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Compare Nigeria (2001) - Chad (2001)

Compare Nigeria (2001) z Chad (2001)

 Nigeria (2001)Chad (2001)
 NigeriaChad
Administrative divisions 36 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Abuja Federal Capital Territory*, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nassarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile
Age structure 0-14 years:
43.71% (male 27,842,225; female 27,514,197)

15-64 years:
53.47% (male 34,456,738; female 33,259,194)

65 years and over:
2.82% (male 1,780,862; female 1,782,410) (2001 est.)
0-14 years:
47.73% (male 2,091,724; female 2,064,514)

15-64 years:
49.46% (male 2,035,099; female 2,271,389)

65 years and over:
2.81% (male 101,579; female 142,773) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava (tapioca), yams, rubber; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; timber; fish cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca); cattle, sheep, goats, camels
Airports 70 (2000 est.) 50 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total:
36

over 3,047 m:
7

2,438 to 3,047 m:
10

1,524 to 2,437 m:
10

914 to 1,523 m:
7

under 914 m:
2 (2000 est.)
total:
7

over 3,047 m:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
3

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
34

1,524 to 2,437 m:
2

914 to 1,523 m:
14

under 914 m:
18 (2000 est.)
total:
43

1,524 to 2,437 m:
12

914 to 1,523 m:
20

under 914 m:
11 (2000 est.)
Area total:
923,768 sq km

land:
910,768 sq km

water:
13,000 sq km
total:
1.284 million sq km

land:
1,259,200 sq km

water:
24,800 sq km
Area - comparative slightly more than twice the size of California slightly more than three times the size of California
Background Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted in 1999 and a peaceful transition to civilian government completed. The new president faces the daunting task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement, and institutionalizing democracy. In addition, the OBASANJO administration must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious tensions, if it is to build a sound foundation for economic growth and political stability. Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of ethnic warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually suppressed or came to terms with most political-military groups, settled a territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable to Chad, drafted a democratic constitution, and held multiparty presidential and National Assembly elections in 1996 and 1997 respectively. In 1998 a new rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which continued to escalate throughout 2000. Despite movement toward democratic reform, power remains in the hands of a northern ethnic oligarchy.
Birth rate 39.69 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 48.28 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues:
$3.4 billion

expenditures:
$3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
revenues:
$198 million

expenditures:
$218 million, including capital expenditures of $146 million (1998 est.)
Capital Abuja; note - on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially transferred from Lagos to Abuja; most federal government offices have now made the move to Abuja N'Djamena
Climate varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north tropical in south, desert in north
Coastline 853 km 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution NA 1999 new constitution adopted passed by referendum 31 March 1995
Country name conventional long form:
Federal Republic of Nigeria

conventional short form:
Nigeria
conventional long form:
Republic of Chad

conventional short form:
Chad

local long form:
Republique du Tchad

local short form:
Tchad
Currency naira (NGN) Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Death rate 13.91 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 15.4 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $32 billion (2000 est.) $1 billion (1999 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Howard Franklin JETER

embassy:
8 Mambilla Drive, Abuja

mailing address:
P. O. Box 554, Lagos

telephone:
[234] (1) 261-0050, -0078

FAX:
[234] (1) 261-0257
chief of mission:
Ambassador Christopher E. GOLDTHWAIT

embassy:
Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena

mailing address:
B. P. 413, N'Djamena

telephone:
[235] (51) 70-09, (51) 90-52, (51) 92-33

FAX:
[235] (51) 56-54
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Jibril AMINU

chancery:
1333 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone:
[1] (202) 986-8400

FAX:
[1] (202) 775-1385

consulate(s) general:
Atlanta and New York
chief of mission:
Ambassador Hassaballah Abdelhadi Ahmat SOUBIANE

