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Compare Oman (2006) - Moldova (2001)

Compare Oman (2006) z Moldova (2001)

 Oman (2006)Moldova (2001)
 OmanMoldova
Administrative divisions 5 regions (manatiq, singular - mintaqat) and 4 governorates* (muhafazat, singular - muhafazat) Ad Dakhiliyah, Al Batinah, Al Buraymi*, Al Wusta, Ash Sharqiyah, Az Zahirah, Masqat*, Musandam*, Zufar (Dhofar)* 10 juletule (singular - juletul), 1 municipality*, and 1 autonomous territorial unit**; Balti, Cahul, Chisinau, Chisinau*, Dubasari, Edinet, Gagauzia**, Lapusna, Orhei, Soroca, Tighina, Ungheni
Age structure 0-14 years: 42.7% (male 675,423/female 648,963)


15-64 years: 54.7% (male 1,001,917/female 695,578)


65 years and over: 2.6% (male 44,300/female 36,048) (2006 est.)
0-14 years:
22.44% (male 506,303; female 488,311)

15-64 years:
67.62% (male 1,437,492; female 1,559,090)

65 years and over:
9.94% (male 163,473; female 276,901) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products dates, limes, bananas, alfalfa, vegetables; camels, cattle; fish vegetables, fruits, wine, grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, tobacco; beef, milk
Airports 137 (2006) 30 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 6


over 3,047 m: 4


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)
total:
7

over 3,047 m:
1

2,438 to 3,047 m:
2

1,524 to 2,437 m:
3

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 131


over 3,047 m: 2


2,438 to 3,047 m: 7


1,524 to 2,437 m: 52


914 to 1,523 m: 35


under 914 m: 35 (2006)
total:
23

2,438 to 3,047 m:
4

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
4

under 914 m:
14 (2000 est.)
Area total: 212,460 sq km


land: 212,460 sq km


water: 0 sq km
total:
33,843 sq km

land:
33,371 sq km

water:
472 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Kansas slightly larger than Maryland
Background The inhabitants of the area of Oman have long prospered on Indian Ocean trade. In the late 18th century, a newly established sultanate in Muscat signed the first in a series of friendship treaties with Britain. Over time, Oman's dependence on British political and military advisors increased, but it never became a British colony. In 1970, QABOOS bin Said al-Said overthrew the restrictive rule of his father; he has ruled as sultan ever since. His extensive modernization program has opened the country to the outside world while preserving the longstanding close ties with the UK. Oman's moderate, independent foreign policy has sought to maintain good relations with all Middle Eastern countries. Formerly ruled by Romania, Moldova became part of the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although independent from the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru (Dnister) River supporting the Slavic majority population, mostly Ukrainians and Russians, who have proclaimed a "Transnistria" republic. One of the poorest nations in Europe and plagued by a moribund economy, in 2001 Moldova became the first former Soviet state to elect a communist as its president.
Birth rate 36.24 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) 13.35 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues: $14.36 billion


expenditures: $10.61 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est.)
revenues:
$536 million

expenditures:
$594 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Capital name: Muscat


geographic coordinates: 23 37 N, 58 35 E


time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Chisinau
Climate dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south moderate winters, warm summers
Coastline 2,092 km 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal decree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be a constitution which, among other things, clarifies the royal succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from holding interests in companies doing business with the government, establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil liberties for Omani citizens new constitution adopted 28 July 1994; replaces old Soviet constitution of 1979
Country name conventional long form: Sultanate of Oman


conventional short form: Oman


local long form: Saltanat Uman


local short form: Uman


former: Muscat and Oman
conventional long form:
Republic of Moldova

conventional short form:
Moldova

local long form:
Republica Moldova

local short form:
none

former:
Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia
Currency - Moldovan leu (MDL)
Death rate 3.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) 12.6 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $4.361 billion (2005 est.) $900 million (2000)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador Gary A. GRAPPO


