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Compare Angola (2001) - Vietnam (2001)

Compare Angola (2001) z Vietnam (2001)

 Angola (2001)Vietnam (2001)
 AngolaVietnam
Administrative divisions 18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire 58 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), 3 municipalities* (thu do, singular and plural); An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac Ninh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dac Lak, Da Nang, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Hai Duong, Hai Phong*, Ha Nam, Ha Noi*, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Ho Chi Minh*, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai
Age structure 0-14 years:
43.31% (male 2,266,870; female 2,222,262)

15-64 years:
53.98% (male 2,847,089; female 2,748,091)

65 years and over:
2.71% (male 127,798; female 153,921) (2001 est.)
0-14 years:
32.13% (male 13,266,585; female 12,415,384)

15-64 years:
62.44% (male 24,357,343; female 25,556,187)

65 years and over:
5.43% (male 1,722,094; female 2,621,421) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products bananas, sugarcane, coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, manioc (tapioca), tobacco, vegetables, plantains; livestock; forest products; fish paddy rice, corn, potatoes, rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas, sugar; poultry, pigs; fish
Airports 247 (2000 est.) 34 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total:
31

over 3,047 m:
4

2,438 to 3,047 m:
8

1,524 to 2,437 m:
12

914 to 1,523 m:
6

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total:
17

over 3,047 m:
8

2,438 to 3,047 m:
3

1,524 to 2,437 m:
4

under 914 m:
2 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
216

over 3,047 m:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
5

1,524 to 2,437 m:
30

914 to 1,523 m:
96

under 914 m:
83 (2000 est.)
total:
17

over 3,047 m:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
7

under 914 m:
8 (2000 est.)
Area total:
1,246,700 sq km

land:
1,246,700 sq km

water:
0 sq km
total:
329,560 sq km

land:
325,360 sq km

water:
4,200 sq km
Area - comparative slightly less than twice the size of Texas slightly larger than New Mexico
Background Civil war has been the norm in Angola since independence from Portugal in 1975. A 1994 peace accord between the government and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) provided for the integration of former UNITA insurgents into the government and armed forces. A national unity government was installed in April of 1997, but serious fighting resumed in late 1998, rendering hundreds of thousands of people homeless. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost in fighting over the past quarter century. France occupied all of Vietnam by 1884. Independence was declared after World War II, but the French continued to rule until 1954 when they were defeated by communist forces under Ho Chi MINH, who took control of the north. US economic and military aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. Two years later North Vietnamese forces overran the south. Economic reconstruction of the reunited country has proven difficult as aging Communist Party leaders have only grudgingly initiated reforms necessary for a free market.
Birth rate 46.54 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 21.23 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues:
$928 million

expenditures:
$2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $963 million (1992 est.)
revenues:
$5.3 billion

expenditures:
$5.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.8 billion (1999 est.)
Capital Luanda Hanoi
Climate semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)
Coastline 1,600 km 3,444 km (excludes islands)
Constitution 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992 15 April 1992
Country name conventional long form:
Republic of Angola

conventional short form:
Angola

local long form:
Republica de Angola

local short form:
Angola

former:
People's Republic of Angola
conventional long form:
Socialist Republic of Vietnam

conventional short form:
Vietnam

local long form:
Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam

local short form:
Viet Nam

abbreviation:
SRV
Currency kwanza (AOA) dong (VND)
Death rate 24.68 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 6.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $10.8 billion (2000 est.) $13.2 billion (2000)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Joseph G. SULLIVAN

embassy:
number 32 Rua Houari Boumeddienne, Luanda

mailing address:
international mail: Caixa Postal 6484, Luanda; pouch: American Embassy Luanda, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-2550

telephone:
[244] (2) 345-481, 346-418

FAX:
[244] (2) 346-924
chief of mission:
Ambassador Douglas B. "Pete" PETERSON

embassy:
7 Lang Ha Road, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi

mailing address:
PSC 461, Box 400, FPO AP 96521-0002

telephone:
[84] (4) 8431500

FAX:
[84] (4) 8351510

consulate(s) general:
Ho Chi Minh City
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Josefina Perpetua Pitra DIAKIDI

