Main page Compare countries Index countries Index fields

Query:
Jah-Jah.pl / Index countries / Togo (2001) - Uruguay (2002) / Compare countries
##ciekawa_strona##

Compare Togo (2001) - Uruguay (2002)

Compare Togo (2001) z Uruguay (2002)

 Togo (2001)Uruguay (2002)
 TogoUruguay
Administrative divisions 5 regions (regions, singular - region); De La Kara, Des Plateaux, Des Savanes, Du Centre, Maritime 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres
Age structure 0-14 years:
45.63% (male 1,179,650; female 1,171,748)

15-64 years:
51.92% (male 1,302,197; female 1,373,247)

65 years and over:
2.45% (male 54,651; female 71,595) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 24.4% (male 422,826; female 402,324)


15-64 years: 62.6% (male 1,047,740; female 1,072,032)


65 years and over: 13% (male 181,522; female 260,131) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock; fish rice, wheat, corn, barley; livestock; fish
Airports 9 (2000 est.) 64 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways total:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
2 (2000 est.)
total: 15


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 5


914 to 1,523 m: 7


under 914 m: 2 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
7

914 to 1,523 m:
5

under 914 m:
2 (2000 est.)
total: 49


1,524 to 2,437 m: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 16


under 914 m: 31 (2002)
Area total:
56,785 sq km

land:
54,385 sq km

water:
2,400 sq km
total: 176,220 sq km


land: 173,620 sq km


water: 2,600 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than West Virginia slightly smaller than the state of Washington
Background French Togoland became Togo in 1960. General Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, is Africa's longest-serving head of state. Despite the facade of multiparty elections that resulted in EYADEMA's victory in 1993, the government continues to be dominated by the military. In addition, Togo has come under fire from international organizations for human rights abuses and is plagued by political unrest. Most bilateral and multilateral aid to Togo remains frozen. A violent Marxist urban guerrilla movement, the Tupamaros, launched in the late 1960s, led Uruguay's president to agree to military control of his administration in 1973. By the end of the year the rebels had been crushed, but the military continued to expand its hold throughout the government. Civilian rule was not restored until 1985. Uruguay's political and labor conditions are among the freest on the continent.
Birth rate 37.04 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 17.28 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget revenues:
$232 million

expenditures:
$252 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)
revenues: $3.7 billion


expenditures: $4.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $500 million (2000) (2000)
Capital Lome Montevideo
Climate tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
Coastline 56 km 660 km
Constitution multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997
Country name conventional long form:
Togolese Republic

conventional short form:
Togo

local long form:
Republique Togolaise

local short form:
none

former:
French Togoland
conventional long form: Oriental Republic of Uruguay


conventional short form: Uruguay


local long form: Republica Oriental del Uruguay


local short form: Uruguay


former: Banda Oriental, Cisplatine Province
Currency Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States Uruguayan peso (UYU)
Death rate 11.24 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 9 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external $1.5 billion (1999) $7.7 billion (2001 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Karl HOFMANN

embassy:
Angle Rue Kouenou and Rue 15 Beniglato, Lome

mailing address:
B. P. 852, Lome

telephone:
[228] 21 29 91 through 21 29 94

FAX:
[228] 21 79 52
chief of mission: Ambassador Martin J. SILVERSTEIN


embassy: Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo 11200


mailing address: APO AA 34035


telephone: [598] (2) 418-7777


FAX: [598] (2) 418-8611
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Akoussoulelov BODJONA

chancery:
2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 234-4212

FAX:
[1] (202) 232-3190
chief of mission: Ambassador Hugo FERNANDEZ-FAINGOLD


chancery: 1913 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20006


telephone: [1] (202) 331-1313 through 1316


FAX: [1] (202) 331-8142


consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, and New York
Disputes - international none uncontested dispute with Brazil over islands in the Rio Quarai (Rio Cuareim) and the Arroio Invernada (Arroyo de la Invernada)
Economic aid - recipient $201.1 million (1995) $NA
Economy - overview This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be imported. Together, cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate some 40% of export earnings, with cotton being the most significant cash crop despite falling prices on the world market. In the industrial sector, phosphate mining is by far the most important activity. Togo is the world's fourth largest producer, and geological advantages keep production costs low. The recently privatized mining operation, Office Togolais des Phosphates (OTP), is slowly recovering from a steep fall in prices in the early 1990's, but continues to face the challenge of tough foreign competition, exacerbated by weakening demand. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. It continues to expand its duty-free export-processing zone (EPZ), launched in 1989, which has attracted enterprises from France, Italy, Scandinavia, the US, India, and China and created jobs for Togolese nationals. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has stalled. Progress depends on following through on privatization, increased openness in government financial operations, progress towards legislative elections, and possible downsizing of the military, on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of foreign aid, deterioration of the financial sector, energy shortages, and depressed commodity prices continue to constrain economic growth; however, Togo did realize a 3% gain in GDP in 1999. The takeover of the national power company by a Franco-Canadian consortium in 2000 should ease the energy crisis and if successful legislative elections pave the way for increased aid, growth should rise to 5% a year in 2001-02. Uruguay's economy is characterized by an export-oriented agricultural sector, a well-educated workforce, and high levels of social spending. After averaging growth of 5% annually in 1996-98, in 1999-2001 the economy suffered from lower demand in Argentina and Brazil, which together account for nearly half of Uruguay's exports. Despite the severity of the trade shocks, Uruguay's financial indicators remained more stable than those of its neighbors, a reflection of its solid reputation among investors and its investment-grade sovereign bond rating - one of only two in South America. Challenges for the government of President Jorge BATLLE include reducing the budget deficit, expanding Uruguay's trade ties beyond its Mercosur trade partners, and reducing the costs of public services. GDP fell by 1.3% in 2000 and by 1.5% in 2001.
Electricity - consumption 511.6 million kWh (1999) 7.35 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) 950 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports 426 million kWh