embassy: Jameat A'Duwal Al Arabiya Street, Al Khuwair area, Muscat


mailing address: P. O. Box 202, P.C. 115, Madinat Sultan Qaboos, Muscat


telephone: [968] 24-698989


FAX: [968] 24-699771
chief of mission:
Ambassador Rudolf Vilem PERINA

embassy:
Strada Alexei Mateevicie, #103, Chisinau 2009

mailing address:
use embassy street address; pouch address - American Embassy Chisinau, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7080

telephone:
[373] (2) 23-37-72

FAX:
[373] (2) 23-30-44
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Hunaina bint Sultan bin Ahmad al-MUGHAIRI


chancery: 2535 Belmont Road, NW, Washington, DC 20008


telephone: [1] (202) 387-1980 through 1981, 1988


FAX: [1] (202) 745-4933
chief of mission:
Ambassador Ceslav CIOBANU

chancery:
2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 667-1130

FAX:
[1] (202) 667-1204
Disputes - international boundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in 2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah exclave, but details have not been made public separatist Transnistria region, comprising the area between the Nistru (Dniester) River and Ukraine, has its own de facto government, dominated by Moldovan Slavs
Economic aid - recipient $76.4 million (1995) $100.8 million (1995); note - $547 million from the IMF and World Bank (1992-99)
Economy - overview Oman is a middle-income economy in the Middle East with notable oil and gas resources, a substantial trade surplus, and low inflation. Work on a new liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility progressed in 2005 and will contribute to slightly higher oil and gas exports in 2006. Oman continues to liberalize its markets and joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in November 2000. To reduce unemployment and limit dependence on foreign labor, the government is encouraging the replacement of foreign expatriate workers with local workers. Training in information technology, business management, and English support this objective. Industrial development plans focus on gas resources, metal manufacturing, petrochemicals, and international transshipment ports. In 2005, Oman signed agreements with several foreign investors to boost oil reserves, build and operate a power plant, and develop a second mobile phone network in the country. Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import all of its supplies of oil, coal, and natural gas, largely from Russia. Energy shortages contributed to sharp production declines after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. As part of an ambitious reform effort, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, freed all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises, backed steady land privatization, removed export controls, and freed interest rates. Yet these efforts could not offset the impact of political and economic difficulties, both internal and regional. In 1998, the economic troubles of Russia, by far Moldova's leading trade partner, were a major cause of the 8.6% drop in GDP. In 1999, GDP fell again, by 4.4%, the fifth drop in the past seven years; exports were down, and energy supplies continued to be erratic. GDP declined slightly in 2000, with a serious drought hurting agriculture. Growth should turn positive in 2001.
Electricity - consumption 9.582 billion kWh (2003) 5.78 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2003) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2003) 1.916 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 10.3 billion kWh (2003) 4.155 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel:
93.62%

hydro:
6.38%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m


highest point: Jabal Shams 2,980 m
lowest point:
Nistru (Dnister) River 2 m

highest point:
Dealul Balanesti 430 m
Environment - current issues rising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; very limited natural fresh water resources heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
party to:
Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
Ethnic groups Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi), African Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 est.)

note:
internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region
Exchange rates Omani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (2005), 0.3845 (2004), 0.3845 (2003), 0.3845 (2002), 0.3845 (2001) lei per US dollar - 12.3728 (January 2001), 12.4342 (2000), 10.5158 (1999), 5.3707 (1998), 4.6236 (1997), 4.6045 (1996); note - lei is the plural form of leu
Executive branch chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said al-Said (sultan since 23 July 1970 and prime minister since 23 July 1972); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government


head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said al-Said (sultan since 23 July 1970 and prime minister since 23 July 1972); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government


cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch


elections: none; the monarch is hereditary
chief of state:
President Vladimir VORONIN (since 4 April 2001)

head of government:
Prime Minister Vasile TARLEV (since 15 April 2001), three Deputy Prime Ministers: Valerian CRISTEA, Andrei CUCU, and Dmitri TODOROGLO (all since 19 April 2001)

