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Compare Tonga (2001) - Uzbekistan (2007)

Compare Tonga (2001) z Uzbekistan (2007)

 Tonga (2001)Uzbekistan (2007)
 TongaUzbekistan
Administrative divisions 3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u 12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous republic* (respublika), and 1 city** (shahar); Andijon Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati, Farg'ona Viloyati, Jizzax Viloyati, Namangan Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati, Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi), Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi* (Nukus), Samarqand Viloyati, Sirdaryo Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz), Toshkent Shahri**, Toshkent Viloyati, Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch)


note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
Age structure 0-14 years:
40.93% (male 21,739; female 20,916)

15-64 years:
54.99% (male 28,231; female 29,082)

65 years and over:
4.08% (male 1,912; female 2,347) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 32.4% (male 4,587,338/female 4,416,014)


15-64 years: 62.8% (male 8,636,226/female 8,817,633)


65 years and over: 4.8% (male 543,417/female 779,431) (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish cotton, vegetables, fruits, grain; livestock
Airports 6 (2000 est.) 54 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways total:
1

2,438 to 3,047 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total: 33


over 3,047 m: 6


2,438 to 3,047 m: 13


1,524 to 2,437 m: 5


914 to 1,523 m: 5


under 914 m: 4 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
5

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
2

under 914 m:
2 (2000 est.)
total: 21


2,438 to 3,047 m: 2


under 914 m: 19 (2007)
Area total:
748 sq km

land:
718 sq km

water:
30 sq km
total: 447,400 sq km


land: 425,400 sq km


water: 22,000 sq km
Area - comparative four times the size of Washington, DC slightly larger than California
Background The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific. Russia conquered Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after World War I was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic set up in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which have left the land poisoned and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country seeks to gradually lessen its dependence on agriculture while developing its mineral and petroleum reserves. Current concerns include terrorism by Islamic militants, economic stagnation, and the curtailment of human rights and democratization.
Birth rate 23.59 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 26.46 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Budget revenues:
$49 million

expenditures:
$120 million, including capital expenditures of $75 million (FY96/97 est.)
revenues: $5.288 billion


expenditures: $5.206 billion (2006 est.)
Capital Nuku'alofa name: Tashkent (Toshkent)


geographic coordinates: 41 20 N, 69 18 E


time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Climate tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east
Coastline 419 km 0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline
Constitution 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967 adopted 8 December 1992
Country name conventional long form:
Kingdom of Tonga

conventional short form:
Tonga

former:
Friendly Islands
conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan


conventional short form: Uzbekistan


local long form: Ozbekiston Respublikasi


local short form: Ozbekiston


former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Currency pa'anga (TOP) -
Death rate 5.74 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 7.73 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Debt - external $62 million (1998) $4.767 billion (2006 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga chief of mission: Ambassador Richard B. NORLAND


embassy: 3 Moyqo'rq'on, 5th Block, Yunusobod District, Tashkent 100093


mailing address: use embassy street address


telephone: [998] (71) 120-5450


FAX: [998] (71) 120-6335
Diplomatic representation in the US Tonga does not have an embassy in the US; Ambassador Fetu'utolo TUPOU, resides in London; address: Embassy of the Kingdom of Tonga, c/o Tonga High Commission, 36 Molyneux Street, London W1H 6AB, telephone [44] (171) 724-5828, FAX [44] (171) 723-9074

consulate(s) general:
San Francisco
chief of mission: Ambassador Abdulaziz KAMILOV


chancery: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036


telephone: [1] (202) 887-5300


FAX: [1] (202) 293-6804


consulate(s) general: New York
Disputes - international none prolonged drought and cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2004; border delimitation of 130 km of border with Kyrgyzstan is hampered by serious disputes around enclaves and other areas
Economic aid - recipient $38.8 million (1995) $172.3 million from the US (2005)
Economy - overview Tonga has a small, open economy with a narrow export base in agricultural goods, which contributes 30% to GDP. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The industrial sector accounts for only 10% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings. The country remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonable basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 11% consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than 60% of its population lives in densely populated rural communities. Uzbekistan is now the world's second-largest cotton exporter and fifth largest producer; it relies heavily on cotton production as the major source of export earnings. Other major export earners include gold, natural gas, and oil. Following independence in September 1991, the government sought to prop up its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and prices. While aware of the need to improve the investment climate, the government still sponsors measures that often increase, not decrease, its control over business decisions. A sharp increase in the inequality of income distribution has hurt the lower ranks of society since independence. In 2003, the government accepted Article VIII obligations under the IMF, providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and tightening of borders have lessened the effects of convertibility and have also led to some shortages that have further stifled economic activity. The Central Bank often delays or restricts convertibility, especially for consumer goods. Potential investment by Russia and China in Uzbekistan's gas and oil industry may boost growth prospects. In November 2005, Russian President Vladimir PUTIN and Uzbekistan President KARIMOV signed an "alliance," which included provisions for economic and business cooperation. Russian businesses have shown increased interest in Uzbekistan, especially in mining, telecom, and oil and gas. In December 2005, the Russians opened a "Trade House" to support and develop Russian-Uzbek business and economic ties. In 2006, Uzbekistan took steps to rejoin the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and the Eurasian Economic Community (EurASEC), both organizations dominated by Russia. Uzbek authorities have accused US and other foreign companies operating in Uzbekistan of violating Uzbek tax laws and have frozen their assets. US firms have not made major investments in Uzbekistan in the last 5 years.
Electricity - consumption 32.6 million kWh (1999) 47 billion kWh (2006 est.)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) 6.8 billion kWh (2006)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) 10.5 billion kWh (2006 est.)
Electricity - production 35 million kWh (1999) 49 billion kWh (2006 est.)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
-
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point:
unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m
lowest point: Sariqarnish Kuli -12 m


highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m
Environment - current issues deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations shrinkage of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals, including DDT
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Polynesian, Europeans about 300 Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
Exchange rates pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9885 (January 2001), 1.7585 (2000), 1.5991 (1999), 1.4920 (1998), 1.2635 (1997), 1.2323 (1996) Uzbekistani soum per US dollar - 1,219.8 (2006), 1,020 (2005), 971.265 (2004), 771.029 (2003), 423.832 (2002)
Executive branch chief of state:
King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)

head of government:
Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA (since NA February 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Tevita TOPOU (since NA January 2001)

cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the monarch

note:
there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch and the Cabinet

elections:
none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch
chief of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March 1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet)


head of government: Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYAYEV (since 11 December 2003)


cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with approval of the Supreme Assembly


elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (eligible for a second term; previously was a five-year term, extended by constitutional amendment in 2002); election last held 9 January 2000 (next to be held in 2007); prime minister, ministers, and deputy ministers appointed by the president


election results: Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote - Islom KARIMOV 91.9%, Abdulkhafiz JALALOV 4.2%
Exports $8 million (f.o.b., 1998) NA bbl/day
Exports - commodities squash, fish, vanilla beans cotton, gold, energy products, mineral fertilizers, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, textiles, food products, machinery, automobiles
Exports - partners Japan 53%, US 18%, NZ 6%, Australia 6% (1997 est.) Russia 23.7%, Poland 11.7%, China 10.4%, Turkey 7.7%, Kazakhstan 5.9%, Ukraine 4.7%, Bangladesh 4.3% (2006)
Fiscal year 1 July - 30 June calendar year
Flag description red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon and 12 white stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant
GDP purchasing power parity - $225 million (2000 est.) -
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
30%

industry:
10%

services:
60% (1997)
agriculture: 27.6%


industry: 29.4%


services: 43% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2000 est.) -
GDP - real growth rate 5% (2000 est.) 7.3% (2006 est.)
Geographic coordinates 20 00 S, 175 00 W 41 00 N, 64 00 E
Geography - note archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited) along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world
Highways total:
680 km

paved:
184 km

unpaved:
496 km (1996)
-
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
lowest 10%: 2.8%


highest 10%: 29.6% (2003)
Illicit drugs - transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and small amounts of opium poppy for domestic consumption; poppy cultivation almost wiped out by government crop eradication program; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan
Imports $69 million (f.o.b., 1998) NA
Imports - commodities foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, ferrous and non-ferrous metals
Imports - partners NZ 30%, Australia 19%, US 11%, UK 11%, Japan 3% (1997 est.) Russia 27.8%, South Korea 15.2%, China 10.4%, Kazakhstan 7.3%, Germany 7.1%, Ukraine 4.8%, Turkey 4.5% (2006)
Independence 4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate) 1 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)
Industrial production growth rate 8.6% (FY98/99) 10.8% (2006 est.)
Industries tourism, fishing textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, gold, petroleum, natural gas, chemicals
Infant mortality rate 14.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) total: 68.89 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 73.5 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 64.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 7% (2000 est.) 19.8% officially, but 38% based on analysis of consumer prices (2006 est.)
International organization participation ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer) AsDB, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 2 (2000) -
Irrigated land NA sq km 42,810 sq km (2003)
Judicial branch Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief justice of the Supreme Court) Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Supreme Assembly)
Labor force 34,000 (FY96/97) 14.43 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 65% (1997 est.) agriculture: 44%


industry: 20%


services: 36% (1995)
Land boundaries 0 km total: 6,221 km


border countries: Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km
Land use arable land:
24%

permanent crops:
43%

permanent pastures:
6%

forests and woodland:
11%

other:
16% (1993 est.)
arable land: 10.51%


permanent crops: 0.76%


other: 88.73% (2005)
Languages Tongan, English Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Legal system based on English law based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms)

