, Ireland 1, Italy 1, Japan 5, Jordan 1, Latvia 2, Lebanon 5, Liberia 5, Lithuania 1, Malta 1, Netherlands 1, Norway 2, Panama 7, Romania 4, Russia 67, Saint Kitts and Nevis 10, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4, Singapore 15, South Korea 24, Syria 13, Thailand 1, Turkey 22, Ukraine 13, United Arab Emirates 2, United Kingdom 1, United States 5, Vietnam 2, Virgin Islands (UK) 1 (2002 est.)
Military branches China's People's Revolutionary Army (PLA) constitutes the only armed force in Macau; several police forces constitute the Security Forces of Macau (SFM) that are subordinate to the General Secretariat of Security, a body comparable to a ministry of interior (2004) Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF): Army, Navy, Air Force
Military expenditures - dollar figure - $112 million (FY01 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP - 3% (FY01 est.)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49: 2,990,790 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49: 1,673,713 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - military age - 18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males: 162,643 (2002 est.)
National holiday National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 20 December 1999 is celebrated as Macau Special Administrative Region Establishment Day Independence Day, 9 November (1953)
Nationality noun: Chinese


adjective: Chinese
noun: Cambodian(s)


adjective: Cambodian
Natural hazards typhoons monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts
Natural resources NEGL timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential
Net migration rate 4.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Political parties and leaders Civil Service Union [Jose Maria Pereira COUTINHO]; Development Union [KWAN Tsui-hang]; Macau Development Alliance [Angela LEONG On-kei]; Macau United Citizens' Association [CHAN Meng-kam]; New Democratic Macau Association [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong]; United Forces [leader NA] Buddhist Liberal Party or BLP [IENG MOULY]; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM]; Khmer Citizen Party or KCP [NGUON SOEUR]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP (formerly Khmer Nation Party or KNP) [SAM RANGSI]
Political pressure groups and leaders NA NA
Population 449,198 (July 2005 est.) 12,775,324


note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line NA 36% (1997 est.)
Population growth rate 0.87% (2005 est.) 2.24% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors Macau Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville), Kampot, Krong Kaoh Kong, Phnom Penh
Radio broadcast stations AM 0, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998) AM 7, FM 3, shortwave 3 (1999)
Radios - 1.34 million (1997)
Railways - total: 603 km


narrow gauge: 603 km 1.000-m gauge (2001 est.)
Religions Buddhist 50%, Roman Catholic 15%, none and other 35% (1997 est.) Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5%
Sex ratio at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female


total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female


total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past seven years; indirect election limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters" (257 are currently registered) and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and international services


domestic: NA


international: country code - 853; HF radiotelephone communication facility; access to international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and China; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
general assessment: adequate landline and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; rural areas have little telephone service


domestic: NA


international: adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
Telephones - main lines in use 174,600 (2003) 21,800 (mid-1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular 364,000 (2003) 80,000 (2000)
Television broadcast stations 1 (2003) 5 (1999)
Terrain generally flat mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
Total fertility rate 0.93 children born/woman (2005 est.) 4.66 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate 4.7% (3rd Quarter, 2004) 2.8% (1999 est.)
Waterways - 3,700 km


note: navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m or less; 282 km navigable to craft drawing as much as 1.8 m
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