cabinet:
selected by prime minister, subject to approval of Parliament

elections:
president elected by Parliament for a four-year term; election last held 4 April 2001; presidential elections were scheduled for December 2000, but in July 2000, Parliament canceled direct popular elections; Parliament's failure to chose a new president in December 2000 led to early parliamentary elections (moved up a year to February 2001); according to the Moldovan constitution, the president, on consulting with Parliament, will designate a candidate for the office of prime minister; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate will request a vote of confidence from the Parliament regarding his/her work program and entire cabinet; prime minister designated on 15 April 2001, cabinet received vote of confidence on 19 April 2001

election results:
Vladimir VORONIN elected president; parliamentary votes - Vladimir VORONIN 71, Dumitru BRAGHIS 15, Valerian CHRISTEA 3; Vasile TARLEV elected Prime Minister; parliamentary votes of confidence - 75 of 101
Exports 721,000 bbl/day (2004) $500 million (f.o.b., 2000)
Exports - commodities petroleum, reexports, fish, metals, textiles foodstuffs 57%, wine, tobacco; textiles and footwear, machinery (1999)
Exports - partners China 21.7%, South Korea 19.5%, Japan 14.3%, Thailand 12.7%, UAE 7.1%, Taiwan 4.1% (2005) Russia 41%, Romania 9%, Germany 8%, Ukraine 7%, Italy, Belarus (1999)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band same color scheme as Romania - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow
GDP - purchasing power parity - $11.3 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 2.7%


industry: 39%


services: 58.3% (2005 est.)
agriculture:
31%

industry:
35%

services:
34% (1998)
GDP - per capita - purchasing power parity - $2,500 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 5.6% (2005 est.) -1.5% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 21 00 N, 57 00 E 47 00 N, 29 00 E
Geography - note strategic location on Musandam Peninsula adjacent to Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil landlocked
Heliports 1 (2006) -
Highways - total:
20,000 km

paved:
13,900 km (these roads are said to be hard-surfaced, and include, in addition to conventionally paved roads, some that are surfaced with gravel or other coarse aggregate, making them trafficable in all weather)

unpaved:
6,100 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
lowest 10%:
2.7%

highest 10%:
25.8% (1992)
Illicit drugs - limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US
Imports NA bbl/day $761 million (f.o.b., 2000)
Imports - commodities machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, lubricants mineral products and fuel 38%, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles (1999)
Imports - partners UAE 22.4%, Japan 15.7%, UK 7.7%, US 6.7%, Germany 5.8%, India 4.2% (2005) Russia 21%, Romania 16%, Ukraine 14%, Germany 12%, Italy 6%, Belarus (1999)
Independence 1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese) 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
Industrial production growth rate 4.1% (2005 est.) 3% (2000 est.)
Industries crude oil production and refining, natural and liquefied natural gas (LNG) production; construction, cement, copper, steel, chemicals, optic fiber food processing, agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery, sugar, vegetable oil, shoes, textiles
Infant mortality rate total: 18.89 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 21.65 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 16 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
42.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.2% (2005 est.) 32% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WToO ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 2 (1999)
Irrigated land 720 sq km (2003) 3,110 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court


note: the nascent civil court system, administered by region, has judges who practice secular and Shari'a law
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court (the sole authority for constitutional judicature)
Labor force 920,000 (2002 est.) 1.7 million (1998)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture: NA%


industry: NA%


services: NA%
agriculture 40%, industry 14%, other 46% (1998)
Land boundaries total: 1,374 km


border countries: Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km
total:
1,389 km

border countries:
Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km
Land use arable land: 0.12%


permanent crops: 0.14%


other: 99.74% (2005)
arable land:
53%

permanent crops:
14%

permanent pastures:
13%

forests and woodland:
13%

other:
7% (1993 est.)
Languages Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)
Legal system based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the monarch; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews legality of legislative acts and governmental decisions of resolution; it is unclear if Moldova accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) documents
Legislative branch bicameral Majlis Oman consists of an upper chamber or Majlis al-Dawla (58 seats; members appointed by the monarch; has advisory powers only) and a lower chamber or Majlis al-Shura (83 seats; members elected by popular vote for four-year terms; body has some limited power to propose legislation, but otherwise has only advisory powers)