chancery:
1615 M Street, NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC 20036

telephone:
[1] (202) 785-1156

FAX:
[1] (202) 785-1258

consulate(s) general:
New York
chief of mission:
Ambassador-designate Nguyen Tam CHIEN

chancery:
1233 20th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, Suite 400

telephone:
[1] (202) 861-0737

FAX:
[1] (202) 861-0917

consulate(s) general:
San Francisco
Disputes - international none maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei; maritime boundary agreement with China in the Gulf of Tonkin awaits ratification; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; portions of boundary with Cambodia are in dispute; agreement on land border with China was signed in December 1999, but details of alignment have not yet been made public
Economic aid - recipient $493.1 million (1995) $2.1 billion in credits and grants pledged by international donors for 2000
Economy - overview Angola is an economy in disarray because of a quarter century of nearly continuous warfare. Despite its abundant natural resources, output per capita is among the world's lowest. Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 85% of the population. Oil production and the supporting activities are vital to the economy, contributing about 45% to GDP and 90% of exports. Violence continues, millions of land mines remain, and many farmers are reluctant to return to their fields. As a result, much of the country's food must still be imported. To fully take advantage of its rich resources - gold, diamonds, extensive forests, Atlantic fisheries, and large oil deposits - Angola will need to end its conflict and continue reforming government policies. Despite the increase in the pace of civil warfare in late 1998, the economy grew by an estimated 5% in 2000. The government introduced new currency denominations in 1999, including 1 and 5 kwanza notes. Internal strife discourages investment outside of the petroleum sector, which is producing roughly 800,000 barrels of oil per day. Angola has entered into a Staff Monitored Program (SMP) with the IMF. Continued growth depends on sharp cuts in inflation, further economic reform, and a lessening of fighting. Vietnam is a poor, densely populated country that has had to recover from the ravages of war, the loss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and the rigidities of a centrally planned economy. Substantial progress was achieved from 1986 to 1996 in moving forward from an extremely low starting point - growth averaged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian financial crisis highlighted the problems existing in the Vietnamese economy but, rather than prompting reform, reaffirmed the government's belief that shifting to a market oriented economy leads to disaster. GDP growth of 8.5% in 1997 fell to 6% in 1998 and 5% in 1999. Growth continued at the moderately strong level of 5.5%, a level that should be matched in 2001. These numbers mask some major difficulties in economic performance. Many domestic industries, including coal, cement, steel, and paper, have reported large stockpiles of inventory and tough competition from more efficient foreign producers; this problem apparently eased in 2000. Foreign direct investment fell dramatically, from $8.3 billion in 1996 to about $1.6 billion in 1999. Meanwhile, Vietnamese authorities have moved slowly in implementing the structural reforms needed to revitalize the economy and produce more competitive, export-driven industries.
Electricity - consumption 1.372 billion kWh (1999) 21.376 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 1.475 billion kWh (1999) 22.985 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
32.2%

hydro:
67.8%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel:
47.71%

hydro:
52.29%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Morro de Moco 2,620 m
lowest point:
South China Sea 0 m

highest point:
Ngoc Linh 3,143 m
Environment - current issues overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban
Ethnic groups Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham, mountain groups
Exchange rates kwanza per US dollar - 17,910,800 (January 2001), 10,041,000 (2000), 2,790,706 (1999), 392,824 (1998), 229,040 (1997), 128,029 (1996); note - in December 1999 the kwanza was revalued with six zeroes dropped off the old value dong per US dollar - 14,530 (January 2001), 14,020 (January 2000), 13,900 (December 1998), 11,100 (December 1996), 11,193 (1995 average), 11,000 (October 1994)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government:
President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:
President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without opposition under a one-party system and stood for reelection in Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA)

election results:
DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making a run-off election necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed
chief of state:
President Tran Duc LUONG (since 24 September 1997) and Vice President Nguyen Thi BINH (since NA October 1992)

