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Compare Peru (2007) - Montserrat (2002)

Compare Peru (2007) z Montserrat (2002)

 Peru (2007)Montserrat (2002)
 PeruMontserrat
Administrative divisions 25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter
Age structure 0-14 years: 30.3% (male 4,427,080/female 4,271,390)


15-64 years: 64.2% (male 9,267,642/female 9,150,816)


65 years and over: 5.4% (male 734,533/female 823,296) (2007 est.)
0-14 years: 23.6% (male 1,001; female 986)


15-64 years: 65% (male 2,624; female 2,864)


65 years and over: 11.4% (male 508; female 454) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products asparagus, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products; fish, guinea pigs cabbages, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, peppers; livestock products
Airports 237 (2007) none; only airport was destroyed by volcanic activity; a helicopter service to Antigua is used
Airports - with paved runways total: 54


over 3,047 m: 6


2,438 to 3,047 m: 20


1,524 to 2,437 m: 14


914 to 1,523 m: 11


under 914 m: 3 (2007)
-
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 183


2,438 to 3,047 m: 2


1,524 to 2,437 m: 24


914 to 1,523 m: 40


under 914 m: 117 (2007)
-
Area total: 1,285,220 sq km


land: 1.28 million sq km


water: 5,220 sq km
total: 102 sq km


land: 102 sq km


water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Alaska about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC
Background Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his ouster in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of Native American ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, returned to the presidency with promises to improve social conditions and maintain fiscal responsibility. Much of this island has been devastated and two-thirds of the population has fled abroad due to the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano that began on 18 July 1995.
Birth rate 20.09 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) 17.54 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget revenues: $27.03 billion


expenditures: $25.12 billion (2006 est.)
revenues: $31.4 million


expenditures: $31.6 million, including capital expenditures of $8.4 million
Capital name: Lima


geographic coordinates: 12 03 S, 77 03 W


time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Plymouth (abandoned in 1997 due to volcanic activity; interim government buildings have been built at Brades Estate, in the Carr's Bay/Little Bay vicinity at the northwest end of Montserrat)
Climate varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Coastline 2,414 km 40 km
Constitution 29 December 1993 present constitution came into force 19 December 1989
Country name conventional long form: Republic of Peru


conventional short form: Peru


local long form: Republica del Peru


local short form: Peru
conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Montserrat
Currency - East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Death rate 6.21 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) 7.47 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external $28.32 billion (2006 est.) $8.9 million (1997) (1997)
Dependency status - overseas territory of the UK
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador J. Curtis STRUBLE


embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33


mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000


telephone: [51] (1) 434-3000


FAX: [51] (1) 618-2397
none (overseas territory of the UK)
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Felipe ORTIZ de Zevallos


chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036


telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869


FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124


consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Denver, Hartford, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, Washington, DC
none (overseas territory of the UK)
Disputes - international Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border none
Economic aid - recipient $397.8 million (2005) Country Policy Plan (2001) is a three-year program for spending $122.8 million in British budgetary assistance
Economy - overview Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources are found in the mountainous areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. However, overdependence on minerals and metals subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices, and a lack of infrastructure deters trade and investment. After several years of inconsistent economic performance, the Peruvian economy grew by more than 4% per year during the period 2002-06, with a stable exchange rate and low inflation. Risk premiums on Peruvian bonds on secondary markets reached historically low levels in late 2004, reflecting investor optimism regarding the government's prudent fiscal policies and openness to trade and investment. Despite the strong macroeconomic performance, underemployment and poverty have stayed persistently high. Economic growth continues to be driven by exports of minerals, textiles, and agricultural products, and by expectations for the Camisea natural gas megaproject and for other promising energy projects. Upon taking office, President GARCIA announced Sierra Exportadora, a program aimed at promoting economic growth in Peru's southern and central highlands. Severe volcanic activity, which began in July 1995, has put a damper on this small, open economy. A catastrophic eruption in June 1997 closed the airports and seaports, causing further economic and social dislocation. Two-thirds of the 12,000 inhabitants fled the island. Some began to return in 1998, but lack of housing limited the number. The agriculture sector continued to be affected by the lack of suitable land for farming and the destruction of crops. Prospects for the economy depend largely on developments in relation to the volcano and on public sector construction activity. The UK has launched a three-year $122.8 million aid program to help reconstruct the economy. Half of the island is expected to remain uninhabitable for another decade.
Electricity - consumption 22.59 billion kWh (2005) 4.65 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2005) 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2005) 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - production 24.97 billion kWh (2005 est.) 5 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel: 100%