elections:
last held NA March 1999 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results:
percent of vote - pro-democratic 40%; seats - pro-democratic 5, traditionalist 4
bicameral Supreme Assembly or Oliy Majlis consists of an upper house or Senate (100 seats; 84 members are elected by regional governing councils and 16 appointed by the president; to serve five-year terms) and a lower house or Legislative Chamber (120 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: last held 26 December 2004 and 9 January 2005 (next to be held December 2009)


election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Legislative Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LDPU 41, NDP 32, Fidokorlar 17, MTP 11, Adolat 9, unaffiliated 10


note: all parties in the Supreme Assembly support President KARIMOV
Life expectancy at birth total population:
68.25 years

male:
65.83 years

female:
70.78 years (2001 est.)
total population: 64.98 years


male: 61.57 years


female: 68.56 years (2007 est.)
Literacy definition:
can read and write Tongan and/or English

total population:
98.5%

male:
98.4%

female:
98.7% (1996 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 99.3%


male: 99.6%


female: 99% (2003 est.)
Location Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand Central Asia, north of Afghanistan
Map references Oceania Asia
Maritime claims continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
none (doubly landlocked)
Merchant marine total:
8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,626 GRT/29,468 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 1, cargo 2, liquefied gas 3, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.)
-
Military branches Tonga Defense Services (includes Royal Tongan Marines, Tongan Royal Guards, Maritime Force, Police); note - a new Air Wing which will be subordinate to the Defense Ministry is being developed Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard
Military expenditures - dollar figure $NA -
Military expenditures - percent of GDP NA% 2% (2005 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 4 June (1970) Independence Day, 1 September (1991)
Nationality noun:
Tongan(s)

adjective:
Tongan
noun: Uzbekistani


adjective: Uzbekistani
Natural hazards cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou NA
Natural resources fish, fertile soil natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Pipelines - gas 9,594 km; oil 868 km (2006)
Political parties and leaders Human Rights and Democracy Movement [Huliki WATAB, chairman, Viliami FUKOFUKA, president, 'Akilisi POHIVA, vice president] Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [Dilorom TASHMUHAMMEDOVA]; Democratic National Rebirth Party (Milly Tiklanish) or MTP [Hurshid DOSMUHAMMEDOV]; Fidokorlar National Democratic Party (Self-Sacrificers) [Ahtam TURSUNOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan or LDPU [Adham SHADMANOV; People's Democratic Party or NDP (formerly Communist Party) [Asliddin RUSTAMOV]
Political pressure groups and leaders Pro-Democracy and Human Rights Movement [leader NA] Agrarian and Entrepreneurs' Party [Marat ZAHIDOV]; Birlik (Unity) Movement [Abdurakhim POLAT, chairman]; Committee for the Protection of Human Rights [Marat ZAHIDOV]; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party [Muhammad SOLIH, chairman] was banned 9 December 1992; Ezgulik Human Rights Society [Vasila INOYATOVA]; Free Farmers' Party or Ozod Dehqonlar [Nigora KHIDOYATOVA]; Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan [Talib YAKUBOV, chairman]; Independent Human Rights Organization of Uzbekistan [Mikhail ARDZINOV, chairman]; Mazlum; Sunshine Coalition [Sanjar UMAROV, chairman]
Population 104,227 (July 2001 est.) 27,780,059 (July 2007 est.)
Population below poverty line NA% 33% (2004 est.)
Population growth rate 1.79% (2001 est.) 1.732% (2007 est.)
Ports and harbors Neiafu, Nuku'alofa, Pangai -
Radio broadcast stations AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (2001) AM 4, FM 6, shortwave 3 (2006)
Radios 61,000 (1997) -
Railways 0 km total: 3,950 km


broad gauge: 3,950 km 1.520-m gauge (620 km electrified) (2006)
Religions Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents) Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.81 male(s)/female

total population:
0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.039 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.979 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.697 male(s)/female


total population: 0.982 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Suffrage 21 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
NA

domestic:
NA

international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
general assessment: antiquated and inadequate; in serious need of modernization


domestic: the main line telecommunications system is dilapidated; the state-owned telecom company, Uzbektelecom, is using a US$110 million loan from the Japanese government to improve main line services; mobile services are growing swiftly, with the subscriber base doubling in 2005 to 1.1 million; there are 6 main cellular providers currently in operation


international: country code - 998; linked by landline or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; after the completion of the Uzbek link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable, Uzbekistan will be independent of Russian facilities for international communications (2006)
Telephones - main lines in use 8,000 (1996) 1.793 million (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular 302 (1996) 1.1 million (2005)
Television broadcast stations 1 (2001) 8 (includes 1 cable rebroadcaster in Tashkent; approximately 20 stations in regional capitals) (2006)
Terrain most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zarafshon; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west
Total fertility rate 3 children born/woman (2001 est.) 2.88 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate 13.3% (FY96/97) 3% officially by the Ministry of Labor, plus another 20% underemployed (2006)
Waterways none 1,100 km (2006)
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