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Compare Rwanda (2005) - Guinea (2001)

Compare Rwanda (2005) z Guinea (2001)

 Rwanda (2005)Guinea (2001)
 RwandaGuinea
Administrative divisions 12 provinces (in French - provinces, singular - province; in Kinyarwanda - prefigintara for singular and plural); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali Rurale, Kigali-ville, Umutara, Ruhengeri 33 prefectures and 1 special zone (zone special)*; Beyla, Boffa, Boke, Conakry*, Coyah, Dabola, Dalaba, Dinguiraye, Dubreka, Faranah, Forecariah, Fria, Gaoual, Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane, Kindia, Kissidougou, Koubia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe, Lelouma, Lola, Macenta, Mali, Mamou, Mandiana, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri, Telimele, Tougue, Yomou
Age structure 0-14 years: 41.9% (male 1,777,178/female 1,762,252)


15-64 years: 55.5% (male 2,328,686/female 2,356,572)


65 years and over: 2.6% (male 87,155/female 128,977) (2005 est.)
0-14 years:
43.12% (male 1,637,000; female 1,645,786)

15-64 years:
54.19% (male 2,015,199; female 2,110,745)

65 years and over:
2.69% (male 84,586; female 120,554) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock rice, coffee, pineapples, palm kernels, cassava (tapioca), bananas, sweet potatoes; cattle, sheep, goats; timber
Airports 9 (2004 est.) 15 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 4


over 3,047 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 2


under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
total:
5

over 3,047 m:
1

2,438 to 3,047 m:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
3 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 5


914 to 1,523 m: 2


under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)
total:
10

1,524 to 2,437 m:
6

914 to 1,523 m:
3

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
Area total: 26,338 sq km


land: 24,948 sq km


water: 1,390 sq km
total:
245,857 sq km

land:
245,857 sq km

water:
0 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Maryland slightly smaller than Oregon
Background In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions, culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and the former Zaire. Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but about 10,000 that remain in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo have formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the RPF tried in 1990. Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in August and September 2003, respectively - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output, and ethnic reconciliation is complicated by the real and perceived Tutsi political dominance. Kigali's increasing centralization and intolerance of dissent, the nagging Hutu extremist insurgency across the border, and Rwandan involvement in two wars in recent years in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo continue to hinder Rwanda's efforts to escape its bloody legacy. Independent from France since 1958, Guinea did not hold democratic elections until 1993 when Gen. Lansana CONTE (head of the military government) was elected president of the civilian government. He was reelected in 1998. Unrest in Sierra Leone has spilled over into Guinea, threatening stability and creating a humanitarian emergency.
Birth rate 40.6 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) 39.78 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues: $354.5 million


expenditures: $385 million, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)
revenues:
$NA

expenditures:
$417.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA million (2000 est.)
Capital Kigali Conakry
Climate temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 320 km
Constitution new constitution adopted 4 June 2003 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
Country name conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda


conventional short form: Rwanda


local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda


local short form: Rwanda


former: Ruanda
conventional long form:
Republic of Guinea

conventional short form:
Guinea

local long form:
Republique de Guinee

local short form:
Guinee

former:
French Guinea
Currency - Guinean franc (GNF)
Death rate 16.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) 17.53 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $1.3 billion (2000 est.) $3.6 billion (1999 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Henderson PATRICK


embassy: 337 Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali


mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali


telephone: [250] 50 56 01 through 03


FAX: [250] 57 2128
chief of mission:
Charge d'Affaires Timberlake FOSTER

embassy:
Rue Ka 038, Conakry

mailing address:
B. P. 603, Conakry

telephone:
[224] 41 15 20, 41 15 21, 41 15 23

FAX:
[224] 41 15 22
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Zac NSENGA


chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009


telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882


FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544
chief of mission:
Ambassador Mohamed Aly THIAM

