Bahrain (2004)

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Bahrain 2004 year


Administrative divisions	12 municipalities (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al Muharraq, Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad, Madinat 'Isa, Juzur Hawar, Sitrah note: all municipalities administered from Manama
Age structure	0-14 years: 28.4% (male 97,179; female 95,043) 15-64 years: 68.4% (male 271,015; female 192,342) 65 years and over: 3.3% (male 11,426; female 10,881) (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products	fruit, vegetables; poultry, dairy products; shrimp, fish
Airports	4 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 3 over 3,047 m: 2 1524 to 2437 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Area	total: 665 sq km land: 665 sq km water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative	3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Background	Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. Facing declining oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining and has transformed itself into an international banking center. The new amir, installed in 1999, has pushed economic and political reforms and has worked to improve relations with the Shi'a community. In February 2001, Bahraini voters approved a referendum on the National Action Charter - the centerpiece of the amir's political liberalization program. In February 2002, Amir HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa proclaimed himself king. In October 2002, Bahrainis elected members of the lower house of Bahrain's reconstituted bicameral legislature, the National Assembly.
Birth rate	18.54 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Budget	revenues: $2.981 billion expenditures: $3.019 billion, including capital expenditures of $700 million (2003 est.)
Capital	Manama
Climate	arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Coastline	161 km
Constitution	adopted late December 2000; Bahrani voters approved on 13-14 February 2001 a referendum on legislative changes (revised constitution calls for a partially elected legislature, a constitutional monarchy, and an independent judiciary)
Country name	conventional long form: Kingdom of Bahrain conventional short form: Bahrain local long form: Mamlakat al Bahrayn local short form: Al Bahrayn former: Dilmun
Currency	Bahraini dinar (BHD)
Death rate	4.03 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Debt - external	$4.682 billion (2003)
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador William T. MONROE embassy: Building #979, Road 3119 (next to Al-Ahli Sports Club), Block 331, Zinj District, Manama mailing address: American Embassy Manama, PSC 451, FPO AE 09834-5100; international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama telephone: [973] 1724-2700 FAX: [973] 1725-6242 (consular)
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador KHALIFA bin ALI bin Rashid Al Khalifa chancery: 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 342-1111 FAX: [1] (202) 362-2192 consulate(s) general: New York
Disputes - international	none
Economic aid - recipient	$150 million; note - $50 million annually since 1992 from each of Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Kuwait (2002)
Economy - overview	In well-to-do Bahrain, petroleum production and refining account for about 60% of export receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 30% of GDP. With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Gulf. Bahrain is dependent on Saudi Arabia for oil granted as aid. A large share of exports consist of petroleum products made from refining imported crude. Construction proceeds on several major industrial projects. Unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of oil and underground water resources are major long-term economic problems.
Electricity - consumption	5.819 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports	0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports	0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - production	6.257 billion kWh (2001)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m
Environment - current issues	desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources, groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs
Environment - international agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups	Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%
Exchange rates	Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.376 (2003), 0.376 (2002), 0.376 (2001), 0.376 (2000), 0.376 (1999)
Executive branch	chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa (since 6 March 1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the monarch, born 21 October 1969) head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since NA 1971) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch
Exports	0 kWh (2001)
Exports	$6.492 billion (2003 est.)
Exports	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Exports	NA (2001)
Exports - commodities	petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles
Exports - partners	US 3.5%, India 3.3%, South Korea 2.2% (2003)
Fiscal year	calendar year
Flag description	red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam
GDP	purchasing power parity - $11.29 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: 0.7% industry: 42.1% services: 57.2% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - $16,900 (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	4.9% (2003 est.)
Geographic coordinates	26 00 N, 50 33 E
Geography - note	close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean
Heliports	1 (2003 est.)
Highways	total: 3,261 km paved: 2,531 km unpaved: 730 km (2000)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA
Imports	0 kWh (2001)
Imports	$5.126 billion (2003 est.)
Imports	0 cu m (2001 est.)
Imports	NA (2001)
Imports - commodities	crude oil, machinery, chemicals
Imports - partners	Saudi Arabia 30.7%, US 11.4%, Japan 7.8%, UK 5.7%, Germany 5.4% (2003)
Independence	15 August 1971 (from UK)
Industrial production growth rate	2% (2000 est.)
Industries	petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore banking, ship repairing; tourism
Infant mortality rate	total: 17.91 deaths/1,000 live births male: 20.93 deaths/1,000 live births female: 14.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	-0.2% (2003 est.)
International organization participation	ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Irrigated land	50 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch	High Civil Appeals Court
Labor force	350,000 note: 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (2003 est.)
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture 1%, industry, commerce, and services 79%, government 20% (1997 est.)
Land boundaries	0 km
Land use	arable land: 2.82% permanent crops: 5.63% other: 91.55% (2001)
Languages	Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu
Legal system	based on Islamic law and English common law
Legislative branch	bicameral Parliament consists of Shura Council (40 members appointed by the King) and House of Deputies (40 members directly elected to serve four-year terms) elections: House of Deputies - last held 31 October 2002 (next election to be held NA 2006) election results: House of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independents 21, Sunni Islamists 9, other 10 note: first elections since 7 December 1973; unicameral National Assembly dissolved 26 August 1975; National Action Charter created bicameral legislature on 23 December 2000; approved by referendum 14 February 2001; first legislative session of Parliament held on 25 December 2002
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 73.98 years male: 71.52 years female: 76.51 years (2004 est.)
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 89.1% male: 91.9% female: 85% (2003 est.)
Location	Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia
Map references	Middle East
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined
Merchant marine	total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 219,083 GRT/312,638 DWT by type: bulk 3, container 2, petroleum tanker 1 foreign-owned: Hong Kong 1, Kuwait 1 registered in other countries: 2 (2004 est.)
Military branches	Bahrain Defense Forces (BDF): Ground Force (includes Air Defense), Navy, Air Force, National Guard
Military expenditures - dollar figure	$618.1 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	7.5% (2003)
Military manpower - availability	males age 15-49: 221,661 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service	males age 15-49: 121,484 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually	males: 6,396 (2004 est.)
National holiday	National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 is the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 is the date of independence from British protection
Nationality	noun: Bahraini(s) adjective: Bahraini
Natural hazards	periodic droughts; dust storms
Natural resources	oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls
Net migration rate	1.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Pipelines	gas 20 km; oil 53 km (2004)
Political parties and leaders	political parties prohibited but politically oriented societies are allowed
Political pressure groups and leaders	Shi'a activists fomented unrest sporadically in 1994-97, demanding the return of an elected National Assembly and an end to unemployment; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic fundamentalist groups are active
Population	677,886 note: includes 235,108 non-nationals (July 2004 est.)
Population below poverty line	NA
Population growth rate	1.56% (2004 est.)
Ports and harbors	Manama, Mina' Salman, Sitrah
Radio broadcast stations	AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)
Religions	Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30%
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.41 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.05 male(s)/female total population: 1.27 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: modern system domestic: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile cellular telephones international: country code - 973; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (1997)
Telephones - main lines in use	185,800 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular	443,100 (2003)
Television broadcast stations	4 (1997)
Terrain	mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment
Total fertility rate	2.67 children born/woman (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate	15% (1998 est.)

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