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Compare Montenegro (2007) - Tajikistan (2007)

Compare Montenegro (2007) z Tajikistan (2007)

 Montenegro (2007)Tajikistan (2007)
 MontenegroTajikistan
Administrative divisions 21 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pluzine, Pljevlja, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak 2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor); Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon* [Gorno-Badakhshan] (Khorugh), Viloyati Sughd (Khujand)


note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses
Age structure - 0-14 years: 35% (male 1,261,247/female 1,218,686)


15-64 years: 61.2% (male 2,145,300/female 2,184,519)


65 years and over: 3.8% (male 113,186/female 153,660) (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products grains, tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheepherding; commercial fishing negligible cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats
Airports 5 (2007) 26 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways total: 3


2,438 to 3,047 m: 2


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2007)
total: 18


over 3,047 m: 2


2,438 to 3,047 m: 4


1,524 to 2,437 m: 6


914 to 1,523 m: 3


under 914 m: 3 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 1


under 914 m: 1 (2007)
total: 8


under 914 m: 8 (2007)
Area total: 14,026 sq km


land: 13,812 sq km


water: 214 sq km
total: 143,100 sq km


land: 142,700 sq km


water: 400 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Connecticut slightly smaller than Wisconsin
Background The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries Montenegro was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006. The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. Bolshevik control of the area was fiercely contested and not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and it is now in the process of strengthening its democracy and transitioning to a free market economy after its 1992-97 civil war. There have been no major security incidents in recent years, although the country remains the poorest in the former Soviet sphere. Attention by the international community in the wake of the war in Afghanistan has brought increased economic development assistance, which could create jobs and increase stability in the long term. Tajikistan is in the early stages of seeking World Trade Organization membership and has joined NATO's Partnership for Peace.
Birth rate 11.18 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) 27.33 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Budget revenues: NA


expenditures: NA
revenues: $519.3 million


expenditures: $612.4 million (2006 est.)
Capital name: Podgorica (administrative capital)


geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E


time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)


daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October


note: Cetinje (capital city)
name: Dushanbe


geographic coordinates: 38 35 N, 68 48 E


time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Climate Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Coastline 293.5 km 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution 12 October 1992 (was approved by the Assembly); note - Montenegro is currently writing a new constitution set to be presented to Parliament in spring 2007 6 November 1994
Country name conventional long form: Republic of Montenegro


conventional short form: Montenegro


local long form: Republika Crna Gora


local short form: Crna Gora


former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro
conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan


conventional short form: Tajikistan


local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston


local short form: Tojikiston


former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
Death rate 8.39 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) 7.05 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Debt - external $NA $876 million (2006 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador Roderick W. MOORE


embassy: Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro


mailing address: use embassy street address


telephone: [382] 81 225 417


FAX: [382] 81 241 358
chief of mission: Ambassador Tracey Ann JACOBSON


embassy: 109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue, Dushanbe 734019


mailing address: 7090 Dushanbe Place, Dulles, VA 20189


telephone: [992] (37) 229-20-00


FAX: [992] (37) 229-20-50
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Miodrag VLAHOVIC


chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009


telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108


FAX: [1] (202) 234-6109
chief of mission: Ambassador Abdujabbor SHIRINOV


chancery: 1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037


telephone: [1] (202) 223-6090


FAX: [1] (202) 223-6091
Disputes - international none in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan
Economic aid - recipient $NA $241.4 million from US (2005)
Economy - overview The republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and maintained its own central bank, used the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. On 18 January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the World Trade Organization as well as negotiating a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union in anticipation of eventual membership. Severe unemployment remains a key political and economic problem for this entire region. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among the 15 former Soviet republics. Only 7% of the land area is arable; cotton is the most important crop. Mineral resources, varied but limited in amount, include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. While Tajikistan has experienced steady economic growth since 1997, nearly two-thirds of the population continues to live in abject poverty. Economic growth reached 10.6% in 2004 but dropped to 8% in 2005 and to 7% in 2006. Tajikistan's economic situation, however, remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, weak governance, widespread unemployment, and the external debt burden. Continued privatization of medium and large state-owned enterprises could increase productivity. A debt restructuring agreement was reached with Russia in December 2002 including a $250 million write-off of Tajikistan's $300 million debt. Tajikistan ranks third in the world in terms of water resources per head. A proposed investment to finish the hydropower dams Rogun and Sangtuda I and II would substantially add to electricity production, which could be exported for profit. If finished, Rogun will be the world's tallest dam. In 2006, Tajikistan was the recipient of substantial infrastructure development credits from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to improve its roads and electricity transmission network. To help increase north-south trade, the US is constructing a $36 million bridge linking Tajikistan and Afghanistan.
Electricity - consumption 18.6 million kWh (2005) 14.66 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports - 4.257 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports - 4.508 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - production 2.864 billion kWh (2005 est.) 16.89 billion kWh (2005)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m


highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m
lowest point: Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m


highest point: Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m
Environment - current issues pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides
Environment - international agreements party to: Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ship Pollution party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12% Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%, other 2.6% (2000 census)
Exchange rates euros per US dollar - 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8089 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002) Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 3.3 (2006), 3.1166 (2005), 2.9705 (2004), 3.0614 (2003), 2.7641 (2002)
Executive branch chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 11 May 2003)


head of government: Prime Minister Zeljko STURANOVIC (since 13 November 2006)


cabinet: Ministries act as cabinet


elections: president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 11 May 2003 (next to be held in 2008); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly


election results: Filip VUJANOVIC elected on the third round; Filip VUJANOVIC 63.3%, Miodrag ZIVKOVIC 30.8%
chief of state: President Emomali RAHMON (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992)


head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January 1999)


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly


elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 6 November 2006 (next to be held in November 2013); prime minister appointed by the president


election results: Emomali RAHMONOV reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 79.3%, Olimzon BOBOYEV 6.2%, other 14.5%
Exports $171.3 million (2003) NA bbl/day
Exports - commodities - aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles
Exports - partners Switzerland 83.9%, Italy 6.1%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.3% (2006) Netherlands 40.7%, Turkey 31.7%, Iran 5.4%, Uzbekistan 4.8%, Russia 4.7% (2006)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: NA%


industry: NA%


services: NA%
agriculture: 23%


industry: 28%


services: 49% (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate NA% 7% (2006 est.)
Geographic coordinates 42 30 N, 19 18 E 39 00 N, 71 00 E
Geography - note strategic location along the Adriatic coast landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR
Heliports 1 (2007) -
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%: 3.3%


highest 10%: 25.6% (2003)
Illicit drugs - major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; Tajikistan seizes roughly 80% of all drugs captured in Central Asia and stands third worldwide in seizures of opiates (heroin and raw opium); significant consumer of opiates
Imports $601.7 million (2003) NA bbl/day
Imports - commodities - electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs
Imports - partners Greece 10.2%, Italy 10.2%, Germany 9.6%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.2% (2006) Russia 24.6%, Kazakhstan 10.8%, Uzbekistan 10.2%, China 8.6%, Azerbaijan 8% (2006)
Independence 3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro) 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)
Industrial production growth rate - 8.2% (2002 est.)
Industries steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism aluminum, zinc, lead; chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers
Infant mortality rate - total: 43.64 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 48.73 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 38.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 3.4% (2004) 11.9% (2006 est.)
International organization participation CE, CEI, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICCt, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) AsDB, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Irrigated land NA 7,220 sq km (2003)
Judicial branch Constitutional Court (five judges with nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure) Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
Labor force 259,100 (2004) 3.7 million (2003)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture: 2%


industry: 30%


services: 68% (2004 est.)
agriculture: 67.2%


industry: 7.5%


services: 25.3% (2000 est.)
Land boundaries total: 625 km


border countries: Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Serbia 203 km
total: 3,651 km


border countries: Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km
Land use arable land: 13.7%


permanent crops: 1%


other: 85.3%
arable land: 6.52%


permanent crops: 0.89%


other: 92.59% (2005)
Languages Serbian (official; Ijekavian dialect), Bosnian, Albanian, Croatian Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
Legal system based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral Assembly (81 seats; members elected by direct vote for four-year terms; changed from 74 seats in 2006)


elections: last held 10 September 2006 (next to be held 2010)


election results: percent of vote by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 40.6%, Serbian List 15.3%, Coalition SNP-NS-DSS 14.8%, PZP 13.9%, Liberals and Bosniaks 3.8%, other (including Albanian minority parties) 11.6%; seats by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 39, Serbian List 12, Coalition SNP/NS/DSS 11, PZP 11, Liberals and Bosniaks 3, Albanian minority parties 5
bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milliy (34 seats; 25 members selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; 1 seat reserved for the former president; to serve five-year terms) and the Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: last held 25 March 2005 for the National Assembly (next to be held in February 2010) and 27 February and 13 March 2005 for the Assembly of Representatives (next to be held in February 2010)