head of government:
Prime Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 25 September 1997); First Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG (since 29 September 1997); Deputy Prime Ministers Nguyen Cong TAN (since 29 September 1997), Nguyen Manh CAM (since 29 September 1997), and Pham Gia KHIEM (since 29 September 1997)

cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the president on the proposal of the prime minister and ratification of the National Assembly

elections:
president elected by the National Assembly from among its members for a five-year term; election last held 25 September 1997 (next to be held when National Assembly meets following legislative elections in NA 2002); prime minister appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed by the prime minister

election results:
Tran Duc LUONG elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - NA%
Exports $7.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $14.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities crude oil 90%, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas, coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton crude oil, marine products, rice, coffee, rubber, tea, garments, shoes
Exports - partners US 54%, South Korea 14%, Benelux 11%, China 7%, Taiwan 6% (1999) China, Japan, Germany, Australia, US, France, Singapore, UK, Taiwan
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle) red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center
GDP purchasing power parity - $10.1 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $154.4 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
7%

industry:
60%

services:
33% (1999 est.)
agriculture:
25%

industry:
35%

services:
40% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $1,950 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 4.9% (2000 est.) 5.5% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 12 30 S, 18 30 E 16 00 N, 106 00 E
Geography - note Cabinda is separated from rest of country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo -
Highways total:
76,626 km

paved:
19,156 km

unpaved:
57,470 km (1997)
total:
93,300 km

paved:
23,418 km

unpaved:
69,882 km (1996)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
lowest 10%:
3.5%

highest 10%:
29% (1993)
Illicit drugs increasingly used as a transshipment point for cocaine and heroin destined for Western Europe and other African states minor producer of opium poppy with 2,100 hectares cultivated in 1999, capable of producing 11 metric tons of opium; probable minor transit point for Southeast Asian heroin; opium/heroin/methamphetamine addiction problems
Imports $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $15.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts; medicines, food, textiles, military goods machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer, steel products, raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles
Imports - partners South Korea 16%, Portugal 15%, US 13%, South Africa 10%, France 8% (1999) Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, France, US, Sweden
Independence 11 November 1975 (from Portugal) 2 September 1945 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate NA% 10.7% (2000 est.)
Industries petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing; food processing; brewing; tobacco products; sugar; textiles food processing, garments, shoes, machine building, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, coal, steel, paper
Infant mortality rate 193.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 30.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 325% (2000 est.) -0.6% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO ACCT, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 1 (2000) 5 (2000)
Irrigated land 750 sq km (1993 est.) 18,600 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court or Tribunal da Relacao (judges are appointed by the president) Supreme People's Court (chief justice is elected for a five-year term by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president)
Labor force 5 million (1997 est.) 38.2 million (1998 est.)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 85%, industry and services 15% (1997 est.) agriculture 67%, industry and services 33% (1997 est.)
Land boundaries total:
5,198 km

border countries:
Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,511 km (of which 220 km is the boundary of discontiguous Cabinda Province), Republic of the Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zambia 1,110 km
total:
4,639 km

border countries:
Cambodia 1,228 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 2,130 km
Land use arable land:
2%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
23%

forests and woodland:
43%

other:
32% (1993 est.)
arable land:
17%

permanent crops:
4%

permanent pastures:
1%

forests and woodland:
30%

other:
48% (1993 est.)
Languages Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Legal system based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free markets based on communist legal theory and French civil law system
Legislative branch unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (220 seats; members elected by proportional vote to serve four-year terms)

elections:
last held 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA)

election results:
percent of vote by party - MPLA 54%, UNITA 34%, others 12%; seats by party - MPLA 129, UNITA 70, PRS 6, FNLA 5, PLD 3, others 7
unicameral National Assembly or Quoc-Hoi (450 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 20 July 1997 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results:
percent of vote by party - CPV 92%, other 8% (the 8% are not CPV members but are approved by the CPV to stand for election); seats by party - CPV or CPV-approved 450
Life expectancy at birth total population:
38.59 years

male:
37.36 years

female:
39.87 years (2001 est.)
total population:
69.56 years

male:
67.12 years

female:
72.19 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
42%

male:
56%

female:
28% (1998 est.)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
93.7%

male:
96.5%

female:
91.2% (1995 est.)
Location Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and South China Sea, alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia
Map references Africa Southeast Asia
Maritime claims contiguous zone:
24 NM

