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Compare Tajikistan (2001) - Lesotho (2008)

Compare Tajikistan (2001) z Lesotho (2008)

 Tajikistan (2001)Lesotho (2008)
 TajikistanLesotho
Administrative divisions 2 oblasts (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and one autonomous oblast* (viloyati mukhtori); Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon* (Khorugh - formerly Khorog), Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa - formerly Kurgan-Tyube), Viloyati Leninobod (Khujand - formerly Leninabad)

note:
the administrative center name follows in parentheses
10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka
Age structure 0-14 years:
41.18% (male 1,367,194; female 1,341,967)

15-64 years:
54.22% (male 1,773,605; female 1,793,345)

65 years and over:
4.6% (male 131,009; female 171,561) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 35.7% (male 382,308/female 377,303)


15-64 years: 59.3% (male 613,979/female 645,818)


65 years and over: 5% (male 42,621/female 63,233) (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley; livestock
Airports 53 (2000 est.) 28 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways total:
2

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total: 3


over 3,047 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 1


under 914 m: 1 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
51

over 3,047 m:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
2

914 to 1,523 m:
12

under 914 m:
36 (2000 est.)
total: 25


914 to 1,523 m: 4


under 914 m: 21 (2007)
Area total:
143,100 sq km

land:
142,700 sq km

water:
400 sq km
total: 30,355 sq km


land: 30,355 sq km


water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Wisconsin slightly smaller than Maryland
Background Tajikistan has experienced three changes in government and a five-year civil war since it gained independence in 1991 from the USSR. A peace agreement among rival factions was signed in 1997, and implementation reportedly completed by late 1999. Part of the agreement required the legalization of opposition political parties prior to the 1999 elections, which occurred, but such parties have made little progress in successful participation in government. Random criminal and political violence in the country remains a complication impairing Tajikistan's ability to engage internationally. Basutoland was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho upon independence from the UK in 1966. The Basuto National Party ruled for the first two decades. King MOSHOESHOE was exiled in 1990, but returned to Lesotho in 1992 and was reinstated in 1995. Constitutional government was restored in 1993 after seven years of military rule. In 1998, violent protests and a military mutiny following a contentious election prompted a brief but bloody intervention by South African and Botswanan military forces under the aegis of the Southern African Development Community. Subsequent constitutional reforms restored relative political stability. Peaceful parliamentary elections were held in 2002, but the National Assembly elections of February 2007 were hotly contested and aggrieved parties continue to periodically demonstrate their distrust of the results.
Birth rate 33.23 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 24.72 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Budget revenues:
$146 million

expenditures:
$196 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
revenues: $951.4 million


expenditures: $855.4 million (2007 est.)
Capital Dushanbe name: Maseru


geographic coordinates: 29 19 S, 27 29 E


time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Climate midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution 6 November 1994 2 April 1993
Country name conventional long form:
Republic of Tajikistan

conventional short form:
Tajikistan

local long form:
Jumhurii Tojikiston

local short form:
none

former:
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
conventional long form: Kingdom of Lesotho


conventional short form: Lesotho


local long form: Kingdom of Lesotho


local short form: Lesotho


former: Basutoland
Currency somoni -
Death rate 8.57 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 22.49 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Debt - external $1.3 billion (1999 est.) $693 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Robert P. J. FINN

embassy:
temporarily collocated with the US Embassy in Almaty (Kazakhstan)

mailing address:
use embassy street address

telephone:
NA

FAX:
NA
chief of mission: Ambassador Robert NOLAN


embassy: 254 Kingsway, Maseru West (Consular Section)


mailing address: P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100, Lesotho


telephone: [266] 22 312666


FAX: [266] 22 310116
Diplomatic representation in the US Tajikistan does not have an embassy in the US, but does have a permanent mission to the UN: address - 136 East 67th Street, New York, NY 10021, telephone - [1] (212) 472-7645, FAX - [1] (212) 628-0252; permanent representative to the UN is Rashid ALIMOV chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mabasia MOHOBANE


