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Compare Pakistan (2002) - Brazil (2001)

Compare Pakistan (2002) z Brazil (2001)

 Pakistan (2002)Brazil (2001)
 PakistanBrazil
Administrative divisions 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sindh


note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas
26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins
Age structure 0-14 years: 39.9% (male 30,321,217; female 28,581,334)


15-64 years: 56% (male 42,254,996; female 40,392,092)


65 years and over: 4.1% (male 2,984,391; female 3,129,399) (2002 est.)
0-14 years:
28.57% (male 25,390,039; female 24,449,902)

15-64 years:
65.98% (male 56,603,895; female 58,507,289)

65 years and over:
5.45% (male 3,857,564; female 5,659,886) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef
Airports 120 (2001) 3,264 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 87


over 3,047 m: 14


2,438 to 3,047 m: 21


1,524 to 2,437 m: 32


914 to 1,523 m: 17


under 914 m: 3 (2002)
total:
570

over 3,047 m:
5

2,438 to 3,047 m:
21

1,524 to 2,437 m:
141

914 to 1,523 m:
370

under 914 m:
33 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 38


1,524 to 2,437 m: 9


914 to 1,523 m: 9


under 914 m: 19 (2002)
total:
2,694

1,524 to 2,437 m:
68

914 to 1,523 m:
1,279

under 914 m:
1,347 (2000 est.)
Area total: 803,940 sq km


land: 778,720 sq km


water: 25,220 sq km
total:
8,511,965 sq km

land:
8,456,510 sq km

water:
55,455 sq km

note:
includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo
Area - comparative slightly less than twice the size of California slightly smaller than the US
Background The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with two sections West and East) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved. A third war between these countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan seceding and becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. A dispute over the state of Kashmir is ongoing. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. Following three centuries under the rule of Portugal, Brazil became an independent nation in 1822. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil has overcome more than half a century of military intervention in the governance of the country to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development of the interior. Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, Brazil became Latin America's leading economic power by the 1970s. Highly unequal income distribution remains a pressing problem.
Birth rate 30.4 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) 18.45 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues: $8.9 billion


expenditures: $11.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
revenues:
$151 billion

expenditures:
$149 billion, including capital expenditures of $36 billion (1998)
Capital Islamabad Brasilia
Climate mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north mostly tropical, but temperate in south
Coastline 1,046 km 7,491 km
Constitution 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999 5 October 1988
Country name conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan


conventional short form: Pakistan


former: West Pakistan
conventional long form:
Federative Republic of Brazil

conventional short form:
Brazil

local long form:
Republica Federativa do Brasil

local short form:
Brasil
Currency Pakistani rupee (PKR) real (BRL)
Death rate 9.02 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) 9.34 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $31.5 billion (2001 est.) $232 billion (2000)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador Nancy J. POWELL


embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad


mailing address: P. O. Box 1048, Unit 62200, APO AE 09812-2200


telephone: [92] (51) 2080-0000


FAX: [92] (51) 2276427


consulate(s): Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar
chief of mission:
Ambassador Anthony S. HARRINGTON

embassy:
Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Distrito Federal Cep 70403-900, Brasilia

mailing address:
Unit 3500, APO AA 34030

telephone:
[55] (061) 321-7272

FAX:
[55] (061) 225-9136

consulate(s) general:
Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo

consulate(s):
Recife
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Ashraf Jehangir QAZI


chancery: 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008


telephone: [1] (202) 939-6205


FAX: [1] (202) 387-0484


consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York, and Sunnyvale (California)
chief of mission:
Ambassador Rubens Antonio BARBOSA