chancery:
2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009

telephone:
[1] (202) 462-4009

FAX:
[1] (202) 265-1937
Disputes - international delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; dispute with Cameroon over land and maritime boundaries around the Bakasi Peninsula is currently before the ICJ; tripartite maritime boundary and economic zone dispute with Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon is currently before the ICJ delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria
Economic aid - recipient ODA $250 million (1998) $238.3 million (1995); note - $125 million committed by Taiwan (August 1997); $30 million committed by African Development Bank
Economy - overview The oil-rich Nigerian economy, long hobbled by political instability, corruption, and poor macroeconomic management, is undergoing substantial economic reform under the new civilian administration. Nigeria's former military rulers failed to diversify the economy away from overdependence on the capital-intensive oil sector, which provides 20% of GDP, 95% of foreign exchange earnings, and about 65% of budgetary revenues. The largely subsistence agricultural sector has failed to keep up with rapid population growth, and Nigeria, once a large net exporter of food, now must import food. Following the signing of an IMF stand-by agreement in August 2000, Nigeria received a debt-restructuring deal from the Paris Club and a $1 billion loan from the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms. Increases in foreign investment and oil production combined with high world oil prices should push growth over 4% in 2001-02. Landlocked Chad's economic development suffers from its geographic remoteness, drought, lack of infrastructure, and political turmoil. About 85% of the population depends on agriculture, including the herding of livestock. Of Africa's Francophone countries, Chad benefited least from the 50% devaluation of their currencies in January 1994. Financial aid from the World Bank, the African Development Fund, and other sources is directed largely at the improvement of agriculture, especially livestock production. The World Bank's decision to back the Doba oil field development and the Chad-Cameroon pipeline will add Chad to the group of already booming West African oil exporters. However, the rank and file may not benefit much from the oil development projects.
Electricity - consumption 17.372 billion kWh (1999) 83.7 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 19 million kWh (1999) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 18.7 billion kWh (1999) 90 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
52.94%

hydro:
47.06%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Chappal Waddi 2,419 m
lowest point:
Djourab Depression 160 m

highest point:
Emi Koussi 3,415 m
Environment - current issues soil degradation; rapid deforestation; desertification inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
Ethnic groups Nigeria, which is Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Muslims, commonly referred to as "northerners" or "gorane" (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba); non-Muslims, commonly referred to as "southerners" (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa) including nonindigenous 150,000 (of whom 1,000 are French)

note:
ethnicity and regional background more commonly used to identify Chadians than religious affiliation
Exchange rates nairas per US dollar - 110.005 (January 2001), 101.697 (2000), 92.338 (1999), 21.886 (1998), 21.886 (1997), 21.884 (1996) Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro
Executive branch chief of state:
President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:
President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:
Federal Executive Council

elections:
president is elected by popular vote for no more than two four-year terms; election last held 27 February 1999 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results:
Olusegun OBASANJO elected president; percent of vote - Olusegun OBASANJO (PDP) 62.8%, Olu FALAE (APP-AD) 37.2%
chief of state:
President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)

head of government:
Prime Minister Nagoum YAMASSOUM (since 13 December 1999)

cabinet:
Council of State, members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections:
president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY elected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh KEBZABO 7%

note:
government coalition - MPS, UNDR, and URD
Exports $22.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $172 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber cotton, cattle, textiles
Exports - partners US 36%, India 9%, Spain 8%, Brazil 6%, France 6%, (1999) Portugal 38%, Germany 12%, Thailand, Costa Rica, South Africa, France (1999)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
GDP purchasing power parity - $117 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $8.1 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
40%

industry:
40%

services:
20% (1999 est.)
agriculture:
40%

industry:
14%

services:
46% (1998)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $950 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 3.5% (2000 est.) 4% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 10 00 N, 8 00 E 15 00 N, 19 00 E
Geography - note - landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel
Heliports 1 (2000 est.) -
Highways total:
194,394 km

paved:
60,068 km (including 1,194 km of expressways)

unpaved:
134,326 km

note:
many of the roads reported as paved may be graveled; because of poor maintenance and years of heavy freight traffic - in part the result of the failure of the railroad system - much of the road system is barely usable (1997)
total:
33,400 km

paved:
267 km

unpaved:
33,133 km (1996)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
1.6%

highest 10%:
40.8% (1996-97)
lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
Illicit drugs facilitates movement of heroin en route from Southeast and Southwest Asia to Western Europe and North America; increasingly a transit route for cocaine from South America intended for European, East Asian, and North American markets -
Imports $10.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $223 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods, food and live animals machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles
Imports - partners UK 11%, Germany 10%, US 9%, France 8%, China 6% (1999) France 40%, Cameroon 13%, Nigeria 12%, India 5% (1999)
Independence 1 October 1960 (from UK) 11 August 1960 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate 1.5% (2000 est.) 5% (1995)
Industries crude oil, coal, tin, columbite, palm oil, peanuts, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel cotton textiles, meatpacking, beer brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials
Infant mortality rate 73.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 95.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 6.5% (2000 est.) 3% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNTAET, UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, CEMAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 11 (2000) 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 9,570 sq km (1993 est.) 140 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court (judges appointed by the Provisional Ruling Council); Federal Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the federal government on the advice of the Advisory Judicial Committee) Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts
Labor force 66 million (1999 est.) NA
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 70%, industry 10%, services 20% (1999 est.) agriculture 85% (subsistence farming, herding, and fishing)
Land boundaries total:
4,047 km

border countries:
Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km
total:
5,968 km

border countries:
Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km
Land use arable land:
33%

permanent crops:
3%

permanent pastures:
44%

forests and woodland:
12%

other:
8% (1993 est.)
arable land:
3%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
36%

