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Compare Tuvalu (2001) - Cambodia (2002)

Compare Tuvalu (2001) z Cambodia (2002)

 Tuvalu (2001)Cambodia (2002)
 TuvaluCambodia
Administrative divisions none 20 provinces (khett, singular and plural) and 4 municipalities* (krong, singular and plural); Banteay Mean Cheay, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Keb*, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Otdar Mean Cheay, Pailin*, Phnum Penh*, Pouthisat, Preah Seihanu* (Sihanoukville), Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanah Kiri, Siem Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev
Age structure 0-14 years:
33.28% (male 1,862; female 1,796)

15-64 years:
61.6% (male 3,241; female 3,529)

65 years and over:
5.12% (male 236; female 327) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 40.7% (male 2,646,883; female 2,550,015)


15-64 years: 55.8% (male 3,373,692; female 3,758,736)


65 years and over: 3.5% (male 182,149; female 263,849) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products coconuts; fish rice, rubber, corn, vegetables
Airports 1 (2000 est.) 20 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways - total: 5


2,438 to 3,047 m: 2


1,524 to 2,437 m: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total: 16 15


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 13


under 914 m: 2 1 (2002)
Area total:
26 sq km

land:
26 sq km

water:
0 sq km
total: 181,040 sq km


land: 176,520 sq km


water: 4,520 sq km
Area - comparative 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC slightly smaller than Oklahoma
Background In 1974, ethnic differences within the British colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands caused the Polynesians of the Ellice Islands to vote for separation from the Micronesians of the Gilbert Islands. The following year, the Ellice Islands became the separate British colony of Tuvalu. Independence was granted in 1978. In 2000, Tuvalu negotiated a contract leasing its Internet domain name ".tv" for $50 million in royalties over the next dozen years. Following a five-year struggle, Communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in 1975 and ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns; over 1 million displaced people died from execution or enforced hardships. A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside and touched off 13 years of fighting. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy, as did the rapid diminishment of the Khmer Rouge in the mid-1990s. A coalition government, formed after national elections in 1998, brought renewed political stability and the surrender of remaining Khmer Rouge forces.
Birth rate 21.56 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 32.93 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget revenues:
$6.2 million

expenditures:
$6.1 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
revenues: $363 million


expenditures: $532 million, including capital expenditures of $225 million (2000 est.)
Capital Funafuti Phnom Penh
Climate tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March) tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Coastline 24 km 443 km
Constitution 1 October 1978 promulgated 21 September 1993
Country name conventional long form:
none

conventional short form:
Tuvalu

former:
Ellice Islands
conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia


conventional short form: Cambodia


local long form: Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea


local short form: Kampuchea


former: Khmer Republic, Kampuchea Republic
Currency Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan dollar riel (KHR)
Death rate 7.55 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 10.51 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external $NA $829 million (1999 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US the US does not have an embassy in Tuvalu; the US ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tuvalu chief of mission: Ambassador Charles Aaron RAY


embassy: 16, Street 228 (between streets 51 and 63), Phnom Penh


mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546


telephone: [855] (23) 216-436


FAX: [855] (23) 216-437
Diplomatic representation in the US Tuvalu does not have an embassy in the US chief of mission: Ambassador ROLAND ENG


chancery: 4500 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011


telephone: [1] (202) 726-7742


FAX: [1] (202) 726-8381
Disputes - international none demarcation of boundaries with Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam is nearing completion; accuses Thailand of moving or destroying boundary markers and encroachment, of not respecting its claims, and of sealing off access to the Preah Vihear temple ruin awarded to Cambodia by the ICJ in 1962; accuses Vietnam of territorial encroachments and initiating armed border incidents in seven provinces, despite substantial demarcation efforts to date; disputes several offshore islands with Vietnam, which prevents delimitation of a maritime boundary
Economic aid - recipient $13 million (1999 est.); note - major donors are Japan and Australia $548 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for 2001 by international donors
Economy - overview Tuvalu consists of a densely populated, scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances. About 1,000 Tuvaluans work in Nauru in the phosphate mining industry. Nauru has begun repatriating Tuvaluans, however, as phosphate resources decline. Substantial income is received annually from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, NZ, and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea. Thanks to wise investments and conservative withdrawals, this Fund has grown from an initial $17 million to over $35 million in 1999. The US government is also a major revenue source for Tuvalu, with 1999 payments from a 1988 treaty on fisheries at about $9 million, a total which is expected to rise annually. In an effort to reduce its dependence on foreign aid, the government is pursuing public sector reforms, including privatization of some government functions and personnel cuts of up to 7%. In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue from use of its area code for "900" lines and in 2000, from the sale of its ".tv" Internet domain name. Royalties from these new technology sources could raise GDP three or more times over the next decade. In 1999, with merchandise exports falling and financing reaching less than 5% of imports, continued reliance was placed on fishing and telecommunications license fees, remittances from overseas workers, official transfers, and investment income from overseas assets to cover the trade deficit. Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-98 due to the regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment and tourism fell off. In 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years, progress was made on economic reforms and growth resumed at 5%. GDP growth for 2000 had been projected to reach 5.5%, but the worst flooding in 70 years severely damaged agricultural crops, and high oil prices hurt industrial production, and growth for the year is estimated at only 4%. In 2001, severe floods damaged an estimated 15% of the area devoted to rice. Tourism now is Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals up 34% in 2000 and up another 40% in 2001 before the September 11 terrorist attacks in the US. The long-term development of the economy after decades of war remains a daunting challenge. The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid. On the brighter side, the government is addressing these issues with assistance from bilateral and multilateral donors.
Electricity - consumption - 122.76 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports - 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports - 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - production - 132 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
NA%