chancery:
3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 238-2700

FAX:
[1] (202) 238-2827

consulate(s) general:
Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco
Disputes - international armed stand-off with India over the status and sovereignty of Kashmir continues; dispute with India over the terminus of Rann of Kutch prevents extension of a maritime boundary; water-sharing problems with India persist over the Indus River (Wular Barrage); close ties with Pashtuns in Afghanistan make long border difficult to control none
Economic aid - recipient $2 billion (FY99/00) NA
Economy - overview Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, suffers from internal political disputes, lack of foreign investment, and a costly confrontation with neighboring India. Pakistan's economic prospects, marred by poor human development indicators, low levels of foreign investment, and reliance on international creditors for hard currency inflows, were nonetheless on an upswing through most of 2001. The MUSHARRAF government made significant inroads in macroeconomic reform - it completed an IMF short-term loan program for the first time and improved its standing with international creditors by increasing revenue collection and restraining the fiscal deficit in the 2001/02 budget. While Pakistan has capitalized on its international standing after the 11 September terrorist attacks on the US by garnering substantial assistance from abroad - including $1.3 billion in IMF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility aid and $12.5 billion in Paris Club debt rescheduling - long-term prospects remain uncertain. GDP growth will continue to hinge on crop performance; dependence on foreign oil leaves the import bill vulnerable to fluctuating oil prices; and foreign and domestic investors remain wary of committing to projects in Pakistan. Pakistani trade levels - already in decline due to the global economic downturn - worsened in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Possessing large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South American countries and is expanding its presence in world markets. In the late eighties and early nineties, high inflation hindered economic activity and investment. "The Real Plan", instituted in the spring of 1994, sought to break inflationary expectations by pegging the real to the US dollar. Inflation was brought down to single digit annual figures, but not fast enough to avoid substantial real exchange rate appreciation during the transition phase of the "Real Plan". This appreciation meant that Brazilian goods were now more expensive relative to goods from other countries, which contributed to large current account deficits. However, no shortage of foreign currency ensued because of the financial community's renewed interest in Brazilian markets as inflation rates stabilized and the debt crisis of the eighties faded from memory. The maintenance of large current account deficits via capital account surpluses became problematic as investors became more risk averse to emerging market exposure as a consequence of the Asian financial crisis in 1997 and the Russian bond default in August 1998. After crafting a fiscal adjustment program and pledging progress on structural reform, Brazil received a $41.5 billion IMF-led international support program in November 1998. In January 1999, the Brazilian Central Bank announced that the real would no longer be pegged to the US dollar. This devaluation helped moderate the downturn in economic growth in 1999 that investors had expressed concerns about over the summer of 1998. Brazil's debt to GDP ratio for 1999 beat the IMF target and helped reassure investors that Brazil will maintain tight fiscal and monetary policy even with a floating currency. The economy continued to recover in 2000, with inflation remaining in the single digits and expected growth for 2001 of 4.5%. Foreign direct investment set a record of more than $30 billion in 2000.
Electricity - consumption 58.299 billion kWh (2000) 353.674 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2000) 5 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2000) 39.86 billion kWh

note:
supplied by Paraguay (1999)
Electricity - production 62.687 billion kWh (2000) 337.44 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel: 64%


hydro: 35%


nuclear: 1%


other: 0% (2000)
fossil fuel:
5.28%

hydro:
90.66%

nuclear:
1.12%

other:
2.94% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m


highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m
lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Pico da Neblina 3,014 m
Environment - current issues water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers the existence of a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities

note:
President CARDOSO in September 1999 signed into force an environmental crime bill which for the first time defines pollution and deforestation as crimes punishable by stiff fines and jail sentences
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban
party to:
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Ethnic groups Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India at the time of partition and their descendants) white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish) 55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 1%
Exchange rates Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 60.719 (January 2002), 61.927 (2001), 53.648 (2000), 49.118 (1999), 44.943 (1998), 40.918 (1997) reals per US dollar - 1.954 (January 2001), 1.830 (2000), 1.815 (1999), 1.161 (1998), 1.078 (1997), 1.005 (1996)

note:
from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official rate was determined by a managed float; since 15 January 1999, the official rate floats independently with respect to the US dollar
Executive branch note: following a military takeover on 12 October 1999, Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, General Pervez MUSHARRAF, suspended Pakistan's constitution and assumed the additional title of Chief Executive; exercising the powers of the head of the government, he appointed an eight-member National Security Council to function as Pakistan's supreme governing body; on 12 May 2000, Pakistan's Supreme Court unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and granted MUSHARRAF executive and legislative authority for three years from the coup date; on 20 June 2001, MUSHARRAF named himself as president and was sworn in, replacing Mohammad Rafiq TARAR; in a referendum held on 30 April 2002, MUSHARRAF's presidency was extended by five more years


