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Compare Rwanda (2001) - Chad (2001)

Compare Rwanda (2001) z Chad (2001)

 Rwanda (2001)Chad (2001)
 RwandaChad
Administrative divisions 12 prefectures (in French - prefectures, singular - prefecture; in Kinyarwanda - plural - NA, singular - prefegitura); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali Rurale, Kigali-ville, Umutara, Ruhengeri 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile
Age structure 0-14 years:
42.4% (male 1,555,878; female 1,544,942)

15-64 years:
54.73% (male 1,989,501; female 2,013,012)

65 years and over:
2.87% (male 83,769; female 125,654) (2001 est.)
0-14 years:
47.73% (male 2,091,724; female 2,064,514)

15-64 years:
49.46% (male 2,035,099; female 2,271,389)

65 years and over:
2.81% (male 101,579; female 142,773) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca); cattle, sheep, goats, camels
Airports 8 (2000 est.) 50 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total:
4

over 3,047 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
2

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total:
7

over 3,047 m:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
3

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
4

914 to 1,523 m:
1

under 914 m:
3 (2000 est.)
total:
43

1,524 to 2,437 m:
12

914 to 1,523 m:
20

under 914 m:
11 (2000 est.)
Area total:
26,338 sq km

land:
24,948 sq km

water:
1,390 sq km
total:
1.284 million sq km

land:
1,259,200 sq km

water:
24,800 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Maryland slightly more than three times the size of California
Background In 1959, three years before independence, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire, now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC). Since then most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda. Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output and to foster reconciliation. A series of massive population displacements, a nagging Hutu extremist insurgency, and Rwandan involvement in two wars over the past four years in the neighboring DROC continue to hinder Rwanda's efforts. Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of ethnic warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually suppressed or came to terms with most political-military groups, settled a territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable to Chad, drafted a democratic constitution, and held multiparty presidential and National Assembly elections in 1996 and 1997 respectively. In 1998 a new rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which continued to escalate throughout 2000. Despite movement toward democratic reform, power remains in the hands of a northern ethnic oligarchy.
Birth rate 33.97 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 48.28 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues:
$198 million

expenditures:
$411 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
revenues:
$198 million

expenditures:
$218 million, including capital expenditures of $146 million (1998 est.)
Capital Kigali N'Djamena
Climate temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible tropical in south, desert in north
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution on 5 May 1995, the Transitional National Assembly adopted as Fundamental Law the constitution of 18 June 1991, provisions of the 1993 Arusha peace accord, the July 1994 Declaration by the Rwanda Patriotic Front, and the November 1994 multiparty protocol of understanding passed by referendum 31 March 1995
Country name conventional long form:
Rwandese Republic

conventional short form:
Rwanda

local long form:
Republika y'u Rwanda

local short form:
Rwanda

former:
Ruanda
conventional long form:
Republic of Chad

conventional short form:
Chad

local long form:
Republique du Tchad

local short form:
Tchad
Currency Rwandan franc (RWF) Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Death rate 21.13 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 15.4 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $1.3 billion (1999) $1 billion (1999 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador George M. STAPLES

embassy:
Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali

mailing address:
B. P. 28, Kigali

telephone:
[250] 756 01 through 03, 721 26, 771 47

FAX:
[250] 721 28
chief of mission:
Ambassador Christopher E. GOLDTHWAIT

embassy:
Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena

mailing address:
B. P. 413, N'Djamena

telephone:
[235] (51) 70-09, (51) 90-52, (51) 92-33

FAX:
[235] (51) 56-54
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Richard SEZIBERA

chancery:
1714 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009

telephone:
[1] (202) 232-2882

FAX:
[1] (202) 232-4544
chief of mission:
Ambassador Hassaballah Abdelhadi Ahmat SOUBIANE

