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Compare Mongolia (2002) - Malawi (2001)

Compare Mongolia (2002) z Malawi (2001)

 Mongolia (2002)Malawi (2001)
 MongoliaMalawi
Administrative divisions 21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Govi-Altay, Govi-Sumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs 24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba; note - there may be three new districts named Balaka, Likoma, and Phalombe
Age structure 0-14 years: 32% (male 438,176; female 422,960)


15-64 years: 64.1% (male 864,033; female 865,172)


65 years and over: 3.9% (male 45,080; female 59,011) (2002 est.)
0-14 years:
44.43% (male 2,348,940; female 2,337,290)

15-64 years:
52.78% (male 2,741,622; female 2,825,966)

65 years and over:
2.79% (male 119,283; female 175,149) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products wheat, barley, potatoes, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, corn, potatoes, cassava (tapioca), sorghum, pulses; cattle, goats
Airports 34 (2001) 44 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 8


2,438 to 3,047 m: 7


under 914 m: 1 (2002)
total:
6

over 3,047 m:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
4 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 26


over 3,047 m: 3


2,438 to 3,047 m: 5


1,524 to 2,437 m: 10


914 to 1,523 m: 3


under 914 m: 5 (2002)
total:
38

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
14

under 914 m:
23 (2000 est.)
Area total: 1.565 million sq km


land: 1,555,400 sq km


water: 9,600 sq km
total:
118,480 sq km

land:
94,080 sq km

water:
24,400 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Alaska slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Background The Mongols entered history in the 13th century when under GENGHIS KHAN they conquered a huge Eurasian empire. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A Communist regime was installed in 1924. During the early 1990s, the ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) gradually yielded its monopoly on power to the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC), which defeated the MPRP in a national election in 1996. Over the next four years the DUC put forward a number of key reforms to modernize the economy and democratize the political system. However, the former Communists were a strong opposition that stalled additional restructuring and made implementation difficult. In 2000, the MPRP won an overwhelming victory in the legislature - with 72 of the 76 seats - and completely reshuffled the government. While it continues many of the reform policies, the MPRP is focusing on social welfare and public order priorities. Established in 1891, the British protectorate of Nyasaland became the independent nation of Malawi in 1964. After three decades of one-party rule, the country held multiparty elections in 1994 under a provisional constitution, which took full effect the following year. National multiparty elections were held again in 1999.
Birth rate 21.8 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) 37.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues: $262 million


expenditures: $328 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
revenues:
$490 million

expenditures:
$523 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00 est.)
Capital Ulaanbaatar Lilongwe
Climate desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution 12 February 1992 18 May 1994
Country name conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Mongolia


local long form: none


local short form: Mongol Uls


former: Outer Mongolia
conventional long form:
Republic of Malawi

conventional short form:
Malawi

former:
British Central African Protectorate, Nyasaland Protectorate, Nyasaland
Currency togrog/tugrik (MNT) Malawian kwacha (MWK)
Death rate 7.01 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) 22.81 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $760 million (2000 est.) $2.9 billion (2000 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador John DINGER


embassy: inner northeast part of the Big Ring Road, just west of the Selbe Gol, Ulaanbaatar


mailing address: United States Embassy in Mongolia, P. O. Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar 13; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002


telephone: [976] (11) 329095


FAX: [976] (11) 320776
chief of mission:
Ambassador Roger A. MEECE

embassy:
Area 40, Plot 24, Kenyatta Road

mailing address:
P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe 3, Malawi

telephone:
[265] 773 166

FAX:
[265] 770 471
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Jalbuugiyn CHOINHOR


chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007


telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117


FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227


consulate(s) general: New York
chief of mission:
Ambassador Paul Tony Steven KANDIERO