chief of state: President Pervez MUSHARRAF (since 20 June 2001) note - MUSHARRAF is both chief of state and head of government


head of government: Chief Executive Pervez MUSHARRAF (since 12 May 2000) note - MUSHARRAF is both chief of state and head of government


cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the chief executive


elections: legislative election last held 10 October 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); prior to the military takeover, Pakistan had an elected president and prime minister; the president was elected by Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 31 December 1997; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition was usually elected prime minister by the National Assembly


election results: results are for the 10 October 2002 election for prime minister - Mir Zafarullah Khan JAMALI elected prime minister (not a position of real power)
chief of state:
President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since 1 January 1995); Vice President Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:
President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since 1 January 1995); Vice President Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the president

elections:
president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 4 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2002)

election results:
Fernando Henrique CARDOSO reelected president; percent of vote - 53%
Exports $8.8 billion f.o.b. (2001) $55.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Exports - commodities textiles (garments, cotton cloth, and yarn), rice, other agricultural products manufactures, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee
Exports - partners US 24.8%, UK 6.5%, UAE 6.2%, Hong Kong 5.9%, Germany 5.6%, (2000) US 23%, Argentina 11%, Germany 5%, Netherlands 5%, Japan 5% (1999)
Fiscal year 1 July - 30 June calendar year
Flag description green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)
GDP purchasing power parity - $299 billion (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $1.13 trillion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 26%


industry: 24%


services: 50% (2001 est.)
agriculture:
9%

industry:
29%

services:
62% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $2,100 (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $6,500 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 3.3% (2001 est.) 4.2% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 30 00 N, 70 00 E 10 00 S, 55 00 W
Geography - note controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador
Heliports 13 (2002) -
Highways total: 247,811 km


paved: 141,252 km (including 339 km of expressways)


unpaved: 106,559 km (1998)
total:
1.98 million km

paved:
184,140 km

unpaved:
1,795,860 km (1996)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 4%


highest 10%: 28% (1997) (1997)
lowest 10%:
1%

highest 10%:
47.6% (1996)
Illicit drugs opium poppy cultivation practically eliminated; key transit point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western markets; Afghan narcotics continue to transit Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Balochistan Province, and Karachi; financial crimes related to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain problems limited illicit producer of cannabis, minor coca cultivation in the Amazon region, mostly used for domestic consumption; government has a large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine headed for the US and Europe; also used by traffickers as a way station for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market for Bolivian, Peruvian, and Colombian cocaine
Imports $9.2 billion f.o.b. (2001) $55.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Imports - commodities machinery, petroleum, petroleum products, chemicals, transportation equipment, edible oils, grains, pulses, flour machinery and equipment, chemical products, oil, electricity
Imports - partners Kuwait 11.7%, UAE 10.7%, Saudi Arabia 10.5%, US 6%, Japan 5.6% (2000) US 24%, Argentina 12%, Germany 10%, Japan 5%, Italy 5% (1999)
Independence 14 August 1947 (from UK) 7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
Industrial production growth rate 7% (2001 est.) 6.9% (2000 est.)
Industries textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing, paper products, shrimp textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment
Infant mortality rate 78.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) 36.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 4% (2001 est.) 6% (2000)
International organization participation AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), C (suspended), CCC, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNTAET, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO AfDB, BIS, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMOP, UNTAET, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 30 (2000) 50 (2000)
Irrigated land 180,000 sq km (1998 est.) 28,000 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president); Federal Islamic or Shari'a Court Supreme Federal Tribunal (11 ministers are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate); Higher Tribunal of Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals (judges are appointed for life)
Labor force 40.4 million


