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Compare Peru (2004) - Niue (2007)

Compare Peru (2004) z Niue (2007)

 Peru (2004)Niue (2007)
 PeruNiue
Administrative divisions 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali


note: some reports indicate that the 24 departments and 1 constitutional province are now being referred to as regions; Peru is implementing a decentralization program whereby these 25 administrative divisions will begin to exercise greater governmental authority over their territories; in November 2002, voters chose their new regional presidents and other regional leaders; the authority that the regional government will exercise has not yet been clearly defined, but it will be devolved to the regions over the course of several years
none; note - there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 14 villages at the second order
Age structure 0-14 years: 32.1% (male 4,496,146; female 4,340,580)


15-64 years: 62.8% (male 8,709,098; female 8,594,351)


65 years and over: 5.1% (male 660,734; female 743,396) (2004 est.)
0-14 years: NA


15-64 years: NA


65 years and over: NA
Agriculture - products coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, plantains, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products, wool; fish coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes, taro, yams, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle
Airports 233 (2003 est.) 1 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways total: 52


over 3,047 m: 5


2,438 to 3,047 m: 20


1,524 to 2,437 m: 16


914 to 1,523 m: 9


under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)
total: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 182


1,524 to 2,437 m: 21


914 to 1,523 m: 62


under 914 m: 99 (2004 est.)
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Area total: 1,285,220 sq km


land: 1.28 million sq km


water: 5,220 sq km
total: 260 sq km


land: 260 sq km


water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Alaska 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Background Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime. FUJIMORI won reelection to a third term in the spring of 2000, but international pressure and corruption scandals led to his ouster by Congress in November of that year. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO as the new head of government; his presidency has been hampered by allegations of corruption. Niue's remoteness, as well as cultural and linguistic differences between its Polynesian inhabitants and those of the rest of the Cook Islands, have caused it to be separately administered. The population of the island continues to drop (from a peak of 5,200 in 1966 to an estimated 1,492 in 2007), with substantial emigration to New Zealand, 2,400 km to the southwest.
Birth rate 21.27 births/1,000 population (2004 est.) NA
Budget revenues: $15.86 billion


expenditures: $17.05 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.6 billion (2003 est.)
revenues: $15.07 million


expenditures: $16.33 million (FY0405)
Capital Lima name: Alofi


geographic coordinates: 19 01 S, 169 55 W


time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Climate varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
Coastline 2,414 km 64 km
Constitution 31 December 1993 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)
Country name conventional long form: Republic of Peru


conventional short form: Peru


local long form: Republica del Peru


local short form: Peru
conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Niue


note: pronounciation falls between nyu-way and new-way, but not like new-wee


former: Savage Island
Currency nuevo sol (PEN) -
Death rate 6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) NA
Debt - external $29.95 billion (2003 est.) $418,000 (2002 est.)
Dependency status - self-governing in free association with New Zealand since 1974; Niue fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs and defense; however, these responsibilities confer no rights of control and are only exercised at the request of the Government of Niue
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador J. Curtis STRUBLE


embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33


mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000


telephone: [51] (1) 434-3000


FAX: [51] (1) 434-3037
none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand)
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Eduardo FERRERO Costa


chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036


telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869


FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124


consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, Washington (DC)
none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand)
Disputes - international Bolivia has reanimated its claim to restore the Atacama corridor ceded to Chile and adjoining Peru in 1884 to secure sovereign maritime assess for Bolivian natural gas none
Economic aid - recipient $895.1 million (1995) $2.6 million from New Zealand (2002)
Economy - overview Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources are found in the mountainous areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. However, overdependence on minerals and metals subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices, and a lack of infrastructure deters trade and investment. After several years of inconsistent economic performance, the Peruvian economy was one of the fastest growing in Latin America in 2002 and 2003, growing by 5% and 4%, respectively, with the exchange rate stable and an annual inflation lower than 2%. Foreign direct investment also was strong, thanks to the ongoing Camisea natural gas pipeline project (scheduled to begin operations in 2004) and investments in gold mining. Risk premiums on Peruvian bonds on secondary markets reached historically low levels in late 2003, reflecting investor optimism and the government's fiscal restraint. Despite the strong macroeconomic performance, political intrigue and allegations of corruption continued to swirl in 2003, with the TOLEDO administration growing increasingly unpopular, and local and foreign concern rising that the political turmoil could place the country's hard-won fiscal and financial stability at risk. Moreover, as of late 2003, unemployment had yet to respond to the strong growth in economic activity, owing in part to rigid labor market regulations that act as an impediment to hiring. The economy suffers from the typical Pacific island problems of geographic isolation, few resources, and a small population. Government expenditures regularly exceed revenues, and the shortfall is made up by critically needed grants from New Zealand that are used to pay wages to public employees. Niue has cut government expenditures by reducing the public service by almost half. The agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of population because of emigration to New Zealand. Efforts to increase GDP include the promotion of tourism and a financial services industry, although the International Banking Repeal Act of 2002 resulted in the termination of all offshore banking licenses. Economic aid from New Zealand in 2002 was about US$2 million. Niue suffered a devastating typhoon in January 2004, which decimated nascent economic programs. While in the process of rebuilding, Niue has been dependent on foreign aid.
Electricity - consumption 19.15 billion kWh (2001) 2.79 million kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2001) 0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2001) 0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - production 20.59 billion kWh (2001) 3 million kWh (2005)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m


highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m


highest point: unnamed location near Mutalau settlement 68 m
Environment - current issues deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes increasing attention to conservationist practices to counter loss of soil fertility from traditional slash and burn agriculture
Environment - international agreements party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% Niuen 78.2%, Pacific islander 10.2%, European 4.5%, mixed 3.9%, Asian 0.2%, unspecified 3% (2001 census)
Exchange rates nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.4785 (2003), 3.5165 (2002), 3.5068 (2001), 3.49 (2000), 3.3833 (1999) New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002)
Executive branch chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the constitution, First Vice President (vacant) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)


head of government: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the constitution, First Vice President (vacant) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)


note: Prime Minister Carlos FERRERO Costa (since 15 December 2003) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president


elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special presidential and congressional elections held 8 April 2001, with runoff election held 3 June 2001; next to be held 9 April 2006


election results: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General of New Zealand Anand SATYANAND (since 23 August 2006); the UK and New Zealand are represented by New Zealand High Commissioner John BRYAN (since May 2000)


head of government: Premier Young VIVIAN (since 1 May 2002)


cabinet: Cabinet consists of the premier and three ministers


elections: the monarch is hereditary; premier elected by the Legislative Assembly for a three-year term; election last held 12 May 2005 (next to be held in May 2008)


election results: Young VIVIAN reelected premier; percent of Legislative Assembly vote - Young VIVIAN 85%, O'Love JACOBSEN 15%
Exports NA (2001) NA bbl/day
Exports - commodities fish and fish products, gold, copper, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, coffee, sugar, cotton canned coconut cream, copra, honey, vanilla, passion fruit products, pawpaws, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts
Exports - partners US 27.1%, UK 12.4%, China 7.7%, Switzerland 7.6%, Chile 4.7%, Japan 4.4% (2003) New Zealand mainly, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia (2006)
Fiscal year calendar year 1 April - 31 March
Flag description three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large one on a blue disk in the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold red cross
GDP purchasing power parity - $146 billion (2003 est.) -
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 8%


industry: 27%


services: 65% (2003 est.)
agriculture: 23.5%


industry: 26.9%


services: 49.5% (2003)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $5,100 (2003 est.) -
GDP - real growth rate 4% (2003 est.) 6.2% (2003 est.)
Geographic coordinates 10 00 S, 76 00 W 19 02 S, 169 52 W
Geography - note shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River one of world's largest coral islands
Heliports 1 (2003 est.) -
Highways total: 72,900 km


paved: 9,331 km


unpaved: 63,569 km (1999 est.)
-
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 1.6%


highest 10%: 35.4% (1996)
lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Illicit drugs until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer; emerging opium producer; cultivation of coca in Peru fell 15 percent to 31,150 hectares between 2002 and the end of 2003; much of the cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into cocaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa -
Imports NA (2001) NA bbl/day
Imports - commodities machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs
Imports - partners US 28.6%, Spain 10%, Chile 7.5%, Brazil 5.1%, Colombia 4.5% (2003) New Zealand mainly, Fiji, Japan, Samoa, Australia, US (2006)
Independence 28 July 1821 (from Spain) on 19 October 1974, Niue became a self-governing parliamentary government in free association with New Zealand
Industrial production growth rate 2% (2003 est.) NA%
Industries mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication tourism, handicrafts, food processing
Infant mortality rate total: 32.95 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 35.57 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 30.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
total: NA