chancery:
2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 797-1007
Disputes - international none dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi)
Economic aid - recipient $208.7 million (1999 est.) $427 million (1999)
Economy - overview Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and breeding of livestock. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits: copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990-91, at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. Mongolia was driven into deep recession, prolonged by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party's (MPRP) reluctance to undertake serious economic reform. The Democratic Coalition (DC) government has embraced free-market economics, easing price controls, liberalizing domestic and international trade, and attempting to restructure the banking system and the energy sector. Major domestic privatization programs were undertaken, as well as the fostering of foreign investment through international tender of the oil distribution company, a leading cashmere company, and banks. Reform was held back by the ex-Communist MPRP opposition and by the political instability brought about through four successive governments under the DC. Economic growth picked up in 1997-99 after stalling in 1996 due to a series of natural disasters and declines in world prices of copper and cashmere. In August and September 1999, the economy suffered from a temporary Russian ban on exports of oil and oil products, and Mongolia remains vulnerable in this sector. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTrO) in 1997. The international donor community pledged over $300 million per year at the last Consultative Group Meeting, held in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999. The MPRP government, elected in July 2000, is anxious to improve the investment climate; it must also deal with a heavy burden of external debt. Falling prices for Mongolia's mainly primary sector exports, widespread opposition to privatization, and adverse effects of weather on agriculture in early 2000 and 2001 restrained real GDP growth in 2000-01. Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 37% of GDP and 85% of export revenues. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and individual donor nations. In late 2000, Malawi was approved for relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program. The government faces strong challenges, e.g., to fully develop a market economy, to improve educational facilities, to face up to environmental problems, and to deal with the rapidly growing problem of HIV/AIDS.
Electricity - consumption 2.732 billion kWh (2000) 950 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 25 million kWh (2000) 3 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 181 million kWh (2000) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 2.77 billion kWh (2000) 1.025 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel: 100%


hydro: 0%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
fossil fuel:
2.44%

hydro:
97.56%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m


highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m
lowest point:
junction of the Shire River and international boundary with Mozambique 37 m

highest point:
Sapitwa 3,002 m
Environment - current issues limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; policies of the former Communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and industrial growth have raised concerns about their negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws have severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land to agricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities have also had a deleterious effect on the environment deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning grounds endangers fish populations
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Law of the Sea
Ethnic groups Mongol (predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which Kazakh is the largest group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 3.4% (1998) Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, European
Exchange rates togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,101.29 (December 2001), 1,097.70 (2001), 1,076.67 (2000), 1,072.37 (1999), 840.83 (1998), 789.99 (1997) Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 80.0946 (December 2000), 59.5438 (2000), 44.0881 (1999), 31.0727 (1998), 16.4442 (1997), 15.3085 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state: President Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (since 20 June 1997)


head of government: Prime Minister Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 26 July 2000)


cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation with the president


elections: president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural; election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)


election results: Natsagiyn BAGABANDI reelected president; percent of vote - Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (MPRP) 58.13%, Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (DP) 36.58%, Luvsandamba DASHNYAM (CWP) 3.54%, other 1.75%; Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected prime minister by a vote in the State Great Hural of 68 to 3
chief of state:
President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:
President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:
36-member Cabinet named by the president

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
Bakili MULUZI reelected president; percent of vote - Bakili MULUZI (UDF) 51.4%, Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA (MCP-AFORD) 44.3%
Exports $466.1 million f.o.b. (2000) $416 million (f.o.b., 2000)
Exports - commodities copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals tobacco, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, peanuts, wood products
Exports - partners China 59%, US 20%, Russia 10%, Japan 2% (2000) South Africa 16%, Germany 16%, US 15%, Netherlands 7%, Japan (1999)
Fiscal year calendar year 1 July - 30 June
Flag description three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol) three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band
GDP purchasing power parity - $4.7 billion (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $9.4 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 32%


industry: 30%


services: 38% (2000 est.)
agriculture:
37%

industry:
29%

services:
34% (1998 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,770 (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $900 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 2.4% (2001 est.) 3% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 46 00 N, 105 00 E 13 30 S, 34 00 E
Geography - note landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia landlocked
Highways total: 3,387 km


paved: 1,563 km


unpaved: 1,824 km


note: there are also 45,862 km of rural roads that consist of rough, unimproved, cross-country tracks (2000)
total:
16,451 km

paved:
3,126 km

unpaved:
13,325 km (1997)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 3%


highest 10%: 25% (1995) (1995)
lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
Imports $614.5 million c.i.f. (2000) $435 million (f.o.b., 2000)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment
Imports - partners Russia 34%, China 21%, Japan 12%, South Korea 9%, US 4% (2000) South Africa 43%, Zimbabwe 14%, UK 5%, Germany 5%, Zambia, Japan, US (1999)
Independence 11 July 1921 (from China) 6 July 1964 (from UK)
Industrial production growth rate 2.4% (2000 est.) NA%
Industries construction materials, mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, and gold); oil; food and beverages, processing of animal products tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods
Infant mortality rate 51.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) 121.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 11.8% (2000 est.) 29.5% (2000)
International organization participation ARF (dialogue partner), AsDB, ASEAN (observer), CCC, CP (provisional), EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 5 (2001) 8 (2001)
Irrigated land 840 sq km (1998 est.) 280 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval by the president) Supreme Court of Appeal; High Court (chief justice appointed by the president, puisne judges appointed on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission); magistrate's courts
Labor force 1.4 million (2000) 3.5 million
Labor force - by occupation primarily herding/agricultural agriculture 86% (1997 est.)
Land boundaries total: 8,162 km