chancery: 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008


telephone: [1] (202) 797-5533 through 5536


FAX: [1] (202) 234-6815
Disputes - international portions of Tajikistan's northern and western border with Uzbekistan and its eastern border with China have not been officially demarcated; territorial dispute with Kyrgyzstan on northern boundary in Isfara Valley area none
Economic aid - recipient $64.7 million (1995) $68.82 million (2005)
Economy - overview Tajikistan has the lowest per capita GDP among the 15 former Soviet republics. Cotton is the most important crop. Mineral resources, varied but limited in amount, include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The Tajikistani economy has been gravely weakened by six years of civil conflict and by the loss of subsidies from Moscow and of markets for its products. Most of its people live in abject poverty. Tajikistan depends on aid from Russia and Uzbekistan and on international humanitarian assistance for much of its basic subsistence needs. The future of Tajikistan's economy and the potential for attracting foreign investment depend upon stability and continued progress in the peace process. Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho relies on remittances from miners employed in South Africa and customs duties from the Southern Africa Customs Union for the majority of government revenue. However, the government has recently strengthened its tax system to reduce dependency on customs duties. Completion of a major hydropower facility in January 1998 now permits the sale of water to South Africa and also generates royalties for Lesotho. Lesotho produces about 90% of its own electrical power needs. As the number of mineworkers has declined steadily over the past several years, a small manufacturing base has developed based on farm products that support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries, as well as a rapidly expanding apparel-assembly sector. The latter has grown significantly mainly due to Lesotho qualifying for the trade benefits contained in the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act. The economy is still primarily based on subsistence agriculture, especially livestock, although drought has decreased agricultural activity. The extreme inequality in the distribution of income remains a major drawback. Lesotho has signed an Interim Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility with the IMF. In July 2007 Lesotho signed a Millennium Challenge Account Compact with the US worth $362.5 million.
Electricity - consumption 14.729 billion kWh (1999) 338.5 million kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports 3.9 billion kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports 4.1 billion kWh (1999) 13 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2005)
Electricity - production 15.623 billion kWh (1999) 350 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2005)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
1.9%

hydro:
98.1%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
-
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Syrdariya 300 m

highest point:
Pik Imeni Ismail Samani 7,495 m
lowest point: junction of the Orange and Makhaleng Rivers 1,400 m


highest point: Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m
Environment - current issues inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides; part of the basin of the shrinking Aral Sea suffers from severe overutilization of available water for irrigation and associated pollution population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion; desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and redirects water to South Africa
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Ethnic groups Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because of emigration), other 6.6% Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,
Exchange rates Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.2 (January 2001), 1550 (January 2000), 998 (January 1999), 350 (January 1997), 284 (January 1996)

note:
the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000, with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles
maloti per US dollar - 7.25 (2007), 6.85 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Emomali RAHMONOV (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992)

head of government:
Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January 1999)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 6 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
Emomali RAHMONOV elected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 97%, Davlat USMON 2%
chief of state: King LETSIE III (since 7 February 1996); note - King LETSIE III formerly occupied the throne from November 1990 to February 1995 while his father was in exile


head of government: Prime Minister Pakalitha MOSISILI (since 23 May 1998)


cabinet: Cabinet


elections: none - according to the constitution, the leader of the majority party in the Assembly automatically becomes prime minister; the monarch is hereditary, but, under the terms of the constitution, that came into effect after the March 1993 election, the monarch is a "living symbol of national unity" with no executive or legislative powers; under traditional law the college of chiefs has the power to depose the monarch, determine who is next in the line of succession, or who shall serve as regent in the event that the successor is not of mature age
Exports $761 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) 0 bbl/day (2004)
Exports - commodities aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles manufactures 75% (clothing, footwear, road vehicles), wool and mohair, food and live animals (2000)
Exports - partners Liechtenstein 26%, Uzbekistan 20%, Russia 8% (1998) US 81.9%, Belgium 15%, Canada 1.9% (2006)
Fiscal year calendar year 1 April - 31 March
Flag description three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe three horizontal stripes of blue (top), white, and green in the proportions of 3:4:3; the colors represent rain, peace, and prosperity respectively; centered in the white stripe is a black Basotho hat representing the indigenous people; the flag was unfurled in October 2006 to celebrate 40 years of independence
GDP purchasing power parity - $7.3 billion (2000 est.) -
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
19.8%

