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Compare Tonga (2001) - Bhutan (2001)
Compare Tonga (2001) z Bhutan (2001)
| Tonga (2001) | Bhutan (2001) | |
 |  | |
| Administrative divisions | 3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u | 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang
note: there may be two new districts named Gasa and Yangtse |
| Age structure | 0-14 years:
40.93% (male 21,739; female 20,916) 15-64 years: 54.99% (male 28,231; female 29,082) 65 years and over: 4.08% (male 1,912; female 2,347) (2001 est.) |
0-14 years:
39.99% (male 424,832; female 394,725) 15-64 years: 56.05% (male 591,152; female 557,498) 65 years and over: 3.96% (male 41,125; female 40,080) (2001 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish | rice, corn, root crops, citrus, foodgrains; dairy products, eggs |
| Airports | 6 (2000 est.) | 2 (2000 est.) |
| Airports - with paved runways | total:
1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2000 est.) |
total:
1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2000 est.) |
| Airports - with unpaved runways | total:
5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.) |
total:
1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2000 est.) |
| Area | total:
748 sq km land: 718 sq km water: 30 sq km |
total:
47,000 sq km land: 47,000 sq km water: 0 sq km |
| Area - comparative | four times the size of Washington, DC | about half the size of Indiana |
| Background | The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific. | Under British influence a monarchy was set up in 1907; three years later a treaty was signed whereby the country became a British protectorate. Independence was attained in 1949, with India subsequently guiding foreign relations and supplying aid. A refugee issue of some 100,000 Bhutanese in Nepal remains unresolved; 90% of these displaced persons are housed in seven United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps. Maoist Assamese separatists from India, who have established themselves in the southeast portion of Bhutan, have drawn Indian cross-border incursions. |
| Birth rate | 23.59 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) | 35.73 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Budget | revenues:
$49 million expenditures: $120 million, including capital expenditures of $75 million (FY96/97 est.) |
revenues:
$146 million expenditures: $152 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY95/96 est.) note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of Bhutan's budget expenditures |
| Capital | Nuku'alofa | Thimphu |
| Climate | tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) | varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas |
| Coastline | 419 km | 0 km (landlocked) |
| Constitution | 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967 | no written constitution or bill of rights; note - Bhutan uses 1953 Royal decree for the Constitution of the National Assembly; on 7 July 1998, a Royal edict was ratified giving the National Assembly additional powers |
| Country name | conventional long form:
Kingdom of Tonga conventional short form: Tonga former: Friendly Islands |
conventional long form:
Kingdom of Bhutan conventional short form: Bhutan |
| Currency | pa'anga (TOP) | ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR) |
| Death rate | 5.74 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) | 14.03 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Debt - external | $62 million (1998) | $120 million (1998) |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga | the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassy in New Delhi (India) |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | Tonga does not have an embassy in the US; Ambassador Fetu'utolo TUPOU, resides in London; address: Embassy of the Kingdom of Tonga, c/o Tonga High Commission, 36 Molyneux Street, London W1H 6AB, telephone [44] (171) 724-5828, FAX [44] (171) 723-9074
consulate(s) general: San Francisco |
none; note - Bhutan has a Permanent Mission to the UN; address: 2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone [1] (212) 826-1919; the Bhutanese mission to the UN has consular jurisdiction in the US
consulate(s) general: New York |
| Disputes - international | none | refugee issue over the presence in Nepal of approximately 98,700 Bhutanese refugees, 90% of whom are in seven United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps |
| Economic aid - recipient | $38.8 million (1995) | $73.8 million (1995) |
| Economy - overview | Tonga has a small, open economy with a narrow export base in agricultural goods, which contributes 30% to GDP. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The industrial sector accounts for only 10% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings. The country remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonable basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. | The economy, one of the world's smallest and least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than 90% of the population. Agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links. The industrial sector is technologically backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are key resources. The Bhutanese Government has made some progress in expanding the nation's productive base and improving social welfare. Model education, social, and environment programs in Bhutan are underway with support from multilateral development organizations. Each economic program takes into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. Detailed controls and uncertain policies in areas like industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment. |