note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2000)
79 million (1999 est.)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 44%, industry 17%, services 39% (1999 est.) services 53.2%, agriculture 23.1%, industry 23.7%
Land boundaries total: 6,774 km


border countries: Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km
total:
14,691 km

border countries:
Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km
Land use arable land: 27.81%


permanent crops: 0.79%


other: 71.4% (1998 est.)
arable land:
5%

permanent crops:
1%

permanent pastures:
22%

forests and woodland:
58%

other:
14% (1993 est.)
Languages Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8% Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
Legal system based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (100 seats - formerly 87; members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies to serve six-year terms; one-third of the members up for election every two years) and the National Assembly (342 seats - formerly 217; 10 seats represent minorities; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: Senate - last held 12 March 1997 (next to be held by October 2002); National Assembly - last held 10 October 2002 (next to be held by October 2007)


election results: Senate results are for the last election prior to the military takeover; - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PML/N 30, PPP 17, ANP 7, MQM 6, JWP 5, BNP 4, JUI/F 2, PML/J 2, BNM/H 1, PKMAP 1, TJP 1, independents 6, vacant 5; National Assembly results are for the 10 October 2002 election - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PPP 71, PML/Q 69, MMA 53, PML/N 14, MQM 13, MP 12, PML/F 4, PML/J 2, PPP/SB 2, female elected members 60, independents 21, minorities 10, others 11


note: Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF dismissed Parliament 15 October 1999
bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; three members from each state or federal district elected according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third elected after a four year period, two-thirds elected after the next four-year period) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms)

elections:
Federal Senate - last held 4 October 1998 for one-third of Senate (next to be held NA October 2002 for two-thirds of the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held 4 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2002)

election results:
Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PMDB 27, PFL 20, PSDB 16, PT 7, PPB 5, PSB 3, PDT 2, PPS 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PFL 106, PSDB 99, PMDB 82, PPB 60, PT 58, PTB 31, PDT 25, PSB 19, PL 12, PCdoB 7, other 14
Life expectancy at birth total population: 61.82 years


male: 60.96 years


female: 62.73 years (2002 est.)
total population:
63.24 years

male:
58.96 years

female:
67.73 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 42.7%


male: 55.3%


female: 29% (1998)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
83.3%

male:
83.3%

female:
83.2% (1995 est.)
Location Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean
Map references Asia South America
Maritime claims contiguous zone: 24 NM


continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin


exclusive economic zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM
contiguous zone:
24 NM

continental shelf:
200 NM

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
Merchant marine total: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 241,832 GRT/367,093 DWT


ships by type: cargo 13, container 3, petroleum tanker 1 (2002 est.)
total:
171 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,788,999 GRT/6,067,314 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 33, cargo 26, chemical tanker 5, combination ore/oil 9, container 12, liquefied gas 11, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 56, roll on/roll off 12, short-sea passenger 1 (2000 est.)
Military branches Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy (includes naval air and marines), Brazilian Air Force, Federal Police (paramilitary)
Military expenditures - dollar figure $2,545.5 million (FY01) $13.408 billion (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 4.6% (FY01) 1.9% (FY99)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49: 36,941,592 (2002 est.) males age 15-49:
48,298,486 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49: 22,606,576 (2002 est.) males age 15-49:
32,388,786 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age 17 years of age (2002 est.) 18 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males: 1,657,724 (2002 est.) males:
1,762,740 (2001 est.)
National holiday Republic Day, 23 March (1956) Independence Day, 7 September (1822)
Nationality noun: Pakistani(s)


adjective: Pakistani
noun:
Brazilian(s)