hydro: 0%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m


highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m


highest point: Chances Peak (in the Soufriere Hills volcanic complex) 914 m
Environment - current issues deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for cultivation
Environment - international agreements party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
-
Ethnic groups Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% black, white
Exchange rates nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.2742 (2006), 3.2958 (2005), 3.4132 (2004), 3.4785 (2003), 3.5165 (2002) East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)
Executive branch chief of state: President Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July 2006); First Vice President Luis GIAMPIETRI Rojas; Second Vice President Lourdes MENDOZA del Solar (since 28 July 2006); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government


head of government: President Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July 2006); First Vice President Luis GIAMPIETRI Rojas; Second Vice President Lourdes MENDOZA del Solar (since 28 July 2006)


note: Prime Minister Jorge DEL CASTILLO Galvez (since 28 August 2006) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president


elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); presidential and congressional elections held 9 April 2006 with runoff election held 4 June 2006; next to be held in April 2011


election results: Alan GARCIA elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Alan GARCIA 52.5%, Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 47.5%
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Anthony LONGRIGG (since NA May 2001)


head of government: Chief Minister John OSBORNE (since 5 April 2001)


cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the chief minister, three other ministers, the attorney general, and the finance secretary


elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party usually becomes chief minister
Exports 53,040 bbl/day (2004 est.) $1.5 million (1998)
Exports - commodities copper, gold, zinc, crude petroleum and petroleum products, coffee, potatoes, asparagus, textiles, guinea pigs electronic components, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle
Exports - partners US 24.1%, China 9.6%, Switzerland 7.1%, Canada 6.8%, Chile 6%, Japan 5.2% (2006) US, Antigua and Barbuda (1993)
Fiscal year calendar year 1 April - 31 March
Flag description three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross
GDP - purchasing power parity - $31 million (1999 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 8.7%


industry: 26.2%


services: 65.1% (2006 est.)
agriculture: 5%


industry: 14%


services: 81% (1996 est.)
GDP - per capita - purchasing power parity - $2,400 (1999 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 8% (2006 est.) -1.5% (1999 est.)
Geographic coordinates 10 00 S, 76 00 W 16 45 N, 62 12 W
Geography - note shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River the island is entirely volcanic in origin and contains seven active volcanoes
Heliports 1 (2007) -
Highways - total: 269 km


paved: 203 km


unpaved: 66 km (1995)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 1.3%


highest 10%: 40.9% (2003)
lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Illicit drugs until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru rose 25% to 34,000 hectares in 2005; much of the cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into cocaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US and Europe
Imports NA bbl/day $26 million (1998)
Imports - commodities petroleum and petroleum products, plastics, machinery, vehicles, iron and steel, wheat, paper machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials
Imports - partners US 16.5%, China 10.3%, Brazil 10.3%, Ecuador 7.2%, Colombia 6.1%, Chile 5.8%, Argentina 4.8%, Mexico 4% (2006) US, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (1993)
Independence 28 July 1821 (from Spain) none (overseas territory of the UK)
Industrial production growth rate 7% (2006 est.) NA%
Industries mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas; fishing and fish processing, textiles, clothing, food processing tourism, rum, textiles, electronic appliances
Infant mortality rate total: 29.96 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 32.47 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 27.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
7.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2% (2006 est.) 5% (1998) (1998)
International organization participation APEC, CAN, CSN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Caricom, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), OECS, WCL
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 17 (2000)
Irrigated land 12,000 sq km (2003) NA sq km
Judicial branch Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary) Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia, one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the High Court)
Labor force 9.21 million (2006 est.) 4,521 (1992); note - lowered by flight of people from volcanic activity
Labor force - by occupation agriculture: 9%


industry: 18%


services: 73% (2001)
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%
Land boundaries total: 7,461 km


border countries: Bolivia 1,075 km, Brazil 2,995 km, Chile 171 km, Colombia 1,800 km, Ecuador 1,420 km
0 km
Land use arable land: 2.88%


permanent crops: 0.47%


other: 96.65% (2005)
arable land: 20%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 80% (1998 est.)
Languages Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages English
Legal system based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations English common law and statutory law
Legislative branch unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: last held 9 April 2006 (next to be held in April 2011)


election results: percent of vote by party - UPP 21.2%, PAP 20.6%, UN 15.3%, AF 13.1%, FC 7.1%, PP 4.1%, RN 4.0%, other 14.6%; seats by party - UPP 45, PAP 36, UN 17, AF 13, FC 5, PP 2, RN 2
unicameral Legislative Council (11 seats, 9 popularly elected; members serve five-year terms)