note:
electricity supplied by Ghana (1999)
1.3 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production 92 million kWh (1999) 7.527 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
97.83%

hydro:
2.17%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel: 7%


hydro: 93%


nuclear: 0%


other: 1% (2000)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Mont Agou 986 m
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m


highest point: Cerro Catedral 514 m
Environment - current issues deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban
Ethnic groups native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1% white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian, practically nonexistent
Exchange rates Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 14.3325 (January 2002), 13.3191 (2001), 12.0996 (2000), 11.3393 (1999), 10.4719 (1998), 9.4418 (1997)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)

head of government:
Prime Minister Agbeyome KODJO (since 29 August 2000)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime minister

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 21 June 1998 (next to be held NA 2003); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
Gnassingbe EYADEMA reelected president; percent of vote - Gnassingbe EYADEMA 52.13%, Gilchrist OLYMPIO 34.12%, other 13.75%
chief of state: President Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (since 1 March 2000) and Vice President Luis HIERRO (since 1 March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government


head of government: President Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (since 1 March 2000) and Vice President Luis HIERRO (since 1 March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president with parliamentary approval


elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 31 October 1999, with runoff election on 28 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)


election results: Jorge BATLLE Ibanez elected president; percent of vote - Jorge BATLLE Ibanez 52% in a runoff against Tabare VAZQUEZ 44%
Exports $336 million (f.o.b., 2000) $2.24 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Exports - commodities cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa meat, rice, leather products, wool, vehicles, dairy products
Exports - partners Nigeria, Brazil, Canada, Philippines (1999) Mercosur partners 40%, EU 20%, US 8% (2001 est.)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately triangular and wavy
GDP purchasing power parity - $7.3 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $31 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
42%

industry:
21%

services:
37% (1997)
agriculture: 6%


industry: 29%


services: 65% (2001) (2001)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $9,200 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 3.4% (2000 est.) -1.5% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates 8 00 N, 1 10 E 33 00 S, 56 00 W
Geography - note - second-smallest South American country (after Suriname); most of the low-lying landscape (three-quarters of the country) is grassland, ideal for cattle and sheep raising
Highways total:
7,520 km

paved:
2,376 km

unpaved:
5,144 km (1996)
total: 8,764 km


paved: 7,800 km


unpaved: 964 km (2001)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
lowest 10%: 4%


highest 10%: 26% (1997)
Illicit drugs transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers -
Imports $452 million (f.o.b., 2000) $2.9 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products machinery, chemicals, road vehicles, crude petroleum
Imports - partners Ghana, China, France, Cote d'Ivoire (1999) Mercosur partners 44%, EU 18%, US 9% (2001 est.)
Independence 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship) 25 August 1825 (from Brazil)
Industrial production growth rate NA% -2.4% (2001 est.)
Industries phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement; handicrafts, textiles, beverages food processing, electrical machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals, beverages
Infant mortality rate 70.43 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 14.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2.5% (2000 est.) 3.6% (2001) (2001)
International organization participation ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIPONUH, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WAEMU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNMOGIP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UNTAET, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 3 (2000) 14 (2001)
Irrigated land 70 sq km (1993 est.) 1,800 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and elected for 10-year terms by the General Assembly)
Labor force 1.74 million (1996) 1.2 million (2001) (2001)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services 30% (1998 est.) agriculture 14%, industry 16%, services 70%
Land boundaries total:
1,647 km

border countries:
Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km
total: 1,564 km


border countries: Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km
Land use arable land:
38%

permanent crops:
7%

permanent pastures:
4%

forests and woodland:
17%

other:
34% (1993 est.)
arable land: 7.21%


permanent crops: 0.27%


other: 92.52% (1998 est.)
Languages French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north) Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier)
Legal system French-based court system based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 21 March 1999 (next due to be held NA October 2001)