border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,485 km
total:
2,881 km

border countries:
Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km
Land use arable land: 0.84%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 99.16% (1998 est.)
arable land:
34%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
20%

forests and woodland:
39%

other:
7% (1993 est.)
Languages Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally
Legal system blend of Russian, Chinese, Turkish, and Western systems of law that combines aspects of a parliamentary system with some aspects of a presidential system; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)


elections: last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2004)


election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPRP 72, other 4
unicameral National Assembly (193 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
percent of vote by party - UDF 48%, MCP 34%, AFORD 15%, others 3%; seats by party - UDF 94, MCP 66, AFORD 29, others 4
Life expectancy at birth total population: 64.62 years


male: 62.47 years


female: 66.87 years (2002 est.)
total population:
37.08 years

male:
36.61 years

female:
37.55 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 97.8%


male: 98%


female: 97.5% (2000)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
58%

male:
72.8%

female:
43.4% (1999 est.)
Location Northern Asia, between China and Russia Southern Africa, east of Zambia
Map references Asia Africa
Maritime claims none (landlocked) none (landlocked)
Military branches Mongolian Armed Forces (includes General Purpose Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense Troops); note - Border Troops are under Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs in peacetime Army (includes Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police (includes paramilitary Mobile Force Unit)
Military expenditures - dollar figure $24.3 million (FY01) $9.5 million (FY00/01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 2.5% (FY01) 0.76% (FY00/01)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49: 772,619 (2002 est.) males age 15-49:
2,466,708 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49: 501,493 (2002 est.) males age 15-49:
1,265,893 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age (2002 est.) -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males: 30,230 (2002 est.) -
National holiday Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921) Independence Day, 6 July (1964)
Nationality noun: Mongolian(s)


adjective: Mongolian
noun:
Malawian(s)

adjective:
Malawian
Natural hazards dust storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud", which is harsh winter conditions NA
Natural resources oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphate limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Political parties and leaders Citizens' Will Party or CWP (also called Civil Will Party or Civil Courage Party) [Sanjaasurengyn OYUN]; Democratic Party or DP [D. DORLIGJAN]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]; Mongolian New Socialist Democratic Party or MNSDP [B. ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]


note: the MPRP is the ruling party
Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA, president]; Malawi Congress Party or MCP [Gwanda CHAKUAMBA, president, John TEMBO, vice president]; Malawi Democratic Party or MDP [Kampelo KALUA, president]; National Independence Party; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Eston KAKHOME, president]; United Democratic Front or UDF [Bakili MULUZI] - governing party
Political pressure groups and leaders NA NA
Population 2,694,432 (July 2002 est.) 10,548,250

note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 36% (2001 est.) 54% (FY90/91 est.)
Population growth rate 1.48% (2002 est.) 1.5% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors none Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Chilumba
Radio broadcast stations AM 7, FM 9, shortwave 4 (2001) AM 9, FM 4 (plus 15 repeater stations), shortwave 3 (1998)
Radios 155,900 (1999) 2.6 million (1997)
Railways 1,815 km


broad gauge: 1,815 km 1.524-m gauge (2001)
total:
789 km

narrow gauge:
789 km 1.067-m gauge
Religions Tibetan Buddhist Lamaism 96%, Muslim (primarily in the southwest), Shamanism, and Christian 4% (1998) Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%, indigenous beliefs
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female


total population: 1 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.68 male(s)/female

total population:
0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: very low density: about 3.5 telephones for each thousand persons


domestic: NA


international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)
general assessment:
NA

domestic:
fair system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations

international:
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 104,100 (1999) 37,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 110,000 (2001) 7,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations 4 (plus 18 provincial repeaters and many low powered repeaters) (1999) 1 (1999)
Terrain vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains
Total fertility rate 2.37 children born/woman (2002 est.) 5.18 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 20% (2000) NA%
Waterways 400 km (1999) 144 km

note:
on Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and Shire Riverall
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