note: expanded in 2001 from 7 to 9 elected members with attorney general and financial secretary sitting as ex-officio members


elections: last held NA April 2001 (next to be held by November 2006)


election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPLM 7, NPP 2


note: in 2001, the Elections Commission instituted a single constituency/voter-at-large system whereby all eligible voters cast ballots for all nine seats of the Legislative Council
Life expectancy at birth total population: 70.14 years


male: 68.33 years


female: 72.04 years (2007 est.)
total population: 78.2 years


male: 76.1 years


female: 80.4 years (2002 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 87.7%


male: 93.5%


female: 82.1% (2004 est.)
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school


total population: 97%


male: 97%


female: 97% (1970 est.)
Location Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of Puerto Rico
Map references South America Central America and the Caribbean
Maritime claims territorial sea: 200 nm


continental shelf: 200 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 3 NM
Merchant marine total: 6 ships (1000 GRT or over) 76,220 GRT/119,615 DWT


by type: cargo 3, petroleum tanker 3


foreign-owned: 1 (US 1)


registered in other countries: 16 (Belize 1, Panama 15) (2007)
none (2002 est.)
Military - note - defense is the responsibility of the UK
Military branches Peruvian Army (Ejercito Peruano), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP (includes naval air, naval infantry, and coast guard)), Peruvian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP) (2007) no regular indigenous military forces; Police Force
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.5% (2006) -
National holiday Independence Day, 28 July (1821) Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)
Nationality noun: Peruvian(s)


adjective: Peruvian
noun: Montserratian(s)


adjective: Montserratian
Natural hazards earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions (Soufriere Hills volcano has erupted continuously since 1996)
Natural resources copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas NEGL
Net migration rate -0.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) 74.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Pipelines gas 983 km; gas/liquid petroleum gas 61 km; liquid natural gas 106 km; liquid petroleum gas 517 km; oil 1,754 km; refined products 13 km (2006) -
Political parties and leaders Alliance For Progress (Alianza Para El Progreso) [Cesar ACUNA Peralta]; Alliance For The Future (Alianza Por El Futuro) or AF [Martha CHAVEZ Cossio] (a coalition of pro-FUJIMORI parties including Cambio 90, Nueva Mayoria, and Si Cumple); Centrist Front (Frente Del Centro) or FC [Drago KISIC] (a coalition of Accion Popular, Somos Peru, and Coordinadora Nacional de Independientes); Independent Moralizing Front (Frente Independiente Moralizador) or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; Nationalist Party Uniting Peru (Partido Nacionalista Uniendo al Peru) or UPP [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso] (a coalition of Union for Peru (UPP) and Peruvian Nationalist Party (PNP)); National Restoration (Restauracion Nacional) or RN [Humberto LAY Sun]; National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru Possible (Peru Posible) or PP [David WAISMAN]; Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Alan GARCIA] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA) National Progressive Party or NPP [Reuben T. MEADE]; New People's Liberation Movement or NPLM [John A. OSBORNE]
Political pressure groups and leaders leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)] NA
Population 28,674,757 (July 2007 est.) 8,437


note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line 53.1% (2004) NA%
Population growth rate 1.289% (2007 est.) 8.43% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors - Plymouth (abandoned), Little Bay (anchorages and ferry landing), Carr's Bay
Radio broadcast stations AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999) AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios - 7,000 (1997)
Railways total: 1,989 km


standard gauge: 1,726 km 1.435-m gauge


narrow gauge: 263 km 0.914-m gauge (2006)
0 km (2003)
Religions Roman Catholic 81%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.4%, other Christian 0.7%, other 0.6%, unspecified or none 16.3% (2003 est.) Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.036 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.013 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.892 male(s)/female


total population: 1.013 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 1.12 male(s)/female


total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70; note - for the first time in recent elections, members of the military and national police were eligible to vote in the 2006 elections 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: adequate for most requirements


domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations


international: country code - 51; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable
general assessment: NA


domestic: NA


international: NA
Telephones - main lines in use 2.332 million (2006) 4,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 8.5 million (2006) 70 (1994)
Television broadcast stations 13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997) 1 (1997)
Terrain western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland
Total fertility rate 2.46 children born/woman (2007 est.) 1.81 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate 7.2% in metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment (2006 est.) 6% (1998 est.)
Waterways 8,808 km


note: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca (2007)
none
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