chancery:
2112 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 483-9420

FAX:
[1] (202) 483-8688
Disputes - international Tutsi, Hutu, Hema, Lendu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated areas and natural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts, but localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; DROC and Rwanda established a border verification mechanism in 2005 to address accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels and the Congo providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means and bases to attack Rwandan forces; as of 2004, Rwandan refugees lived in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Zambia border incursions by Revolutionary United Front combatants from Sierra Leone; civil war in that country has engendered a massive flow of refugees to southern Guinea and Liberia
Economic aid - recipient $372.9 million (1999) $359.2 million (1998)
Economy - overview Rwanda is a poor rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture. It is the most densely populated country in Africa; landlocked with few natural resources and minimal industry. Primary foreign exchange earners are coffee and tea. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and eroded the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy to pre-1994 levels, although poverty levels are higher now. GDP has rebounded and inflation has been curbed. Export earnings, however, have been hindered by low beverage prices, depriving the country of much needed hard currency. Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, requiring food imports. Rwanda continues to receive substantial aid money and was approved for IMF-World Bank Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative debt relief in late 2000. Kigali's high defense expenditures have caused tension between the government and international donors and lending agencies. An energy shortage and instability in neighboring states may slow growth in 2005, while the lack of adequate transportation linkages to other countries continues to handicap export growth. Guinea possesses major mineral, hydropower, and agricultural resources, yet remains a poor underdeveloped nation. The country possesses over 30% of the world's bauxite reserves and is the second largest bauxite producer. The mining sector accounted for about 75% of exports in 1999. Long-run improvements in government fiscal arrangements, literacy, and the legal framework are needed if the country is to move out of poverty. The government made encouraging progress in budget management in 1997-99, and reform progress was praised in the World Bank/IMF October 2000 assessment. However, escalating fighting along the Sierra Leonean and Liberian borders will cause major economic disruptions. In addition to direct defense costs, the violence has led to a sharp decline in investor confidence. Foreign mining companies have reduced expatriate staff, while panic buying has created food shortages and inflation in local markets. Real GDP growth is expected to fall to 2% in 2001.
Electricity - consumption 195 million kWh (2002) 697.5 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2002) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 40 million kWh (2002) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 166.7 million kWh (2002) 750 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel:
46.67%

hydro:
53.33%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m


highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m
lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Mont Nimba 1,752 m
Environment - current issues deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching deforestation; inadequate supplies of potable water; desertification; soil contamination and erosion; overfishing, overpopulation in forest region
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection


signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1% Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%
Exchange rates Rwandan francs per US dollar - 574.62 (2004), 537.66 (2003), 476.33 (2002), 442.8 (2001), 393.44 (2000) Guinean francs per US dollar - 1,855.0 (October 2000), 1,572.0 (2000), 1,387.4 (1999), 1,236.8 (1998), 1,095.3 (1997), 1,004.0 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state: President Paul KAGAME (since 22 April 2000)


head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March 2000)


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president


elections: last held 25 August 2003 (next to be held NA 2008)


election results: Paul KAGAME elected president in first direct popular vote; Paul KAGAME 95.05%, Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU 3.62%, Jean-Nepomuscene NAYINZIRA 1.33%
chief of state:
President Lansana CONTE (head of military government since 5 April 1984, elected president 19 December 1993)

head of government:
Prime Minister Lamine SIDIME (since 8 March 1999)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected president; election last held 14 December 1998 (next to be held NA December 2003); the prime minister is appointed by the president

election results:
Lansana CONTE reelected president; percent of vote - Lansana CONTE (PUP) 56.1%, Mamadou Boye BA (UNR-PRP) 24.6%, Alpha CONDE (RPG) 16.6%,
Exports NA $820 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities coffee, tea, hides, tin ore bauxite, alumina, gold, diamonds, coffee, fish, agricultural products
Exports - partners Indonesia 64.2%, China 3.6%, Germany 2.7% (2004) US, Benelux, Ukraine, Ireland (1999)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Rwanda, which has a large black letter R centered in the yellow band
GDP - purchasing power parity - $10 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 41.1%


industry: 21.2%


services: 37.7% (2004 est.)
agriculture:
22.3%

industry:
35.3%

services:
42.4% (1998 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2004 est.) purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 0.9% (2004 est.) 5% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 2 00 S, 30 00 E 11 00 N, 10 00 W
Geography - note landlocked; most of the country is savanna grassland with the population predominantly rural -
Highways total: 12,000 km


paved: 996 km


unpaved: 11,004 km (1999 est.)
total:
30,500 km

paved:
5,033 km

unpaved:
25,467 km (1996)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 4.2%


highest 10%: 24.2% (1985)
lowest 10%:
2.6%

highest 10%:
32% (1994)
Imports NA $634 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment, textiles, grain and other foodstuffs
Imports - partners Kenya 24.4%, Germany 7.4%, Belgium 6.6%, Uganda 6.3%, France 5.1% (2004) France, Belgium, US, Cote d'Ivoire (1999)
Independence 1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship) 2 October 1958 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate 7% (2001 est.) 3.2% (1994)
Industries cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes bauxite, gold, diamonds; alumina refining; light manufacturing and agricultural processing industries
Infant mortality rate total: 91.23 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 96.37 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 85.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
129.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 7% (2004 est.) 6% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 40 sq km (1998 est.) 930 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court; High Courts of the Republic; Provincial Courts; District Courts; mediation committees Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel
Labor force 4.6 million (2000) 3 million (1999)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 90% agriculture 80%, industry and services 20% (2000 est.)
Land boundaries total: 893 km