hydro:
NA%

nuclear:
NA%

other:
NA%
fossil fuel: 62%


hydro: 38%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point:
unnamed location 5 m
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m


highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
Environment - current issues since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not potable, most water needs must be met by catchment systems with storage facilities (the Japanese Government has built one desalination plant and plans to build one other); beachhead erosion because of the use of sand for building materials; excessive clearance of forest undergrowth for use as fuel; damage to coral reefs from the spread of the Crown of Thorns starfish; Tuvalu is very concerned about global increases in greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on rising sea levels, which threaten the country's underground water table illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; toxic waste delivery from Taiwan sparked unrest in Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville) in December 1998
Environment - international agreements party to:
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified:
Biodiversity, Law of the Sea
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
Ethnic groups Polynesian 96% Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Exchange rates Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996) riels per US dollar - 3,895.0 (January 2002), 3,918.5 (2001), 3,840.8 (2000), 3,807.8 (1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997)
Executive branch chief of state:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Tomasi PUAPUA (since 26 June 1998)

head of government:
Acting Prime Minister Lagitupu (of Nanumea) TUILIMU (since 8 December 2000); note - TUILIMU took over after Prime Minister Ionatana IONATANA died suddenly of a heart attack on 8 December 2000

cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections:
the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the members of Parliament; election last held 27 April 1999 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results:
results of the last election for prime minister - Ionatana IONATANA elected prime minister; percent of Parliament vote - NA%; Lagitupu (of Nanumea) TUILIMU elected deputy prime minister; percent of Parliament vote - NA%; note - Deputy Prime Minister Lagitupu (of Nanumea) TUILIMU became acting prime minister following the death of Prime Minister Ionatana IONATANA on 8 December 2000
chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September 1993)


head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998) and Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since NA) and TOL LAH (since NA)


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch


elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and apppointed by the king
Exports $165,000 (f.o.b., 1989) $1.05 billion f.o.b. (2000 est.)
Exports - commodities copra timber, garments, rubber, rice, fish
Exports - partners Fiji, Australia, NZ US 46.4%, Vietnam 26.1%, Germany 5.6%, Singapore 5.0%, UK 3.9% (2000)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band
GDP purchasing power parity - $11.6 million (1999 est.) purchasing power parity - $18.7 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
NA%

industry:
NA%

services:
NA%
agriculture: 50%


industry: 15%


services: 35% (2000 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,100 (1999 est.) purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 3% (1999 est.) 5.3% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates 8 00 S, 178 00 E 13 00 N, 105 00 E
Geography - note - a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap
Heliports - 2 (2002)
Highways total:
8 km

paved:
0 km

unpaved:
8 km (1996)
total: 35,769 km


paved: 4,165 km


unpaved: 31,604 km (1997)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
lowest 10%: 3%


highest 10%: 34% (1997)
Illicit drugs - narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for the international market; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based economy and porous borders
Imports $4.4 million (c.i.f., 1989) $1.4 billion f.o.b. (2000 est.)
Imports - commodities food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction materials, machinery, motor vehicles
Imports - partners Fiji, Australia, NZ Singapore 22.5%, Thailand 19.8%, Hong Kong 15.6%, China 4.9%, Vietnam 4.9% (2000)
Independence 1 October 1978 (from UK) 9 November 1953 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate NA% NA%
Industries fishing, tourism, copra tourism, garments, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles
Infant mortality rate 22.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 64 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 7% (1999 est.) 1.6% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, IFRCS (associate), Intelsat (nonsignatory user), ITU, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTrO (applicant) ACCT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (subscriber), ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 1 (2000) 2 (2000)
Irrigated land NA sq km 2,700 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch High Court (a chief justice visits twice a year to preside over its sessions; its rulings can be appealed to the Court of Appeal in Fiji); eight Island Courts (with limited jurisdiction) Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided for in the constitution and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts) exercises judicial authority
Labor force NA 6 million (1998 est.)
Labor force - by occupation people make a living mainly through exploitation of the sea, reefs, and atolls and from wages sent home by those working abroad (mostly workers in the phosphate industry and sailors) agriculture 80% (2001 est.)
Land boundaries 0 km total: 2,572 km


border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
Land use arable land:
0%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
0%