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
contiguous zone:
24 NM

continental shelf:
200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
Merchant marine total:
9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 39,305 GRT/63,067 DWT

ships by type:
cargo 8, petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)
total:
143 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 705,388 GRT/1,071,902 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 8, cargo 108, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 1, container 2, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 18, refrigerated cargo 3 (2000 est.)
Military branches Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Police Force People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) (includes Ground Forces, Navy, and Air Force), Coast Guard
Military expenditures - dollar figure $1.2 billion (FY97) $650 million (FY98)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 22% (1999) 2.5% (FY98)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
2,480,016 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
21,704,588 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
1,246,224 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
13,673,438 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age 17 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
103,807 (2001 est.)
males:
961,124 (2001 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 11 November (1975) Independence Day, 2 September (1945)
Nationality noun:
Angolan(s)

adjective:
Angolan
noun:
Vietnamese (singular and plural)

adjective:
Vietnamese
Natural hazards locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding
Natural resources petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, forests, hydropower
Net migration rate -0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 179 km petroleum products 150 km
Political parties and leaders Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA]; National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputed leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Jonas SAVIMBI], largest opposition party has engaged in years of armed resistance; Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS] ruling party in power since 1975; Social Renewal Party or PRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA, Antonio MUACHICUNGO]; UNITA-Renovada [Eugenio NGOLO "Manuvakola", leader]

note:
about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections but won few seats and have little influence in the National Assembly
only party - Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Le Kha PHIEU, general secretary]
Political pressure groups and leaders Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques TIAGO; Antonio Bento BEMBE]

note:
FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province
none
Population 10,366,031 (July 2001 est.) 79,939,014 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line NA% 37% (1998 est.)
Population growth rate 2.15% (2001 est.) 1.45% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Ambriz, Cabinda, Lobito, Luanda, Malongo, Mocamedes, Namibe, Porto Amboim, Soyo Cam Ranh, Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City, Ha Long, Quy Nhon, Nha Trang, Vinh, Vung Tau
Radio broadcast stations AM 34, FM 7, shortwave 9 (1999) AM 65, FM 7, shortwave 29 (1999)
Radios 630,000 (1997) 8.2 million (1997)
Railways total:
2,771 km (inland, much of the track is unusable because of land mines still in place from the civil war)

narrow gauge:
2,648 km 1.067-m gauge; 123 km 0.600-m gauge (2000)
total:
2,652 km

standard gauge:
166 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge:
2,249 km 1.000-m gauge

dual gauge:
237 km NA-m gauges (three rails) (1998)
Religions indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (1998 est.) Buddhist, Hoa Hao, Cao Dai, Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic, some Protestant), indigenous beliefs, Muslim
Sex ratio at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.83 male(s)/female

total population:
1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth:
1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.66 male(s)/female

total population:
0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
telephone service limited mostly to government and business use; HF radiotelephone used extensively for military links

domestic:
limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter

international:
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
general assessment:
Vietnam is putting considerable effort into modernization and expansion of its telecommunication system, but its performance continues to lag behind that of its more modern neighbors

domestic:
all provincial exchanges are digitalized and connected to Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay networks; since 1991, main lines in use have been substantially increased and the use of mobile telephones is growing rapidly

international:
satellite earth stations - 2 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
Telephones - main lines in use 62,000 (1997) 2.6 million (2000)
Telephones - mobile cellular 7,052 (1997) 730,155 (2000)
Television broadcast stations 7 (1999) at least 7 (plus 13 repeaters) (1998)
Terrain narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest
Total fertility rate 6.48 children born/woman (2001 est.) 2.49 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate extensive unemployment and underemployment affecting more than half the population (2000 est.) 25% (1995 est.)
Waterways 1,295 km 17,702 km

note:
more than 5,149 km are navigable at all times by vessels up to 1.8 m draft
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