Uzbekistan (2002)

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Uzbekistan 2002 year


Administrative divisions	12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous republic* (respublika), and 1 city** (shahar); Andijon Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati, Farg'ona Viloyati, Jizzax Viloyati, Namangan Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati, Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi), Qaraqalpog'iston Respublikasi* (Nukus), Samarqand Viloyati, Sirdaryo Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz), Toshkent Shahri**, Toshkent Viloyati, Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch) note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
Age structure	0-14 years: 35.5% (male 4,617,110; female 4,457,065) 15-64 years: 59.8% (male 7,567,510; female 7,726,753) 65 years and over: 4.7% (male 482,137; female 712,866) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products	cotton, vegetables, fruits, grain; livestock
Airports	267 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 10 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 under 914 m: 2 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 257 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 222 (2002)
Area	total: 447,400 sq km land: 425,400 sq km water: 22,000 sq km
Area - comparative	slightly larger than California
Background	Russia conquered Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after World War I was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic set up in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which have left the land poisoned and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country seeks to gradually lessen its dependence on agriculture while developing its mineral and petroleum reserves. Current concerns include insurgency by Islamic militants based in Tajikistan and Afghanistan, a nonconvertible currency, and the curtailment of human rights and democratization.
Birth rate	26.09 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget	revenues: $4 billion expenditures: $4.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Capital	Tashkent (Toshkent)
Climate	mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east
Coastline	0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline
Constitution	new constitution adopted 8 December 1992
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan conventional short form: Uzbekistan local long form: Ozbekiston Respublikasi local short form: Ozbekiston former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Currency	Uzbekistani sum (UZS)
Death rate	7.98 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external	$5.1 billion (2001 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador John Edward HERBST embassy: 82 Chilanzarskaya, Tashkent 700115 mailing address: use embassy street address; US Embassy Tashkent, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7110 telephone: [998] (71) 120-5450 FAX: [998] (71) 120-6335
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Shavkat HAMRAKULOV chancery: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 887-5300 FAX: [1] (202) 293-6804 consulate(s) general: New York
Disputes - international	dispute over access to Sokh and other Uzbek enclaves in Kyrgyzstan mars progress on international boundary delimitation; Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan wrestle with sharing limited water resources; Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan contend with the regional environmental degradation caused by the shrinking Aral Sea; the border with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan is mined in certain sections, continuing to cause civilian casualties
Economic aid - recipient	approximately $150 million from the US (2001)
Economy - overview	Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 11% consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than 60% of its population lives in densely populated rural communities. Uzbekistan is now the world's second largest cotton exporter, a large producer of gold and oil, and a regionally significant producer of chemicals and machinery. Following independence in December 1991, the government sought to prop up its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and prices. The state continues to be a dominating influence in the economy and has so far failed to bring about much-needed structural changes. The IMF suspended Uzbekistan's $185 million standby arrangement in late 1996 because of governmental steps that made impossible fulfillment of Fund conditions. Uzbekistan has responded to the negative external conditions generated by the Asian and Russian financial crises by emphasizing import substitute industrialization and by tightening export and currency controls within its already largely closed economy. Economic policies that have repelled foreign investment are a major factor in the economy's stagnation. A growing debt burden, persistent inflation, and a poor business climate led to disappointing growth in 2001. However, in December 2001 the government voiced a renewed interest in economic reform, seeking advice from the IMF and other financial institutions.
Electricity - consumption	41.89 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports	4.1 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports	5 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production	44.075 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source	fossil fuel: 87% hydro: 13% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2000)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Sariqarnish Kuli -12 m highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m
Environment - current issues	shrinkage of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals, including DDT
Environment - international agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups	Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
Exchange rates	Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 687.0 (January 2002), 325.0 (January 2001), 141.4 (January 2000), 111.9 (February 1999), 110.95 (December 1998), 75.8 (September 1997)
Executive branch	chief of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March 1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet) head of government: Prime Minister Otkir SULTONOV (since 21 December 1995) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with approval of the Supreme Assembly elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (previously was a five-year term, extended by constitutional ammendment in 2002); election last held 9 January 2000 (next to be held NA 2007); prime minister and deputy ministers appointed by the president election results: Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote - Islom KARIMOV 91.9%, Abdulkhafiz JALALOV 4.2%
Exports	4.1 billion kWh (2000)
Exports	$2.8 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Exports - commodities	cotton 41.5%, gold 9.6%, energy products 9.6%, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, textiles, food products, automobiles (1998 est.)
