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Compare Mongolia (2007) - Malawi (2001)

Compare Mongolia (2007) z Malawi (2001)

 Mongolia (2007)Malawi (2001)
 MongoliaMalawi
Administrative divisions 21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs 24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba; note - there may be three new districts named Balaka, Likoma, and Phalombe
Age structure 0-14 years: 28.7% (male 432,309/female 415,382)


15-64 years: 67.4% (male 994,186/female 995,986)


65 years and over: 3.9% (male 49,517/female 64,406) (2007 est.)
0-14 years:
44.43% (male 2,348,940; female 2,337,290)

15-64 years:
52.78% (male 2,741,622; female 2,825,966)

65 years and over:
2.79% (male 119,283; female 175,149) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, corn, potatoes, cassava (tapioca), sorghum, pulses; cattle, goats
Airports 44 (2007) 44 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 13


over 3,047 m: 1


2,438 to 3,047 m: 10


1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2007)
total:
6

over 3,047 m:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
4 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 31


over 3,047 m: 1


2,438 to 3,047 m: 5


1,524 to 2,437 m: 23


914 to 1,523 m: 1


under 914 m: 1 (2007)
total:
38

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
14

under 914 m:
23 (2000 est.)
Area total: 1,564,116 sq km total:
118,480 sq km

land:
94,080 sq km

water:
24,400 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Alaska slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Background The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAN they conquered a huge Eurasian empire. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and later came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A Communist regime was installed in 1924. The ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. Since then, parliamentary elections returned the MPRP overwhelmingly to power in 2000 and produced a coalition government in 2004. Established in 1891, the British protectorate of Nyasaland became the independent nation of Malawi in 1964. After three decades of one-party rule, the country held multiparty elections in 1994 under a provisional constitution, which took full effect the following year. National multiparty elections were held again in 1999.
Birth rate 21.07 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) 37.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues: $695.3 million


expenditures: $634.5 million (2005)
revenues:
$490 million

expenditures:
$523 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.)
Capital name: Ulaanbaatar


geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 55 E


time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)


daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September
Lilongwe
Climate desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution 12 February 1992 18 May 1994
Country name conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Mongolia


local long form: none


local short form: Mongol Uls


former: Outer Mongolia
conventional long form:
Republic of Malawi

conventional short form:
Malawi

former:
British Central African Protectorate, Nyasaland Protectorate, Nyasaland
Currency - Malawian kwacha (MWK)
Death rate 6.21 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) 22.81 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $1.38 billion (2005) $2.9 billion (2000 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador Mark C. MINTON


embassy: Big Ring Road, 11th Micro Region, Ulaanbaatar


mailing address: PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar-13


telephone: [976] (11) 329-095


FAX: [976] (11) 320-776
chief of mission:
Ambassador Roger A. MEECE

embassy:
Area 40, Plot 24, Kenyatta Road

mailing address:
P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe 3, Malawi

telephone:
[265] 773 166

FAX:
[265] 770 471
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Ravdan BOLD


chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007


telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117


FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227
chief of mission:
Ambassador Paul Tony Steven KANDIERO

chancery:
2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 797-1007
Disputes - international none dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi)
Economic aid - recipient $211.9 million (2005) $427 million (1999)
Economy - overview Economic activity in Mongolia has traditionally been based on herding and agriculture. Mongolia has extensive mineral deposits. Copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession due to political inaction and natural disasters, as well as economic growth because of reform-embracing, free-market economics and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. Severe winters and summer droughts in 2000-02 resulted in massive livestock die-off and zero or negative GDP growth. This was compounded by falling prices for Mongolia's primary sector exports and widespread opposition to privatization. Growth was 10.6% in 2004, 5.5% in 2005, and 7.5% in 2006, largely because of high copper prices and new gold production. Mongolia's economy continues to be heavily influenced by its neighbors. For example, Mongolia purchases 80% of its petroleum products and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. China is Mongolia's chief export partner and a main source of the "shadow" or "grey" economy. The World Bank and other international financial institutions estimate the grey economy to be at least equal to that of the official economy, but the former's actual size is difficult to calculate since the money does not pass through the hands of tax authorities or the banking sector. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad both legally and illegally are sizable, and money laundering is a growing concern. Mongolia settled its $11 billion debt with Russia at the end of 2003 on favorable terms. Mongolia, which joined the World Trade Organization in 1997, seeks to expand its participation and integration into Asian regional economic and trade regimes. Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 37% of GDP and 85% of export revenues. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and individual donor nations. In late 2000, Malawi was approved for relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program. The government faces strong challenges, e.g., to fully develop a market economy, to improve educational facilities, to face up to environmental problems, and to deal with the rapidly growing problem of HIV/AIDS.
Electricity - consumption 2.94 billion kWh (2006) 950 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 15.95 million kWh (2006) 3 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 125 million kWh (2006) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 3.43 billion kWh (2006) 1.025 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel:
2.44%