industry:
18.1%

services:
62.1% (1998)
agriculture: 15.2%


industry: 45%


services: 39.7% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,140 (2000 est.) -
GDP - real growth rate 5.1% (2000 est.) 4.8% (2007 est.)
Geographic coordinates 39 00 N, 71 00 E 29 30 S, 28 30 E
Geography - note landlocked landlocked, completely surrounded by South Africa; mountainous, more than 80% of the country is 1,800 meters above sea level
Highways total:
29,900 km

paved:
21,400 km (these roads are said to be hard-surfaced, and include, in addition to conventionally paved roads, some that are surfaced with gravel or other coarse aggregate, making them trafficable in all weather)

unpaved:
8,500 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)
-
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
lowest 10%: 0.9%


highest 10%: 43.4% (2002 est.)
Illicit drugs major transshipment zone for heroin and opiates from Afghanistan going to Russia and Western Europe; limited illicit cultivation of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption -
Imports $782 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) 1,400 bbl/day (2004)
Imports - commodities electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs food; building materials, vehicles, machinery, medicines, petroleum products
Imports - partners Europe 32.3%, Uzbekistan 29%, Russia 13.6% (1998) Hong Kong 33.4%, China 31.2%, Germany 7.7%, India 7.3% (2006)
Independence 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) 4 October 1966 (from UK)
Industrial production growth rate 10% (2000 est.) 12% (2007 est.)
Industries aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers food, beverages, textiles, apparel assembly, handicrafts, construction, tourism
Infant mortality rate 116.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) total: 79.85 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 84.4 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 75.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 33% (2000 est.) 12% (2007 est.)
International organization participation AsDB, CCC, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, IOC, IOM, ITU, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer) ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) NA -
Irrigated land 6,390 sq km (1993 est.) 30 sq km (2003)
Judicial branch Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president) High Court (chief justice appointed by the monarch acting on the advice of the Prime Minister); Court of Appeal; Magistrate Courts; customary or traditional court
Labor force 1.9 million (1996) 838,000 (2000 est.)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 50%, industry 20%, services 30% (1997 est.) agriculture: 86% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; roughly 35% of the active male wage earners work in South Africa


industry and services: 14% (2002 est.)
Land boundaries total:
3,651 km

border countries:
Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km
total: 909 km


border countries: South Africa 909 km
Land use arable land:
6%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
25%

forests and woodland:
4%

other:
65% (1993 est.)
arable land: 10.87%


permanent crops: 0.13%


other: 89% (2005)
Languages Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa
Legal system based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
Legislative branch bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milliy (33 seats; members are indirectly elected, 25 selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; all to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 27 February and 12 March 2000 for the Assembly of Representatives (next to be held NA 2005) and 23 March 2000 for the National Assembly (next to be held NA 2005)

election results:
Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDPT 65%, Communist Party 20%, Islamic Rebirth Party 7.5%, other 7.5%; seats by party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (33 members - 22 principal chiefs and 11 other members appointed by the ruling party) and the Assembly (120 seats, 80 by popular vote and 40 by proportional vote; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms)


elections: last held 17 February 2007 (next to be held in 2012)


election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LCD 61, NIP 21, ABC 17, LWP 10, ACP 4, BNP 3, other 4
Life expectancy at birth total population:
64.18 years

male:
61.09 years

female:
67.42 years (2001 est.)
total population: 39.97 years


male: 40.73 years


female: 39.18 years (2007 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
98%