male: NA


female: NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2.3% (2003 est.) 4% (2005)
International organization participation APEC, CAN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO ACP, FAO, IFAD, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Irrigated land 11,950 sq km (1998 est.) NA
Judicial branch Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary) Supreme Court of New Zealand; High Court of Niue
Labor force 8.63 million (2003 est.) 663 (2001)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 5.9%, mining and quarrying 0.4%, manufacturing 12.6%, construction 5.3%, commerce 26.3%, household work 4.9%, other services 44.6% (2004) note: most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in government service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board
Land boundaries total: 5,536 km


border countries: Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 1,496 km (est.), Ecuador 1,420 km
0 km
Land use arable land: 2.89%


permanent crops: 0.4%


other: 96.71% (2001)
arable land: 11.54%


permanent crops: 15.38%


other: 73.08% (2005)
Languages Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English
Legal system based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction English common law; note - Niue is self-governing, with the power to make its own laws
Legislative branch unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: last held 8 April 2001 (next to be held 9 April 2006)


election results: percent of vote by party - Peru Posible 26.3%, APRA 19.7%, Unidad Nacional 13.8%, FIM 11.0%, others 29.2%; seats by party - Peru Posible 47, APRA 28, Unidad Nacional 17, FIM 11, others 17
unicameral Legislative Assembly (20 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; six elected from a common roll and 14 are village representatives)


elections: last held 30 April 2005 (next to be held in April 2008)


election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA
Life expectancy at birth total population: 69.22 years


male: 67.48 years


female: 71.03 years (2004 est.)
total population: NA


male: NA


female: NA
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 90.9%


male: 95.2%


female: 86.8% (2003 est.)
definition: NA


total population: 95%


male: NA


female: NA
Location Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Tonga
Map references South America Oceania
Maritime claims territorial sea: 200 nm


continental shelf: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm


exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Merchant marine total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 13,666 GRT/17,611 DWT


by type: cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1


foreign-owned: United States 1


registered in other countries: 19 (2004 est.)
-
Military - note - defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
Military branches Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru; includes Naval Air, Naval Infantry, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru; FAP) no regular indigenous military forces; Police Force
Military expenditures - dollar figure $829.4 million (2003) -
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.3% (2003) -
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49: 7,374,187 (2004 est.) -
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49: 4,938,512 (2004 est.) -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males: 277,931 (2004 est.) -
National holiday Independence Day, 28 July (1821) Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)
Nationality noun: Peruvian(s)


adjective: Peruvian
noun: Niuean(s)


adjective: Niuean
Natural hazards earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity typhoons
Natural resources copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas fish, arable land
Net migration rate -1.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) NA
Pipelines gas 388 km; oil 1,557 km; refined products 13 km (2004) -
Political parties and leaders Peruvian Aprista Party or PAP (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA) [Alan GARCIA]; Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru Posible or PP [David WAISMAN]; Popular Action or AP [Javier DIAZ Orihuela]; Solucion Popular [Carlos BOLANA]; Somos Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [Roger GUERRA Garcia] Alliance of Independents or AI; Niue People's Action Party or NPP [Young VIVIAN]
Political pressure groups and leaders leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)] NA
Population 27,544,305 (July 2004 est.) 1,492


note: based on data for 2000 and 2001, which indicate a declining population trend that is assumed to continue (July 2007 est.)
Population below poverty line 54% (2003 est.) NA%
Population growth rate 1.39% (2004 est.) -0.032% (2007 est.)
Ports and harbors Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Matarani, Paita, Puerto Maldonado, Salaverry, San Martin, Talara, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas


note: Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are all on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries
-
Radio broadcast stations AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999) AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)
Railways total: 3,462 km


standard gauge: 2,962 km 1.435-m gauge


narrow gauge: 500 km 0.914-m gauge (2003)
-
Religions Roman Catholic 90% Ekalesia Niue (Niuean Church - a Protestant church closely related to the London Missionary Society) 61.1%, Latter-Day Saints 8.8%, Roman Catholic 7.2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2.4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, other 8.4%, unspecified 8.7%, none 1.9% (2001 census)
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female


total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
NA
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70; note - members of the military may not vote 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: adequate for most requirements


domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations


international: country code - 51; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable
domestic: single-line telephone system connects all villages on island


international: country code - 683 (2001)
Telephones - main lines in use 1,839,200 (2003) 1,100 (2002 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular 2,908,800 (2003) 400 (2002)
Television broadcast stations 13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997) 1 (1997)
Terrain western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau
Total fertility rate 2.61 children born/woman (2004 est.) NA
Unemployment rate 9.7%; widespread underemployment (2003 est.) 12% (2001)
Waterways 8,808 km


note: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca (2004)
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