hydro:
97.56%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m


highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m
lowest point:
junction of the Shire River and international boundary with Mozambique 37 m

highest point:
Sapitwa 3,002 m
Environment - current issues limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning grounds endangers fish populations
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Law of the Sea
Ethnic groups Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000) Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, European
Exchange rates togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,179.6 (2006), 1,205 (2005), 1,185.3 (2004), 1,146.5 (2003), 1,110.3 (2002) Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 80.0946 (December 2000), 59.5438 (2000), 44.0881 (1999), 31.0727 (1998), 16.4442 (1997), 15.3085 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state: President Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 24 June 2005)


head of government: Prime Minister Sanjaa BAYAR (since 22 November 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Mendsaikhan ENKHSAIKHAN (since 28 January 2006)


cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president and confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament)


elections: presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 22 May 2005 (next to be held in May 2009); following legislative elections, leader of majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by State Great Hural


election results: Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected president; percent of vote - Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR 53.44%, Mendsaikhanin ENKHSAIKHAN 20.05%, Bazarsadyn JARGALSAIKHAN 13.92%, Badarchyn ERDENEBAT 12.59%; Miegombyn ENKHBOLD elected prime minister by the State Great Hural 56 to 10
chief of state:
President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:
President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:
36-member Cabinet named by the president

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
Bakili MULUZI reelected president; percent of vote - Bakili MULUZI (UDF) 51.4%, Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA (MCP-AFORD) 44.3%
Exports 821.9 bbl/day (2005 est.) $416 million (f.o.b., 2000)
Exports - commodities copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals tobacco, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, peanuts, wood products
Exports - partners China 71.8%, Canada 11.7%, US 7.3% (2006) South Africa 16%, Germany 16%, US 15%, Netherlands 7%, Japan (1999)
Fiscal year calendar year 1 July - 30 June
Flag description three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol) three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band
GDP - purchasing power parity - $9.4 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 21.7%


industry: 27.9%


services: 50.4% (2003 est.)
agriculture:
37%

industry:
29%

services:
34% (1998 est.)
GDP - per capita - purchasing power parity - $900 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 7.5% according to official estimate (2006 est.) 3% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 46 00 N, 105 00 E 13 30 S, 34 00 E
Geography - note landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia landlocked
Heliports 1 (2007) -
Highways - total:
16,451 km

paved:
3,126 km

unpaved:
13,325 km (1997)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 3%


highest 10%: 24.6% (2002)
lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
Imports 12,280 bbl/day (2004 est.) $435 million (f.o.b., 2000)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment
Imports - partners Russia 29.8%, China 29.5%, Japan 11.9% (2006) South Africa 43%, Zimbabwe 14%, UK 5%, Germany 5%, Zambia, Japan, US (1999)
Independence 11 July 1921 (from China) 6 July 1964 (from UK)
Industrial production growth rate 3% (2006 est.) NA%
Industries construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, and gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods
Infant mortality rate total: 42.65 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 45.86 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 39.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
121.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 9.5% (2005 est.) 29.5% (2000)
International organization participation ARF, AsDB, CP, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OPCW, OSCE (partner), SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 8 (2001)
Irrigated land 840 sq km (2003) 280 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts and approved by the president) Supreme Court of Appeal; High Court (chief justice appointed by the president, puisne judges appointed on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission); magistrate's courts
Labor force 1.577 million (2005) 3.5 million
Labor force - by occupation agriculture: 39.9%


industry: 31.4%


services: 28.7% (2005)
agriculture 86% (1997 est.)
Land boundaries total: 8,220 km


border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km
total:
2,881 km

border countries:
Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km
Land use arable land: 0.76%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 99.24% (2005)
arable land:
34%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
20%

forests and woodland:
39%

other:
7% (1993 est.)
Languages Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally
Legal system blend of Soviet, German, and US systems that combine "continental" or "civil" code and case-precedent; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral State Great Hural 76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms


elections: last held 27 June 2004 (next to be held in June 2008)