chancery:
2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009

telephone:
[1] (202) 462-4009

FAX:
[1] (202) 265-1937
Disputes - international Rwandan military forces are supporting the rebel forces in the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria
Economic aid - recipient $591.5 million (1997); note - in summer 1998, Rwanda presented its policy objectives and development priorities to donor governments resulting in multiyear pledges in the amount of $250 million $238.3 million (1995); note - $125 million committed by Taiwan (August 1997); $30 million committed by African Development Bank
Economy - overview Rwanda is a rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture. It is the most densely populated country in Africa; is landlocked; and has few natural resources and minimal industry. Primary exports are coffee and tea. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and eroded the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made significant progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy. GDP has rebounded, and inflation has been curbed. In June 1998, Rwanda signed an Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) with the IMF. Rwanda has also embarked upon an ambitious privatization program with the World Bank. Continued growth in 2001 depends on the maintenance of international aid levels and the strengthening of world prices of coffee and tea. Landlocked Chad's economic development suffers from its geographic remoteness, drought, lack of infrastructure, and political turmoil. About 85% of the population depends on agriculture, including the herding of livestock. Of Africa's Francophone countries, Chad benefited least from the 50% devaluation of their currencies in January 1994. Financial aid from the World Bank, the African Development Fund, and other sources is directed largely at the improvement of agriculture, especially livestock production. The World Bank's decision to back the Doba oil field development and the Chad-Cameroon pipeline will add Chad to the group of already booming West African oil exporters. However, the rank and file may not benefit much from the oil development projects.
Electricity - consumption 191.8 million kWh (1999) 83.7 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 1 million kWh (1999) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 70 million kWh (1999) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 132 million kWh (1999) 90 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
3.03%

hydro:
96.97%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Rusizi River 950 m

highest point:
Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m
lowest point:
Djourab Depression 160 m

highest point:
Emi Koussi 3,415 m
Environment - current issues deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified:
Law of the Sea
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
Ethnic groups Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1% Muslims, commonly referred to as "northerners" or "gorane" (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba); non-Muslims, commonly referred to as "southerners" (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa) including nonindigenous 150,000 (of whom 1,000 are French)

note:
ethnicity and regional background more commonly used to identify Chadians than religious affiliation
Exchange rates Rwandan francs per US dollar - 432.24 (January 2001), 389.70 (2000), 333.94 (1999) 312.31 (1998), 301.53 (1997), 306.82 (1996) Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro
Executive branch chief of state:
President Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME (FPR) (since 22 April 2000)

head of government:
Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March 2000)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:
normally the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special election for new president by deputies of the National Assembly and governmental ministers held 17 April 2000 (next national election to be held NA 2003); prime minister is appointed by the president

election results:
Paul KAGAME (FPR) elected president in a special parliamentary/ministerial ballot receiving 81 of a possible 86 votes
chief of state:
President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)

head of government:
Prime Minister Nagoum YAMASSOUM (since 13 December 1999)

cabinet:
Council of State, members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections:
president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY elected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh KEBZABO 7%

note:
government coalition - MPS, UNDR, and URD
Exports $68.4 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $172 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities coffee, tea, hides, tin ore cotton, cattle, textiles
Exports - partners Germany, Belgium, Pakistan, Italy, Kenya Portugal 38%, Germany 12%, Thailand, Costa Rica, South Africa, France (1999)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
GDP purchasing power parity - $6.4 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $8.1 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
40%

industry:
20%

services:
40% (2000 est.)
agriculture:
40%

industry:
14%

services:
46% (1998)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $900 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 5.8% (2000 est.) 4% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 2 00 S, 30 00 E 15 00 N, 19 00 E
Geography - note landlocked; predominantly rural population landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel
Highways total:
12,000 km

paved:
1,000 km

unpaved:
11,000 km (1997 est.)
total:
33,400 km

paved:
267 km

unpaved:
33,133 km (1996)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
4.2%

highest 10%:
24.2% (1983-85)
lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
Imports $245.9 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $223 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles
Imports - partners Kenya, Tanzania, US, Benelux, France, India France 40%, Cameroon 13%, Nigeria 12%, India 5% (1999)
Independence 1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship) 11 August 1960 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate 8.7% (1998 est.) 5% (1995)
Industries cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes cotton textiles, meatpacking, beer brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials
Infant mortality rate 118.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 95.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 4% (2000) 3% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, CEMAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 1 (2000) 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 40 sq km (1993 est.) 140 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court; communal courts; appeals courts Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts
Labor force 3.6 million NA
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 90% agriculture 85% (subsistence farming, herding, and fishing)
Land boundaries total:
893 km

border countries:
Burundi 290 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 217 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km
total:
5,968 km

border countries:
Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km
Land use arable land:
35%

permanent crops:
13%

permanent pastures:
18%

forests and woodland:
22%

other:
12% (1993 est.)
arable land:
3%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
36%

forests and woodland:
26%

other:
35% (1993 est.)
Languages Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers French (official), Arabic (official), Sara and Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects
Legal system based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral Transitional National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale de Transition (a power-sharing body with 70 seats established on 12 December 1994 following a multiparty protocol of understanding; members were named by their parties, number of seats per party predetermined by the Arusha peace accord)

note:
four additional seats, two for women and two for youth, added in 2001

elections:
the last national legislative elections were held 16 December 1988 for the National Development Council (the legislature prior to the advent of the Transitional National Assembly); no elections have been held for the Transitional National Assembly as the distribution of seats was predetermined by the Arusha peace accord

