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Compare Tonga (2001) - Montserrat (2002)
Compare Tonga (2001) z Montserrat (2002)
| Tonga (2001) | Montserrat (2002) | |
 |  | |
| Administrative divisions | 3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u | 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter |
| Age structure | 0-14 years:
40.93% (male 21,739; female 20,916) 15-64 years: 54.99% (male 28,231; female 29,082) 65 years and over: 4.08% (male 1,912; female 2,347) (2001 est.) |
0-14 years: 23.6% (male 1,001; female 986)
15-64 years: 65% (male 2,624; female 2,864) 65 years and over: 11.4% (male 508; female 454) (2002 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish | cabbages, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, peppers; livestock products |
| Airports | 6 (2000 est.) | none; only airport was destroyed by volcanic activity; a helicopter service to Antigua is used |
| Airports - with paved runways | total:
1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2000 est.) |
- |
| Airports - with unpaved runways | total:
5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.) |
- |
| Area | total:
748 sq km land: 718 sq km water: 30 sq km |
total: 102 sq km
land: 102 sq km water: 0 sq km |
| Area - comparative | four times the size of Washington, DC | about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC |
| Background | The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific. | Much of this island has been devastated and two-thirds of the population has fled abroad due to the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano that began on 18 July 1995. |
| Birth rate | 23.59 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) | 17.54 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Budget | revenues:
$49 million expenditures: $120 million, including capital expenditures of $75 million (FY96/97 est.) |
revenues: $31.4 million
expenditures: $31.6 million, including capital expenditures of $8.4 million |
| Capital | Nuku'alofa | Plymouth (abandoned in 1997 due to volcanic activity; interim government buildings have been built at Brades Estate, in the Carr's Bay/Little Bay vicinity at the northwest end of Montserrat) |
| Climate | tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) | tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation |
| Coastline | 419 km | 40 km |
| Constitution | 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967 | present constitution came into force 19 December 1989 |
| Country name | conventional long form:
Kingdom of Tonga conventional short form: Tonga former: Friendly Islands |
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Montserrat |
| Currency | pa'anga (TOP) | East Caribbean dollar (XCD) |
| Death rate | 5.74 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) | 7.47 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Debt - external | $62 million (1998) | $8.9 million (1997) (1997) |
| Dependency status | - | overseas territory of the UK |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga | none (overseas territory of the UK) |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | Tonga does not have an embassy in the US; Ambassador Fetu'utolo TUPOU, resides in London; address: Embassy of the Kingdom of Tonga, c/o Tonga High Commission, 36 Molyneux Street, London W1H 6AB, telephone [44] (171) 724-5828, FAX [44] (171) 723-9074
consulate(s) general: San Francisco |
none (overseas territory of the UK) |
| Disputes - international | none | none |
| Economic aid - recipient | $38.8 million (1995) | Country Policy Plan (2001) is a three-year program for spending $122.8 million in British budgetary assistance |
| Economy - overview | Tonga has a small, open economy with a narrow export base in agricultural goods, which contributes 30% to GDP. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The industrial sector accounts for only 10% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings. The country remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonable basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. | Severe volcanic activity, which began in July 1995, has put a damper on this small, open economy. A catastrophic eruption in June 1997 closed the airports and seaports, causing further economic and social dislocation. Two-thirds of the 12,000 inhabitants fled the island. Some began to return in 1998, but lack of housing limited the number. The agriculture sector continued to be affected by the lack of suitable land for farming and the destruction of crops. Prospects for the economy depend largely on developments in relation to the volcano and on public sector construction activity. The UK has launched a three-year $122.8 million aid program to help reconstruct the economy. Half of the island is expected to remain uninhabitable for another decade. |
| Electricity - consumption | 32.6 million kWh (1999) | 4.65 million kWh (2000) |
| Electricity - exports | 0 kWh (1999) | 0 kWh (2000) |
| Electricity - imports | 0 kWh (1999) | 0 kWh (2000) |
| Electricity - production | 35 million kWh (1999) | 5 million kWh (2000) |
| Electricity - production by source | fossil fuel:
100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999) |
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2000) |
| Elevation extremes | lowest point:
Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m |
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Chances Peak (in the Soufriere Hills volcanic complex) 914 m |
| Environment - current issues | deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations | land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for cultivation |
| Environment - international agreements | party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
- |
| Ethnic groups | Polynesian, Europeans about 300 | black, white |
| Exchange rates | pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9885 (January 2001), 1.7585 (2000), 1.5991 (1999), 1.4920 (1998), 1.2635 (1997), 1.2323 (1996) | East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976) |
| Executive branch | chief of state:
King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA (since NA February 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Tevita TOPOU (since NA January 2001) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch and the Cabinet elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch |
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Anthony LONGRIGG (since NA May 2001)
head of government: Chief Minister John OSBORNE (since 5 April 2001) cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the chief minister, three other ministers, the attorney general, and the finance secretary elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party usually becomes chief minister |
| Exports | $8 million (f.o.b., 1998) | $1.5 million (1998) |
| Exports - commodities | squash, fish, vanilla beans | electronic components, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle |
| Exports - partners | Japan 53%, US 18%, NZ 6%, Australia 6% (1997 est.) | US, Antigua and Barbuda (1993) |
| Fiscal year | 1 July - 30 June | 1 April - 31 March |
| Flag description | red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner | blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross |
| GDP | purchasing power parity - $225 million (2000 est.) | purchasing power parity - $31 million (1999 est.) |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture:
30% industry: 10% services: 60% (1997) |
agriculture: 5%
industry: 14% services: 81% (1996 est.) |