Exports - partners	Russia 16.7%, Switzerland 8.3%, UK 7.2%, Ukraine 4.7%, South Korea 3.3%, Kazakhstan 3.1% (2000)
Fiscal year	calendar year
Flag description	three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon and 12 white stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant
GDP	purchasing power parity - $62 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: 33% industry: 24% services: 43% (2000 est.)
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - $2,500 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	3% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates	41 00 N, 64 00 E
Geography - note	along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world
Highways	total: 81,600 km paved: 71,237 km (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads) unpaved: 10,363 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 25% (1993) (1993)
Illicit drugs	transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and small amounts of opium poppy for domestic consumption; poppy cultivation almost wiped out by government crop eradication program; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan
Imports	5 billion kWh (2000)
Imports	$2.5 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Imports - commodities	machinery and equipment 49.8%, foodstuffs 16.4%, chemicals, metals (1998 est.)
Imports - partners	Russia 15.8%, South Korea 9.8%, US 8.7%, Germany 8.6%, Kazakhstan 7.3%, Ukraine 6.1% (2002)
Independence	1 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)
Industrial production growth rate	3.5% (2000 est.)
Industries	textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, natural gas, chemicals
Infant mortality rate	71.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	23% (2001 est.)
International organization participation	AsDB, CCC, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)	42 (2000)
Irrigated land	42,810 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch	Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Supreme Assembly)
Labor force	11.9 million (1998 est.)
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture 44%, industry 20%, services 36% (1995) (1995)
Land boundaries	total: 6,221 km border countries: Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km
Land use	arable land: 10.8% permanent crops: 0.91% other: 88.29% (1998 est.)
Languages	Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Legal system	evolution of Soviet civil law; still lacks independent judicial system
Legislative branch	unicameral Supreme Assembly or Oliy Majlis (250 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms); note - 2002 ammendment to the constitution creates a second chamber to be established via elections in 2004 elections: last held 5 December and 19 December 1999 (next to be held NA December 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NDP 48, Self-Sacrificers Party 34, Fatherland Progress Party 20, Adolat Social Democratic Party 11, MTP 10, citizens' groups 16, local government 110, vacant 1 note: not all seats in the last Supreme Assembly election were contested; all parties in the Supreme Assembly support President KARIMOV
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 63.9 years male: 60.38 years female: 67.6 years (2002 est.)
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (yearend 1996)
Location	Central Asia, north of Afghanistan
Map references	Asia
Maritime claims	none (doubly landlocked)
Military branches	Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Security Forces (internal security and border troops)
Military expenditures - dollar figure	$200 million (FY97)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	2% (FY97)
Military manpower - availability	males age 15-49: 6,747,221 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service	males age 15-49: 5,478,766 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - military age	18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually	males: 274,602 (2002 est.)
National holiday	Independence Day, 1 September (1991)
Nationality	noun: Uzbek(s) adjective: Uzbek
Natural hazards	NA
Natural resources	natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum
Net migration rate	-1.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Pipelines	crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 810 km (1992)
Political parties and leaders	Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [Anwar JURABAYEV, first secretary]; Democratic National Rebirth Party (Milly Tiklanish) or MTP [Aziz KAYUMOV, chairman]; People's Democratic Party or NDP (formerly Communist Party) [Abdulkhafiz JALOLOV, first secretary]; Self-Sacrificers Party or Fidokorlar National Democratic Party [Ahtam TURSUNOV, first secretary]; note - Fatherland Progress Party merged with Self-Sacrificers Party
Political pressure groups and leaders	Birlik (Unity) Movement [Abdurakhim POLAT, chairman]; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party [Muhammad SOLIH, chairman] was banned 9 December 1992; Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan [Abdumannob POLAT, chairman]; Independent Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan [Mikhail ARDZINOV, chairman]; Ezgulik [Vasilia Inoyatova]
Population	25,563,441 (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line	NA%
Population growth rate	1.62% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors	Termiz (Amu Darya)
Radio broadcast stations	AM 20, FM 7, shortwave 10 (1998)
Radios	10.8 million (1997)
Railways	total: 3,656 km broad gauge: 3,656 km 1.520-m gauge (618 km electrified) (2000)
Religions	Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: antiquated and inadequate; in serious need of modernization domestic: the domestic telephone system is being expanded and technologically improved, particularly in Tashkent and Samarqand, under contracts with prominent companies in industrialized countries; moreover, by 1998, six cellular networks had been placed in operation - four of the GSM type (Global System for Mobile Communication), one D-AMPS type (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System), and one AMPS type (Advanced Mobile Phone System) international: linked by landline or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; after the completion of the Uzbek link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable, Uzbekistan will be independent of Russian facilities for international communications; Inmarsat also provides an international connection, albeit an expensive one; satellite earth stations - NA (1998)
Telephones - main lines in use	1.98 million (1999)
Telephones - mobile cellular	130,000 (2003)
Television broadcast stations	4 (plus two repeaters that relay Russian programs), 1 cable rebroadcaster in Tashkent; approximately 20 stations in regional capitals (2003)
Terrain	mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zarafshon; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west
Total fertility rate	3.03 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate	10% plus another 20% underemployed (1999 est.)
Waterways	1,100 km (1990)

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