adjective:
Brazilian
Natural hazards frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August) recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south
Natural resources land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber
Net migration rate -0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) -0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 885 km; natural gas 4,044 km (1987) crude oil 2,980 km; petroleum products 4,762 km; natural gas 4,246 km (1998)
Political parties and leaders Awami National Party or ANP [Wali KHAN]; Balochistan National Movement/Hayee Group or BNM/H [Dr. HAYEE Baluch]; Baluch National Party or BNP [Sardar Akhtar MENGAL]; Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP [Akbar Khan BUGTI]; Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Niazi faction or JUP/NI [Abdul Sattar Khan NIAZI]; Millat Party or MP [Farooq LEGHARI]; Milli Yakjheti Council or MYC is an umbrella organization which includes Jamaat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED], Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami-ul-Haq faction or JUI/S [Sami ul-HAQ], Tehrik-I-Jafria Pakistan or TJP [Allama Sajid NAQVI], and Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction or JUP/NO [Shah Ahmad NOORANI]; Mutahida Qaumi Movement, Altaf faction or MQM [Altaf HUSSAIN]; Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal Pakistan or MMA [NA leader]; National People's Party or NPP [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI]; Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PKMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI]; Pakhtun Quami Party or PQP [Mohammed AFZAL Khan]; Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Democratic Party or PDP [Nawabadzada KHAN]; Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League, Junejo faction or PML/J [Hamid Nasir CHATTHA]; Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan Muslim League, Quaid-l-Azam faction or PML/Q [Mian AZHAR]; Pakistan National Party or PNP [Hasil BIZENJO]; Pakistan People's Party or PPP [Benazir BHUTTO]; Pakistan People's Party/Shaheed Bhutto or PPP/SB [Ghinva BHUTTO]; Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]


note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Jader BARBALHO, president]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Roberto JEFFERSON]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Teotonio VILELA Filno]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Miguel ARRAES, president]; Brazilian Progressive Party or PPB [Paulo Salim MALUF]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Sergio Roberto Gomes SOUZA, chairman]; Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Leonel BRIZOLA, president]; Liberal Front Party or PFL [Jorge BORNHAUSEN, president]; Liberal Party or PL [Francisco Teixeira de OLIVEIRA]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Ciro GOMEZ, president]; Worker's Party or PT [Jose DIRCEU, president]
Political pressure groups and leaders military remains most important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influential left wing of the Catholic Church, Landless Worker's Movement, and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's Party are critical of government's social and economic policies
Population 147,663,429 (July 2002 est.) 174,468,575

note:
Brazil took an intercensal count in August 1996 which reported a population of 157,079,573; that figure was about 5% lower than projections by the US Census Bureau, which is close to the implied underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census; estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 35% (2001 est.) 17.4% (1990 est.)
Population growth rate 2.06% (2002 est.) 0.91% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Imbituba, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos, Vitoria
Radio broadcast stations AM 27, FM 1, shortwave 21 (1998) AM 1,365, FM 296, shortwave 161 (of which 91 are collocated with AM stations) (1999)
Radios 13.5 million (1997) 71 million (1997)
Railways total: 8,163 km


broad gauge: 7,718 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified)


narrow gauge: 445 km 1.000-m gauge (2001)
total:
30,539 km (2,129 km electrified); note - excludes urban rail

broad gauge:
5,679 km 1.600-m gauge (1199 km electrified)

standard gauge:
194 km 1.440-m gauge

narrow gauge:
24,666 km 1.000-m gauge (930 km electrified)

dual gauge:
336 km 1.000-m and 1.600-m gauges (three rails) (1999 est.)
Religions Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3% Roman Catholic (nominal) 80%
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female


total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.68 male(s)/female

total population:
0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 21 years of age; universal; separate electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for non-Muslims voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of age
Telephone system general assessment: the domestic system is mediocre, but improving; service is adequate for government and business use, in part because major businesses have established their own private systems; since 1988, the government has promoted investment in the national telecommunications system on a priority basis, significantly increasing network capacity; despite major improvements in trunk and urban systems, telecommunication services are still not readily available to the majority of the rural population


domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks


international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (1999)
general assessment:
good working system

domestic:
extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations

international:
3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to MERCOSUR Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station
Telephones - main lines in use 2.861 million (March 1999) 17.039 million (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 158,000 (1998) 4.4 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations 22 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997) 138 (1997)
Terrain flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt
Total fertility rate 4.25 children born/woman (2002 est.) 2.09 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 6.3% (2001 est.) 7.1% (2000 est.)
Waterways none 50,000 km
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