border countries: Burundi 290 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 217 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km
total:
3,399 km

border countries:
Cote d'Ivoire 610 km, Guinea-Bissau 386 km, Liberia 563 km, Mali 858 km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 km
Land use arable land: 40.54%


permanent crops: 12.16%


other: 47.3% (2001)
arable land:
2%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
22%

forests and woodland:
59%

other:
17% (1993 est.)
Languages Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers French (official), each ethnic group has its own language
Legal system based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree; legal codes currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (53 seats; members elected by direct vote)


elections: last held 29 September 2003 (next to be held Chamber of Deputies - NA 2008; Senate - NA 2011)


election results: seats by party under the 2003 Constitution - RPF 40, PSD 7, PL 6
unicameral People's National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale Populaire (114 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 11 June 1995 (next scheduled for 26 November 2000 postponed indefinitely due to border fighting with rebels from Sierra Leone and Liberia)

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PUP 71, RPG 19, PRP 9, UNR 9, UPG 2, PDG-AST 1, UNP 1, PDG-RDA 1, other 1
Life expectancy at birth total population: 46.96 years


male: 45.92 years


female: 48.03 years (2005 est.)
total population:
45.91 years

male:
43.49 years

female:
48.42 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 70.4%


male: 76.3%


female: 64.7% (2003 est.)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
35.9%

male:
49.9%

female:
21.9% (1995 est.)
Location Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone
Map references Africa Africa
Maritime claims none (landlocked) exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
Merchant marine - none (2000 est.)
Military branches Rwandan Defense Forces: Army, Air Force Army, Navy, Air Force, Republican Guard, Presidential Guard, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, National Police Force (Surete National)
Military expenditures - dollar figure $50.1 million (2004) $56 million (FY96)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 3.2% (2004) 1.4% (FY96)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49:
1,764,912 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49:
891,166 (2001 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 1 July (1962) Independence Day, 2 October (1958)
Nationality noun: Rwandan(s)


adjective: Rwandan
noun:
Guinean(s)

adjective:
Guinean
Natural hazards periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season
Natural resources gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) -2.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note:
as a result of civil war in neighboring countries, Guinea is host to almost half a million Liberian and Sierra Leonean refugees
People - note Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa -
Political parties and leaders Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Alfred MUKEZAMFURA]; Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA]; Democratic Republican Movement or MDR (officially banned) [Celestin KABANDA]; Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL [Prosper HIGIRO]; Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned) [Pasteur BIZIMUNGU and Charles NTAKARUTINKA]; Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA] Democratic Party of Guinea or PDG-AST [Marcel CROS]; Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally or PDG-RDA [El Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim GUSHEIN]; National Union for Progress or UNP [Paul Louis FABER]; Party for Unity and Progress or PUP [Lansana CONTE] - the governing party; Party for Renewal and Progress or PRP [Siradiou DIALLO]; Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha CONDE]; Union for Progress of Guinea or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE, secretary-general]; Union for the New Republic or UNR [Mamadou Boye BA]; Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]
Political pressure groups and leaders IBUKA - association of genocide survivors NA
Population 8,440,820


note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.)
7,613,870 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 60% (2001 est.) 40% (1994 est.)
Population growth rate 2.43% (2005 est.) 1.96% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye Boke, Conakry, Kamsar
Radio broadcast stations AM 0, FM 8 (two main FM programs are broadcast through a system of repeaters, three international FM programs include the BBC, VOA, and Deutchewelle), shortwave 1 (2005) AM 4, FM 8, shortwave 3 (1998)
Radios - 357,000 (1997)
Railways - total:
1,086 km

standard gauge:
279 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge:
807 km 1.000-m gauge (includes 662 km in common carrier service from Kankan to Conakry)
Religions Roman Catholic 56.5%, Protestant 26%, Adventist 11.1%, Muslim 4.6%, indigenous beliefs 0.1%, none 1.7% (2001) Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 7%
Sex ratio at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female


total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
0.99 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.7 male(s)/female

total population:
0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal adult 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: telephone system primarily serves business and government


domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the provinces by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone


international: country code - 250; international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)
general assessment:
poor to fair system of open-wire lines, small radiotelephone communication stations, and new microwave radio relay system

domestic:
microwave radio relay and radiotelephone communication

international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 23,200 (2002) 20,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 134,000


note: Rwanda has mobile cellular service between Kigali and several provincial capitals (2003)
2,868 (1997)
Television broadcast stations 2 (2004) 6 (1997)
Terrain mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior
Total fertility rate 5.49 children born/woman (2005 est.) 5.39 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate NA NA%
Waterways Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft (2004) 1,295 km (navigable by shallow-draft native craft)
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