forests and woodland:
0%

other:
100% (1993 est.)
arable land: 20.96%


permanent crops: 0.61%


other: 78.43% (1998 est.)
Languages Tuvaluan, English Khmer (official) 95%, French, English
Legal system NA primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period, royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with influences of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent years
Legislative branch unicameral Parliament or Fale I Fono, also called House of Assembly (12 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections:
last held 26-27 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2002)

election results:
percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 12
bicameral consists of the National Assembly (122 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Senate (61 seats; two members appointed by the monarch, two elected by the National Assembly, and 57 elected by "functional constituencies"; members serve five-year terms)


elections: National Assembly - last held 26 July 1998 (next to be held NA July 2003); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)


election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 41%, FUNCINPEC 32%, SRP 14%, other 13%; seats by party - CPP 64, FUNCINPEC 43, SRP 15; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7, other 2
Life expectancy at birth total population:
66.65 years

male:
64.52 years

female:
68.88 years (2001 est.)
total population: 57.1 years


male: 54.81 years


female: 59.5 years (2002 est.)
Literacy definition:
NA

total population:
NA%

male:
NA%

female:
NA%
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 35%


male: 48%


female: 22% (1990 est.)
Location Oceania, island group consisting of nine coral atolls in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos
Map references Oceania Southeast Asia
Maritime claims contiguous zone:
24 NM

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
contiguous zone: 24 NM


continental shelf: 200 NM


exclusive economic zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine total:
9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,135 GRT/68,300 DWT

ships by type:
cargo 5, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 2 (2000 est.)
total: 404 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,889,404 GRT/2,740,232 DWT


ships by type: bulk 37, cargo 312, chemical tanker 2, combination bulk 5, container 7, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 2, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 15, refrigerated cargo 10, roll on/roll off 9, short-sea passenger 2


note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Aruba 1, Belize 8, British Virgin Islands 1, Bulgaria 3, China 21, Cyprus 15, Denmark 1, Egypt 7, Estonia 1, Georgia 1, Germany 1, Greece 12, Honduras 5, Hong Kong 12, Iceland 1, Indonesia 2, Iran 1, Ireland 1, Italy 1, Japan 5, Jordan 1, Latvia 2, Lebanon 5, Liberia 5, Lithuania 1, Malta 1, Netherlands 1, Norway 2, Panama 7, Romania 4, Russia 67, Saint Kitts and Nevis 10, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4, Singapore 15, South Korea 24, Syria 13, Thailand 1, Turkey 22, Ukraine 13, United Arab Emirates 2, United Kingdom 1, United States 5, Vietnam 2, Virgin Islands (UK) 1 (2002 est.)
Military branches no regular military forces; Police Force includes Maritime Surveillance Unit for search and rescue missions and surveillance operations Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF): Army, Navy, Air Force
Military expenditures - dollar figure $NA $112 million (FY01 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP NA% 3% (FY01 est.)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49: 2,990,790 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49: 1,673,713 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - military age - 18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males: 162,643 (2002 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 1 October (1978) Independence Day, 9 November (1953)
Nationality noun:
Tuvaluan(s)

adjective:
Tuvaluan
noun: Cambodian(s)


adjective: Cambodian
Natural hazards severe tropical storms are usually rare, but, in 1997, there were three cyclones; low level of islands make them very sensitive to changes in sea level monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts
Natural resources fish timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Political parties and leaders there are no political parties but members of Parliament usually align themselves in informal groupings Buddhist Liberal Party or BLP [IENG MOULY]; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM]; Khmer Citizen Party or KCP [NGUON SOEUR]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP (formerly Khmer Nation Party or KNP) [SAM RANGSI]
Political pressure groups and leaders none NA
Population 10,991 (July 2001 est.) 12,775,324


note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line NA% 36% (1997 est.)
Population growth rate 1.4% (2001 est.) 2.24% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors Funafuti, Nukufetau Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville), Kampot, Krong Kaoh Kong, Phnom Penh
Radio broadcast stations AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998) AM 7, FM 3, shortwave 3 (1999)
Radios 4,000 (1997) 1.34 million (1997)
Railways 0 km total: 603 km


narrow gauge: 603 km 1.000-m gauge (2001 est.)
Religions Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.6% Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.92 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.72 male(s)/female

total population:
0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female


total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
serves particular needs for internal communications

domestic:
radiotelephone communications between islands

international:
NA
general assessment: adequate landline and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; rural areas have little telephone service


domestic: NA


international: adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
Telephones - main lines in use 1,000 (1997) 21,800 (mid-1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular 0 (1994) 80,000 (2000)
Television broadcast stations 0 (1997) 5 (1999)
Terrain very low-lying and narrow coral atolls mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
Total fertility rate 3.09 children born/woman (2001 est.) 4.66 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate NA% 2.8% (1999 est.)
Waterways none 3,700 km


note: navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m or less; 282 km navigable to craft drawing as much as 1.8 m
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