forests and woodland:
26%

other:
35% (1993 est.)
Languages English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani French (official), Arabic (official), Sara and Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects
Legal system based on English common law, Islamic Shariah law (only in some northern states), and traditional law based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch bicameral National Assembly consists of Senate (109 seats, three from each state and one from the Federal Capital Territory; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and House of Representatives (360 seats, members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections:
Senate - last held 20-24 February 1999 (next to be held NA 2003); House of Representatives - last held 20-24 February 1999 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results:
Senate - percent of vote by party - PDP 58%, APP 23%, AD 19%; seats by party - PDP 67, APP 23, AD 19; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDP 58%, APP 30%, AD 12%; seats by party - PDP 221, APP 70, AD 69
unicameral National Assembly (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); replaces the Higher Transitional Council or the Conseil Superieur de Transition

elections:
National Assembly - last held in two rounds on 5 January and 23 February 1997 (next to be held in late 2001); in the first round of voting some candidates won clear victories by receiving 50% or more of the vote; where that did not happen, the two highest scoring candidates stood for a second round of voting

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPS 65, URD 29, UNDR 15, RDP 3, others 13
Life expectancy at birth total population:
51.07 years

male:
51.07 years

female:
51.07 years (2001 est.)
total population:
50.88 years

male:
48.86 years

female:
52.98 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
57.1%

male:
67.3%

female:
47.3% (1995 est.)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic

total population:
48.1%

male:
62.1%

female:
34.7% (1995 est.)
Location Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Central Africa, south of Libya
Map references Africa Africa
Maritime claims continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
none (landlocked)
Merchant marine total:
41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 357,372 GRT/636,254 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 1, cargo 10, chemical tanker 4, petroleum tanker 24, roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)
-
Military branches Army, Navy, Air Force Armed Forces (includes Ground Force, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), Republican Guard, Rapid Intervention Force, Police, Rural and Nomadic Guard (GNNT)
Military expenditures - dollar figure $360 million (FY00) $39 million (FY96)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 10% (FY00) 3.5% (FY96)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
29,940,922 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
1,814,578 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
17,201,367 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
949,997 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age 20 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
1,375,112 (2001 est.)
males:
82,003 (2001 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 1 October (1960) Independence Day, 11 August (1960)
Nationality noun:
Nigerian(s)

adjective:
Nigerian
noun:
Chadian(s)

adjective:
Chadian
Natural hazards periodic droughts hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues
Natural resources natural gas, petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, arable land petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)
Net migration rate 0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 2,042 km; petroleum products 3,000 km; natural gas 500 km -
Political parties and leaders All People's Party or APP [Alhaji Yusuf ALI]; Alliance for Democracy or AD [contested between Yusuf MAMMAN and Alhasi Adamu ABDULKADIR]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Barnabas GEMADE] National Union for Development and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman] (originally in opposition but now the party in power and the party of the president); Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lal Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]
Political pressure groups and leaders NA NA
Population 126,635,626

note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
8,707,078 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 45% (2000 est.) 64% (1995 est.)
Population growth rate 2.61% (2001 est.) 3.29% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Calabar, Lagos, Onne, Port Harcourt, Sapele, Warri none
Radio broadcast stations AM 82, FM 35, shortwave 11 (1998) AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 5 (1998)
Radios 23.5 million (1997) 1.67 million (1997)
Railways total:
3,557 km

narrow gauge:
3,505 km 1.067-m gauge

standard gauge:
52 km 1.435-m gauge

note:
years of neglect of both the rolling stock and the right-of-way have seriously reduced the capacity and utility of the system; a project to restore Nigeria's railways is now underway
0 km
Religions Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% Muslim 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs (mostly animism) 25%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
1 male(s)/female

total population:
1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth:
1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.9 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.71 male(s)/female

total population:
0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
an inadequate system, further limited by poor maintenance; major expansion is required and a start has been made

domestic:
intercity traffic is carried by coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, a domestic communications satellite system with 19 earth stations, and a coastal submarine cable; mobile cellular facilities and the Internet are available

international:
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); coaxial submarine cable SAFE (South African Far East)
general assessment:
primitive system

domestic:
fair system of radiotelephone communication stations

international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 500,000 (2000) 7,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 26,700 (1997) NA
Television broadcast stations 2 government-controlled; note - in addition, in 1993, 14 licenses to operate private television stations were granted (1999) 1 (1997)
Terrain southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in southeast, plains in north broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south
Total fertility rate 5.57 children born/woman (2001 est.) 6.56 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 28% (1992 est.) NA%
Waterways 8,575 km

note:
consisting of the Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers and creeks
2,000 km
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