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FPR 13, MDR 13, PSD 13, PL 13, PDC 6, RPA 6, PSR 2, PDI 2, UDPR 2; note - the distribution of seats was predetermined, four additional seats (two for women and two for youth) added in 2001
unicameral National Assembly (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); replaces the Higher Transitional Council or the Conseil Superieur de Transition

elections:
National Assembly - last held in two rounds on 5 January and 23 February 1997 (next to be held in late 2001); in the first round of voting some candidates won clear victories by receiving 50% or more of the vote; where that did not happen, the two highest scoring candidates stood for a second round of voting

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPS 65, URD 29, UNDR 15, RDP 3, others 13
Life expectancy at birth total population:
38.99 years

male:
38.35 years

female:
39.65 years (2001 est.)
total population:
50.88 years

male:
48.86 years

female:
52.98 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
48%

male:
52%

female:
45% (1995 est.)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic

total population:
48.1%

male:
62.1%

female:
34.7% (1995 est.)
Location Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo Central Africa, south of Libya
Map references Africa Africa
Maritime claims none (landlocked) none (landlocked)
Military branches Army, Navy, Air Force Armed Forces (includes Ground Force, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), Republican Guard, Rapid Intervention Force, Police, Rural and Nomadic Guard (GNNT)
Military expenditures - dollar figure $58 million (FY01) $39 million (FY96)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 3.2% (FY01) 3.5% (FY96)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
1,815,633 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
1,814,578 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
924,544 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
949,997 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age - 20 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males:
82,003 (2001 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 1 July (1962) Independence Day, 11 August (1960)
Nationality noun:
Rwandan(s)

adjective:
Rwandan
noun:
Chadian(s)

adjective:
Chadian
Natural hazards periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues
Natural resources gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)
Net migration rate -1.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Political parties and leaders Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Jean-Nipomuscene NAYINZIRA]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Charles NTAKIRUTINKA, Vincent BIRUTA, Augusin IYAMUREMYE]; Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA]; Democratic Republican Movement or MDR [Celestin KABANDA, Emile NTWARABAKIGA, Christian MARARA]; Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL [Pie MUGABO, Enock KABERA, Prosper MUGIRANEZA]; Rwanda Patriotic Army or RPA [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME, commander]; Rwanda Patriotic Front or FPR [Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME]; Rwandan Socialist Party or PSR [Medard RUTIJANWA] National Union for Development and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman] (originally in opposition but now the party in power and the party of the president); Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lal Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]
Political pressure groups and leaders IBUKA - association of genocide survivors NA
Population 7,312,756

note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
8,707,078 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 70% (2000 est.) 64% (1995 est.)
Population growth rate 1.16% (2001 est.) 3.29% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye none
Radio broadcast stations AM 0, FM 3, shortwave 1 (1998) AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 5 (1998)
Radios 601,000 (1997) 1.67 million (1997)
Railways 0 km 0 km
Religions Roman Catholic 52.7%, Protestant 24%, Adventist 10.4%, Muslim 1.9%, indigenous beliefs and other 6.5%, none 4.5% (1996) Muslim 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs (mostly animism) 25%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.67 male(s)/female

total population:
0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth:
1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.9 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.71 male(s)/female

total population:
0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal adult 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
telephone system primarily serves business and government

domestic:
the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the prefectures by microwave radio relay; the remainder of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone

international:
international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)
general assessment:
primitive system

domestic:
fair system of radiotelephone communication stations

international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 15,000 (1995) 7,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular NA

note:
however, Rwanda has mobile cellular service between Kigali and several prefecture capitals (2000)
NA
Television broadcast stations 2 (1997) 1 (1997)
Terrain mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south
Total fertility rate 4.89 children born/woman (2001 est.) 6.56 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate NA% NA%
Waterways note:
Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft
2,000 km
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