elections: last held 4 October 2003 (next to be held NA 2007)


election results: NA
unicameral Parliament or Parlamentul (101 seats; parties and electoral blocs, as well as independent candidates, elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections:
last held 25 February 2001 (next to be held NA 2005)

election results:
percent of vote by party - PCM 50.1%, Braghis Alliance 13.4%, PPCD 8.2%, other parties 28.3%; seats by party - PCM 71, Braghis Alliance 19, PPCD 11
Life expectancy at birth total population: 73.37 years


male: 71.14 years


female: 75.72 years (2006 est.)
total population:
64.6 years

male:
60.15 years

female:
69.26 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition: NA


total population: 75.8%


male: 83.1%


female: 67.2%
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
96%

male:
99%

female:
94% (1989 est.)
Location Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and Persian Gulf, between Yemen and UAE Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania
Map references Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States
Maritime claims territorial sea: 12 nm


contiguous zone: 24 nm


exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
none (landlocked)
Merchant marine total: 1 ship (1000 GRT or over) 10,797 GRT/5,040 DWT


by type: passenger 1


registered in other countries: 2 (Kazakhstan 2) (2006)
-
Military branches Royal Omani Armed Forces: Royal Army of Oman, Royal Navy of Oman, Royal Air Force of Oman (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Sultanat Oman, RAFO) (2006) Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops)
Military expenditures - dollar figure $252.99 million (2004) $6 million (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 11.4% (2003) 1% (FY99)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49:
1,164,018 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49:
921,210 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age - 18 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males:
42,268 (2001 est.)
National holiday Birthday of Sultan QABOOS, 18 November (1940) Independence Day, 27 August (1991)
Nationality noun: Omani(s)


adjective: Omani
noun:
Moldovan(s)

adjective:
Moldovan
Natural hazards summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior; periodic droughts landslides (57 cases in 1998)
Natural resources petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land
Net migration rate 0.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.) -0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines gas 4,072 km; oil 3,405 km (2006) natural gas 310 km (1992)
Political parties and leaders none Braghis Alliance [Dumitru BRAGHIS]; Popular Christian Democratic Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA]; Communist Party or PCM [Vladimir VORONIN, first chairman]
Political pressure groups and leaders none NA
Population 3,102,229


note: includes 577,293 non-nationals (July 2006 est.)
4,431,570 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line NA% 75% (1999 est.)
Population growth rate 3.28% (2006 est.) 0.05% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors - none
Radio broadcast stations AM 3, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1999) AM 7, FM 50, shortwave 3 (1998)
Radios - 3.22 million (1997)
Railways - total:
1,328 km

broad gauge:
1,328 km 1.520-m gauge (1992)
Religions Ibadhi Muslim 75%, Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, Hindu Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about 1,000 members) (1991)
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.44 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 1.23 male(s)/female


total population: 1.25 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.92 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.59 male(s)/female

total population:
0.91 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage in Oman's most recent Majlis al-Shura elections in 2003, suffrage was universal for all Omanis over age 21 except for members of the military and security forces; the next Majlis al-Shura elections are scheduled for 2007 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: modern system consisting of open-wire, microwave, and radiotelephone communication stations; limited coaxial cable


domestic: open-wire, microwave, radiotelephone communications, and a domestic satellite system with 8 earth stations


international: country code - 968; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat
general assessment:
inadequate, outmoded, poor service outside Chisinau, some effort to modernize is under way

domestic:
new subscribers face long wait for service; mobile cellular telephone service being introduced

international:
service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik
Telephones - main lines in use 265,200 (2005) 627,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 1.333 million (2005) 2,200 (1997)
Television broadcast stations 13 (plus 25 low-power repeaters) (1999) 1 (plus 30 repeaters) (1995)
Terrain central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea
Total fertility rate 5.77 children born/woman (2006 est.) 1.67 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 15% (2004 est.) 1.9% (includes only officially registered unemployed; large numbers of underemployed workers) (November 2000)
Waterways - 424 km (1994)
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