election results: percent of vote by party - MPRP 48.8%, MDC 44.8%, independents 3.5%, Republican Party 1.5%, others 1.4%; seats by party - MPRP 36, MDC 34, others 4; note - 2 seats disputed and unfilled; following June 2004 election MDC collapsed
unicameral National Assembly (193 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
percent of vote by party - UDF 48%, MCP 34%, AFORD 15%, others 3%; seats by party - UDF 94, MCP 66, AFORD 29, others 4
Life expectancy at birth total population: 66.99 years


male: 64.61 years


female: 69.48 years (2007 est.)
total population:
37.08 years

male:
36.61 years

female:
37.55 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 97.8%


male: 98%


female: 97.5% (2000 census)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
58%

male:
72.8%

female:
43.4% (1999 est.)
Location Northern Asia, between China and Russia Southern Africa, east of Zambia
Map references Asia Africa
Maritime claims none (landlocked) none (landlocked)
Merchant marine total: 73 ships (1000 GRT or over) 448,252 GRT/668,689 DWT


by type: bulk carrier 12, cargo 52, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 5


foreign-owned: 62 (Bulgaria 2, China 3, Hong Kong 1, Japan 1, Lebanon 1, Malaysia 1, Russia 17, Singapore 12, Syria 1, Thailand 1, Ukraine 3, UAE 5, Vietnam 14) (2007)
-
Military branches Mongolian Armed Forces: Mongolian People's Army (MPA), Mongolian People's Air Force (Agaaryn Dovtolgoonoos Khamgaalakh Tsergiyn Komandial, MPAF); there is no navy (2007) Army (includes Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police (includes paramilitary Mobile Force Unit)
Military expenditures - dollar figure - $9.5 million (FY00/01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.4% (2006) 0.76% (FY00/01)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49:
2,466,708 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49:
1,265,893 (2001 est.)
National holiday Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921) Independence Day, 6 July (1964)
Nationality noun: Mongolian(s)


adjective: Mongolian
noun:
Malawian(s)

adjective:
Malawian
Natural hazards dust storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud," which is harsh winter conditions NA
Natural resources oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Political parties and leaders Citizens' Will Republican Party or CWRP [Sanjaasurengiin OYUN] (also called Civil Courage Republican Party or CCRP); Democratic Party or DP [Tsakhiagiyn ELBEGDORJ]; Motherland-Mongolian New Socialist Democratic Party or M-MNSDP [Badarchyn ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Sanji BAYAR]; Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [Bazarsadyn JARGALSAIKHAN]; People's Party or PP [Lamjav GUNDALAI]


note: DP and M-MNSDP formed Motherland-Democracy Coalition (MDC) in 2003 and with CWRP contested June 2004 elections as single party; MDC's leadership dissolved coalition in December 2004
Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA, president]; Malawi Congress Party or MCP [Gwanda CHAKUAMBA, president, John TEMBO, vice president]; Malawi Democratic Party or MDP [Kampelo KALUA, president]; National Independence Party; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Eston KAKHOME, president]; United Democratic Front or UDF [Bakili MULUZI] - governing party
Political pressure groups and leaders NA NA
Population 2,951,786 (July 2007 est.) 10,548,250

note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 36.1% (2004) 54% (FY90/91 est.)
Population growth rate 1.486% (2007 est.) 1.5% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors - Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Chilumba
Radio broadcast stations AM 7, FM 115 (includes 20 National radio broadcaster repeaters), shortwave 4 (2006) AM 9, FM 4 (plus 15 repeater stations), shortwave 3 (1998)
Radios - 2.6 million (1997)
Railways total: 1,810 km


broad gauge: 1,810 km 1.524-m gauge (2006)
total:
789 km

narrow gauge:
789 km 1.067-m gauge
Religions Buddhist Lamaist 50%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim 4%, none 40% (2004) Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%, indigenous beliefs
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.041 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.998 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.769 male(s)/female


total population: 1 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.68 male(s)/female

total population:
0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas


domestic: very low density of about 6 main lines per 100 persons (roughly 25 per 100 persons including cellular mobile phones); there are 3 wireless providers


international: country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7
general assessment:
NA

domestic:
fair system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations

international:
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 156,000 (2005) 37,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 557,200 (2005) 7,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations 456 (including provincial and low-power repeaters) (2006) 1 (1999)
Terrain vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains
Total fertility rate 2.25 children born/woman (2007 est.) 5.18 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 3.3% (2005) NA%
Waterways 580 km


note: only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, are open from May to September (2004)
144 km

note:
on Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and Shire Riverall
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