male:
99%

female:
97% (1989 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 84.8%


male: 74.5%


female: 94.5% (2003 est.)
Location Central Asia, west of China Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa
Map references Commonwealth of Independent States Africa
Maritime claims none (landlocked) none (landlocked)
Military - note - the Lesotho Government in 1999 began an open debate on the future structure, size, and role of the armed forces, especially considering the Lesotho Defense Force's (LDF) history of intervening in political affairs
Military branches Army, Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Presidential National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops) Lesotho Defense Force (LDF): Army and Air Wing
Military expenditures - dollar figure $17 million (FY97) -
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.8% (FY97) 2.6% (2006)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
1,586,700 (2001 est.)
-
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
1,300,252 (2001 est.)
-
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
72,056 (2001 est.)
-
National holiday Independence Day, 9 September (1991) Independence Day, 4 October (1966)
Nationality noun:
Tajikistani(s)

adjective:
Tajikistani
noun: Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)


adjective: Basotho
Natural hazards NA periodic droughts
Natural resources hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold water, agricultural and grazing land, diamonds, sand, clay, building stone
Net migration rate -3.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -0.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Pipelines natural gas 400 km (1992) -
Political parties and leaders Congress of People's Unity of Tajikistan [Saiffidin TURAYEV]; Democratic Party or TDP [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV, chairman]; Islamic Rebirth Party [Muhammadsharif HIMMAT-ZODA, chairman]; Lali Badakhshan Movement [Atobek AMIRBEKOV]; National Movement Party [Hakim MUHHABATOV]; Party of Justice and Development [Rahmatullo ZOIROV]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMONOV]; Rastokhez (Rebirth) Movement [Tohiri ABDUJABBOR]; Socialist Party [Sherali KENJAEV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]; Adolatho "Justice" Party [Abdurahmon KARIMOV, chairman] Alliance of Congress Parties or ACP; All Basotho Convention or ABC [Thomas THABANE]; Basotholand African Congress or BAC [Khauhelo RALITAPOLE]; Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Ntsukunyane MPHANYA]; Basotho National Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justin Metsing LEKHANYA]; Kopanang Basotho Party or KPB [Pheelo MOSALA]; Lesotho Congress for Democracy or LCD (the governing party) [Pakalitha MOSISILI]; Lesotho Education Party or LEP [Thabo PITSO]; Lesotho Workers Party or LWP [Macaefa BILLY]; Marematlou Freedom Party or MFP [Vincent MALEBO]; National Independent Party or NIP [Anthony MANYELI]; New Lesotho Freedom Party or NLFP [Manapo MAJARA]; Popular Front for Democracy or PFD [Lekhetho RAKUOANE]; Sefate Democratic Union or SDU [Bofihla NKUEBE]; Social Democratic Party of SDP [Masitise SELESO]
Political pressure groups and leaders NA NA
Population 6,578,681 (July 2001 est.) 2,125,262


note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2007 est.)
Population below poverty line 80% (2000 est.) 49% (1999)
Population growth rate 2.12% (2001 est.) 0.144% (2007 est.)
Ports and harbors none -
Radio broadcast stations AM 9, FM 6, shortwave 5 (1998) AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios 1.291 million (1991) -
Railways total:
480 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines (1990)
-
Religions Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 5% Christian 80%, indigenous beliefs 20%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.76 male(s)/female

total population:
0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.013 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.951 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.674 male(s)/female


total population: 0.956 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached by the national network

domestic:
cable and microwave radio relay

international:
linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat
general assessment: rudimentary system consisting of a modest but growing number of landlines, a small microwave radio relay system, and a small radiotelephone communication system; mobile-cellular telephone system is expanding


domestic: privatized in 2001, Telecom Lesotho tasked with providing an additional 50,000 fixed-line connections within five years, a target not met; mobile-cellular service is expanding with a subscribership approaching 15 per 100 persons; rural services are scant


international: country code - 266; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 363,000 (1997) 48,000 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular 2,500 (1997) 249,800 (2005)
Television broadcast stations 0 (there are, however, repeaters that relay programs from Russia, Iran, and Turkey) (1997) 1 (2000)
Terrain Pamir and Alay mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest mostly highland with plateaus, hills, and mountains
Total fertility rate 4.29 children born/woman (2001 est.) 3.21 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate 5.7% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers and unregistered unemployed people (December 1998) 45% (2002)
Waterways none -
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