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPT 79, independents 2

note:
Togo's main opposition parties boycotted the election because of EYADEMA's alleged manipulation of 1998 presidential polling; in March of 1999, opposition parties entered into negotiations with the president over the establishment of an independent electoral commission and a new round of legislative elections, now scheduled for October 2001
bicameral General Assembly or Asamblea General consists of Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (30 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and Chamber of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (99 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: Chamber of Senators - last held 31 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); Chamber of Representatives - last held 31 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)


election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Encuentro Progresista 12, Colorado Party 10, Blanco 7, New Sector/Space Coalition 1; Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Encuentro Progresista 40, Colorado Party 33, Blanco 22, New Sector/Space Coalition 4
Life expectancy at birth total population:
54.35 years

male:
52.38 years

female:
56.38 years (2001 est.)
total population: 75.66 years


male: 72.32 years


female: 79.17 years (2002 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
51.7%

male:
67%

female:
37% (1995 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 97.3%


male: 96.9%


female: 97.7% (1995 est.)
Location Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Argentina and Brazil
Map references Africa South America
Maritime claims exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
30 NM
contiguous zone: 24 NM


continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation


exclusive economic zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine total:
1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,603 GRT/2,800 DWT

ships by type:
specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,752 GRT/5,228 DWT


ships by type: petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1


note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Argentina 4, Greece 1 (2002 est.)
Military branches Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie Army, Navy (including Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard, Marines), Air Force, Police (Coracero Guard, Grenadier Guard)
Military expenditures - dollar figure $27 million (FY96) $250 million (1999)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 2% (FY96) 1.1% (2000)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
1,175,528 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 824,395 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
616,622 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 666,880 (2002 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 27 April (1960) Independence Day, 25 August (1825)
Nationality noun:
Togolese (singular and plural)

adjective:
Togolese
noun: Uruguayan(s)


adjective: Uruguayan
Natural hazards hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind which blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts
Natural resources phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries
Net migration rate 0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -0.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Political parties and leaders Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yawovi AGBOYIBO]; Coordination des Forces Nouvelles or CFN [Joseph KOFFIGOH]; Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA [Leopold GNININVI]; Party for Democracy and Renewal or PDR [Zarifou AYEVA]; Patriotic Pan-African Convergence or CPP [Edem KODJO]; Rally of the Togolese People or RPT [President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA]; Union of Forces for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile), Jeane-Pierre FABRE, general secretary in Togo]; Union of Independent Liberals or ULI [Jacques AMOUZO]

note:
Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President EYADEMA, was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991
Colorado Party [Jorge BATLLE Ibanez]; National Party or Blanco [Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera]; New Sector/Space Coalition or Nuevo Espacio [Rafael MICHELINI]; Progressive Encounter/Broad Front Coalition or Encuentro Progresista/Frente Amplio [Tabare VAZQUEZ]
Political pressure groups and leaders NA NA
Population 5,153,088

note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
3,386,575 (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line 32% (1989 est.) 6% (1997)
Population growth rate 2.6% (2001 est.) 0.79% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors Kpeme, Lome Colonia, Fray Bentos, Juan La Caze, La Paloma, Montevideo, Nueva Palmira, Paysandu, Punta del Este, Piriapolis
Radio broadcast stations AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998) AM 91, FM 149, shortwave 7 (2001)
Radios 940,000 (1997) 1.97 million (1997)
Railways total:
525 km (1995)

narrow gauge:
525 km 1.000-m gauge
total: 2,993 km


standard gauge: 2,993 km 1.435-m gauge


note: of the total route length, 461 km have been taken out of service and 460 km are in only partial use; moreover, not all lines offer passenger service (2001)
Religions indigenous beliefs 59%, Christian 29%, Muslim 12% Roman Catholic 66% (less than half of the adult population attends church regularly), Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, nonprofessing or other 31%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.76 male(s)/female

total population:
0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female


total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage NA years of age; universal adult 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Telephone system general assessment:
fair system based on a network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobile cellular system

domestic:
microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones

international:
satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Symphonie
general assessment: fully digitalized


domestic: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide microwave radio relay network


international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2002)
Telephones - main lines in use 25,000 (1997) 929,141 (2001)
Telephones - mobile cellular 2,995 (1997) 350,000 (2001)
Television broadcast stations 3 (plus two repeaters) (1997) 20 (2001)
Terrain gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland
Total fertility rate 5.32 children born/woman (2001 est.) 2.35 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate NA% 15.2% (2001) (2001)
Waterways 50 km (Mono river) 1,600 km (used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft)
Sitemap: Compare countries listing (map site) | Country listing (map site)
Links: Add to favorites | Information about this website | Stats | Polityka prywatnosci
This page was generated in ##czas## s. Size this page: ##rozmiar_strony## kB.