election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDPT 29, CPT 2, independents 3; Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDPT 74.9%, CPT 13.6%, Islamic Revival Party 8.9%, other 2.5%; seats by party - PDPT 51, CPT 5, Islamic Revival Party 2, independents 5
Life expectancy at birth - total population: 64.61 years


male: 61.6 years


female: 67.78 years (2007 est.)
Literacy - definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 99.5%


male: 99.7%


female: 99.2% (2000 census)
Location Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia Central Asia, west of China
Map references Europe Asia
Maritime claims territorial sea: 12 nm


continental shelf: defined by treaty
none (landlocked)
Merchant marine total: 4 ships (1000 GRT or over) 9,458 GRT/10,172 DWT


by type: cargo 4


registered in other countries: 3 (Bahamas 2, St Vincent and The Grenadines 1) (2007)
-
Military - note Montenegrin plans call for the establishment of a fully professional armed forces -
Military branches - Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Mobile Force (2007)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP - 3.9% (2005 est.)
National holiday National Day, 13 July (1878) Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)
Nationality noun: Montenegrin(s)


adjective: Montenegrin
noun: Tajikistani(s)


adjective: Tajikistani
Natural hazards destructive earthquakes earthquakes and floods
Natural resources bauxite, hydroelectricity hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold
Net migration rate - -1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Pipelines - gas 549 km; oil 38 km (2006)
Political parties and leaders Albanian Alternative or AA [Vesel SINISHTAJ]; Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]; Coalition for European Montenegro or DPS-SDP (bloc) [Milo DUKANOVIC] (includes DPS and SDP); Coalition SNP-NS-DSS (bloc) (includes SNP, NS, and DSS); Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity or SPP [Mehmet BARHDI]; Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSA]; Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; Liberals and the Bosniak Party (bloc) [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC] (includes LP and BS); Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; Party of Serb Radicals or SSR [Dusko SEKULIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC]; People's Socialist Party or NSS [Emilo LABUDOVIC]; Serbian List (bloc) [Andrija MANDIC] (includes SSR, NSS, and SNS); Serbian People's Party of Montenegro or SNS [Andrija MANDIC]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdjan MILIC] Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Amir KARAKULOV]; Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV (imprisoned October 2005); Rahmatullo VALIYEV, deputy]; Islamic Revival Party [Muhiddin KABIRI]; Party of Economic Reform or PER [Olimzon BOBOYEV]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMONOV]; Social Democratic Party or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOYIROV]; Socialist Party or SPT [Abdualim GHAFFOROV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]
Political pressure groups and leaders - unregistered political parties: Agrarian Party [Hikmatullo NASREDDINOV]; Party of Justice [Abdurahim KARIMOV]; People's Unity Party [Abdumalik ABDULLOJONOV]; Progressive Party [Sulton QUVVATOV]; Socialist Party or SPT [Mirhuseyn NAZRIYEV]; note - this is a SPT that was disbanded, another pro-government SPT (listed above under political parties) replaced it; Unity Party [Hikmatullo SAIDOV]
Population 684,736 (July 2007 est.) 7,076,598 (July 2007 est.)
Population below poverty line 12.2% (2003) 64% (2004 est.)
Population growth rate -1% (2007 est.) 1.895% (2007 est.)
Radio broadcast stations 31 (station types NA) (2004) AM 8, FM 10, shortwave 2 (2002)
Railways total: 250 km


standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 169 km) (2006)
total: 482 km


broad gauge: 482 km 1.520-m gauge (2006)
Religions Orthodox, Muslim, Roman Catholic Sunni Muslim 85%, Shi'a Muslim 5%, other 10% (2003 est.)
Sex ratio - at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.035 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.982 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.737 male(s)/female


total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites


domestic: GSM wireless service, available through 2 providers with national coverage, is growing rapidly


international: country code - 382 (the old code of 381 used by Serbia and Montenegro will also remain in use until Feb 2007); 2 international switches connect the national system
general assessment: poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not linked to the national network


domestic: the domestic telecommunications network has historically been under funded and poorly maintained; main line availability has not changed significantly since 1998; cellular telephony is rare and coverage remains limited


international: country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat (2006)
Telephones - main lines in use 353,300 (2006) 280,200 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular 821,800 (2006) 265,000 (2005)
Television broadcast stations 13 (2004) 6 (2006)
Terrain highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest
Total fertility rate - 3.09 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate 27.7% (2005) 12% (2004 est.)
Waterways - 200 km (along Vakhsh River) (2006)
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