| GDP - per capita | purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2000 est.) | purchasing power parity - $2,400 (1999 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate | 5% (2000 est.) | -1.5% (1999 est.) |
| Geographic coordinates | 20 00 S, 175 00 W | 16 45 N, 62 12 W |
| Geography - note | archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited) | the island is entirely volcanic in origin and contains seven active volcanoes |
| Highways | total:
680 km paved: 184 km unpaved: 496 km (1996) |
total: 269 km
paved: 203 km unpaved: 66 km (1995) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%:
NA% highest 10%: NA% |
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
| Illicit drugs | - | transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US and Europe |
| Imports | $69 million (f.o.b., 1998) | $26 million (1998) |
| Imports - commodities | foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals | machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials |
| Imports - partners | NZ 30%, Australia 19%, US 11%, UK 11%, Japan 3% (1997 est.) | US, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (1993) |
| Independence | 4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate) | none (overseas territory of the UK) |
| Industrial production growth rate | 8.6% (FY98/99) | NA% |
| Industries | tourism, fishing | tourism, rum, textiles, electronic appliances |
| Infant mortality rate | 14.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) | 7.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 7% (2000 est.) | 5% (1998) (1998) |
| International organization participation | ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer) | Caricom, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), OECS, WCL |
| Internet Service Providers (ISPs) | 2 (2000) | 17 (2000) |
| Irrigated land | NA sq km | NA sq km |
| Judicial branch | Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief justice of the Supreme Court) | Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia, one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the High Court) |
| Labor force | 34,000 (FY96/97) | 4,521 (1992); note - lowered by flight of people from volcanic activity |
| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture 65% (1997 est.) | agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA% |
| Land boundaries | 0 km | 0 km |
| Land use | arable land:
24% permanent crops: 43% permanent pastures: 6% forests and woodland: 11% other: 16% (1993 est.) |
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 0% other: 80% (1998 est.) |
| Languages | Tongan, English | English |
| Legal system | based on English law | English common law and statutory law |
| Legislative branch | unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms)
elections: last held NA March 1999 (next to be held NA 2002) election results: percent of vote - pro-democratic 40%; seats - pro-democratic 5, traditionalist 4 |
unicameral Legislative Council (11 seats, 9 popularly elected; members serve five-year terms)
note: expanded in 2001 from 7 to 9 elected members with attorney general and financial secretary sitting as ex-officio members elections: last held NA April 2001 (next to be held by November 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPLM 7, NPP 2 note: in 2001, the Elections Commission instituted a single constituency/voter-at-large system whereby all eligible voters cast ballots for all nine seats of the Legislative Council |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population:
68.25 years male: 65.83 years female: 70.78 years (2001 est.) |
total population: 78.2 years
male: 76.1 years female: 80.4 years (2002 est.) |
| Literacy | definition:
can read and write Tongan and/or English total population: 98.5% male: 98.4% female: 98.7% (1996 est.) |
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 97% male: 97% female: 97% (1970 est.) |
| Location | Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand | Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of Puerto Rico |
| Map references | Oceania | Central America and the Caribbean |
| Maritime claims | continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM |
exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM
territorial sea: 3 NM |
| Merchant marine | total:
8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,626 GRT/29,468 DWT ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 2, liquefied gas 3, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.) |
none (2002 est.) |
| Military - note | - | defense is the responsibility of the UK |
| Military branches | Tonga Defense Services (includes Royal Tongan Marines, Tongan Royal Guards, Maritime Force, Police); note - a new Air Wing which will be subordinate to the Defense Ministry is being developed | no regular indigenous military forces; Police Force |
| Military expenditures - dollar figure | $NA | - |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | NA% | - |
| National holiday | Independence Day, 4 June (1970) | Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926) |
| Nationality | noun:
Tongan(s) adjective: Tongan |
noun: Montserratian(s)
adjective: Montserratian |
| Natural hazards | cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou | severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions (Soufriere Hills volcano has erupted continuously since 1996) |
| Natural resources | fish, fertile soil | NEGL |
| Net migration rate | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) | 74.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Political parties and leaders | Human Rights and Democracy Movement [Huliki WATAB, chairman, Viliami FUKOFUKA, president, 'Akilisi POHIVA, vice president] | National Progressive Party or NPP [Reuben T. MEADE]; New People's Liberation Movement or NPLM [John A. OSBORNE] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders | Pro-Democracy and Human Rights Movement [leader NA] | NA |
| Population | 104,227 (July 2001 est.) | 8,437
note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned (July 2002 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | NA% | NA% |
| Population growth rate | 1.79% (2001 est.) | 8.43% (2002 est.) |
| Ports and harbors | Neiafu, Nuku'alofa, Pangai | Plymouth (abandoned), Little Bay (anchorages and ferry landing), Carr's Bay |
| Radio broadcast stations | AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (2001) | AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998) |
| Radios | 61,000 (1997) | 7,000 (1997) |
| Railways | 0 km | 0 km (2003) |
| Religions | Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents) | Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations |
| Sex ratio | at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.) |
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.12 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2002 est.) |
| Suffrage | 21 years of age; universal | 18 years of age; universal |
| Telephone system | general assessment:
NA domestic: NA international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) |
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA international: NA |
| Telephones - main lines in use | 8,000 (1996) | 4,000 (1997) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | 302 (1996) | 70 (1994) |
| Television broadcast stations | 1 (2001) | 1 (1997) |
| Terrain | most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base | volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland |
| Total fertility rate | 3 children born/woman (2001 est.) | 1.81 children born/woman (2002 est.) |
| Unemployment rate | 13.3% (FY96/97) | 6% (1998 est.) |
| Waterways | none | none |
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