| Electricity - consumption | 32.6 million kWh (1999) | 191.1 million kWh (1999) |
| Electricity - exports | 0 kWh (1999) | 1.55 billion kWh (1999) |
| Electricity - imports | 0 kWh (1999) | 15 million kWh (1999) |
| Electricity - production | 35 million kWh (1999) | 1.856 billion kWh (1999) |
| Electricity - production by source | fossil fuel:
100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999) |
fossil fuel:
0.05% hydro: 99.95% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999) |
| Elevation extremes | lowest point:
Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m |
lowest point:
Drangme Chhu 97 m highest point: Kula Kangri 7,553 m |
| Environment - current issues | deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations | soil erosion; limited access to potable water |
| Environment - international agreements | party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Nuclear Test Ban signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea |
| Ethnic groups | Polynesian, Europeans about 300 | Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35%, indigenous or migrant tribes 15% |
| Exchange rates | pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9885 (January 2001), 1.7585 (2000), 1.5991 (1999), 1.4920 (1998), 1.2635 (1997), 1.2323 (1996) | ngultrum per US dollar - 46.540 (January 2001), 44.942 (2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996); note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee which is also legal tender |
| Executive branch | chief of state:
King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA (since NA February 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Tevita TOPOU (since NA January 2001) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch and the Cabinet elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch |
chief of state:
King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972) head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Sangay NGEDUP (since NA 1999) cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed, five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms in July 1998 give the National Assembly authority to remove the monarch with two-thirds vote |
| Exports | $8 million (f.o.b., 1998) | $154 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) |
| Exports - commodities | squash, fish, vanilla beans | cardamom, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, electricity (to India), precious stones, spices |
| Exports - partners | Japan 53%, US 18%, NZ 6%, Australia 6% (1997 est.) | India 94%, Bangladesh |
| Fiscal year | 1 July - 30 June | 1 July - 30 June |
| Flag description | red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner | divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side |
| GDP | purchasing power parity - $225 million (2000 est.) | purchasing power parity - $2.3 billion (2000 est.) |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture:
30% industry: 10% services: 60% (1997) |
agriculture:
38% industry: 37% services: 25% (2000 est.) |
| GDP - per capita | purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2000 est.) | purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2000 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate | 5% (2000 est.) | 6% (2000 est.) |
| Geographic coordinates | 20 00 S, 175 00 W | 27 30 N, 90 30 E |
| Geography - note | archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited) | landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes |
| Highways | total:
680 km paved: 184 km unpaved: 496 km (1996) |
total:
3,285 km paved: 1,994 km unpaved: 1,291 km (1996) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%:
NA% highest 10%: NA% |
lowest 10%:
NA% highest 10%: NA% |
| Imports | $69 million (f.o.b., 1998) | $269 million (c.i.f., 2000 est.) |
| Imports - commodities | foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals | fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics, rice |
| Imports - partners | NZ 30%, Australia 19%, US 11%, UK 11%, Japan 3% (1997 est.) | India 77%, Japan, UK, Germany, US |
| Independence | 4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate) | 8 August 1949 (from India) |
| Industrial production growth rate | 8.6% (FY98/99) | 9.3% (1996 est.) |
| Industries | tourism, fishing | cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide |
| Infant mortality rate | 14.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) | 108.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 7% (2000 est.) | 7% (2000 est.) |
| International organization participation | ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer) | AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, Intelsat, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OPCW, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTrO (observer) |
| Internet Service Providers (ISPs) | 2 (2000) | NA |
| Irrigated land | NA sq km | 340 sq km (1993 est.) |
| Judicial branch | Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief justice of the Supreme Court) | Supreme Court of Appeal (the monarch); High Court (judges appointed by the monarch) |
| Labor force | 34,000 (FY96/97) | NA
note: massive lack of skilled labor |
| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture 65% (1997 est.) | agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2% |
| Land boundaries | 0 km | total:
1,075 km border countries: China 470 km, India 605 km |
| Land use | arable land:
24% permanent crops: 43% permanent pastures: 6% forests and woodland: 11% other: 16% (1993 est.) |
arable land:
2% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 6% forests and woodland: 66% other: 26% (1993 est.) |
| Languages | Tongan, English | Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects |
| Legal system | based on English law | based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
| Legislative branch | unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms)
elections: last held NA March 1999 (next to be held NA 2002) election results: percent of vote - pro-democratic 40%; seats - pro-democratic 5, traditionalist 4 |
unicameral National Assembly or Tshogdu (150 seats; 105 elected from village constituencies, 10 represent religious bodies, and 35 are designated by the monarch to represent government and other secular interests; members serve three-year terms)
elections: last held NA (next to be held NA) election results: NA |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population:
68.25 years male: 65.83 years female: 70.78 years (2001 est.) |
total population:
52.79 years male: 53.16 years female: 52.41 years (2001 est.) |
| Literacy | definition:
can read and write Tongan and/or English total population: 98.5% male: 98.4% female: 98.7% (1996 est.) |
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write total population: 42.2% male: 56.2% female: 28.1% (1995 est.) |
| Location | Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand | Southern Asia, between China and India |
| Map references | Oceania | Asia |
| Maritime claims | continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM |
none (landlocked) |
| Merchant marine | total:
8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,626 GRT/29,468 DWT ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 2, liquefied gas 3, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.) |
- |
| Military branches | Tonga Defense Services (includes Royal Tongan Marines, Tongan Royal Guards, Maritime Force, Police); note - a new Air Wing which will be subordinate to the Defense Ministry is being developed | Royal Bhutan Army, National Militia, Royal Bhutan Police, Royal Body Guards, Forest Guards (paramilitary) |
| Military expenditures - dollar figure | $NA | $NA |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | NA% | NA% |
| Military manpower - availability | - | males age 15-49:
504,342 (2001 est.) |
| Military manpower - fit for military service | - | males age 15-49:
269,251 (2001 est.) |
| Military manpower - military age | - | 18 years of age |
| Military manpower - reaching military age annually | - | males:
21,167 (2001 est.) |
| National holiday | Independence Day, 4 June (1970) | National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king), 17 December (1907) |
| Nationality | noun:
Tongan(s) adjective: Tongan |
noun:
Bhutanese (singular and plural) adjective: Bhutanese |
| Natural hazards | cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou | violent storms coming down from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season |
| Natural resources | fish, fertile soil | timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide |
| Net migration rate | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Political parties and leaders | Human Rights and Democracy Movement [Huliki WATAB, chairman, Viliami FUKOFUKA, president, 'Akilisi POHIVA, vice president] | no legal parties |
| Political pressure groups and leaders | Pro-Democracy and Human Rights Movement [leader NA] | Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community; United Front for Democracy (exiled) |
| Population | 104,227 (July 2001 est.) | 2,049,412 (July 2001 est.)
note: other estimates range as low as 800,000 |
| Population below poverty line | NA% | NA% |
| Population growth rate | 1.79% (2001 est.) | 2.17% (2001 est.) |
| Ports and harbors | Neiafu, Nuku'alofa, Pangai | none |
| Radio broadcast stations | AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (2001) | AM 0, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998) |
| Radios | 61,000 (1997) | 37,000 (1997) |
| Railways | 0 km | 0 km |
| Religions | Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents) | Lamaistic Buddhist 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25% |
| Sex ratio | at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.) |
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2001 est.) |
| Suffrage | 21 years of age; universal | each family has one vote in village-level elections |
| Telephone system | general assessment:
NA domestic: NA international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) |
general assessment:
NA domestic: domestic telephone service is very poor with few telephones in use international: international telephone and telegraph service is by landline through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990) |
| Telephones - main lines in use | 8,000 (1996) | 6,000 (1997) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | 302 (1996) | NA |
| Television broadcast stations | 1 (2001) | 0 (1997) |
| Terrain | most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base | mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna |
| Total fertility rate | 3 children born/woman (2001 est.) | 5.07 children born/woman (2001 est.) |
| Unemployment rate | 13.3% (FY96/97) | NA% |
| Waterways | none | none |
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