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Compare Mali (2008) - Mali (2001)

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 Mali (2008)Mali (2001)
 MaliMali
Age structure 0-14 years: 48.2% (male 2,921,914/female 2,853,976)


15-64 years: 48.8% (male 2,891,494/female 2,959,142)


65 years and over: 3.1% (male 149,301/female 219,575) (2007 est.)
0-14 years:
47.2% (male 2,612,215; female 2,583,370)

15-64 years:
49.73% (male 2,610,142; female 2,864,127)

65 years and over:
3.07% (male 158,486; female 180,178) (2001 est.)
Airports 29 (2007) 27 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 8


2,438 to 3,047 m: 4


1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2007)
total:
7

2,438 to 3,047 m:
4

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
2 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 21


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 5


914 to 1,523 m: 7


under 914 m: 8 (2007)
total:
20

1,524 to 2,437 m:
4

914 to 1,523 m:
7

under 914 m:
9 (2000 est.)
Area total: 1.24 million sq km


land: 1.22 million sq km


water: 20,000 sq km
total:
1.24 million sq km

land:
1.22 million sq km

water:
20,000 sq km
Background The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 by a military coup - led by the current president Amadou TOURE - enabling Mali's emergence as one of the strongest democracies on the continent. President Alpha KONARE won Mali's first democratic presidential election in 1992 and was reelected in 1997. In keeping with Mali's two-term constitutional limit, KONARE stepped down in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou TOURE, who was subsequently elected to a second term in 2007. The elections were widely judged to be free and fair. The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few months, the Sudanese Republic was renamed Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 with a transitional government, and in 1992 when Mali's first democratic presidential election was held. Since his reelection in 1997, President KONARE has continued to push through political and economic reforms and to fight corruption. In 1999 he indicated he would not run for a third term.
Birth rate 49.61 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) 48.79 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues: $764 million


expenditures: $828 million (2002 est.)
revenues:
$730 million

expenditures:
$770 million, including capital expenditures of $320 million (1997 est.)
Capital name: Bamako


geographic coordinates: 12 39 N, 8 00 W


time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Bamako
Climate subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February) subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February
Country name conventional long form: Republic of Mali


conventional short form: Mali


local long form: Republique de Mali


local short form: Mali


former: French Sudan and Sudanese Republic
conventional long form:
Republic of Mali

conventional short form:
Mali

local long form:
Republique de Mali

local short form:
Mali

former:
French Sudan and Sudanese Republic
Currency - Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Death rate 16.51 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) 18.71 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $2.8 billion (2002) $3 billion (1999)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador Terrence P. MCCULLEY


embassy: located just off the Roi Bin Fahad Aziz Bridge just west of the Bamako central district


mailing address: ACI 2000, Rue 243, Porte 297, Bamako


telephone: [223] 270-2300


FAX: [223] 270-2479
chief of mission:
Ambassador Michael RANNEBERGER

embassy:
Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V, Bamako

mailing address:
B. P. 34, Bamako

telephone:
[223] 22 54 70

FAX:
[223] 22 37 12
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Abdoulaye DIOP


chancery: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008


telephone: [1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950


FAX: [1] (202) 332-6603
chief of mission:
Ambassador Cheick Oumar DIARRAH

chancery:
2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950

FAX:
[1] (202) 332-6603
Economic aid - recipient $691.5 million (2005) $596.4 million (1995)
Economy - overview Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert and with a highly unequal distribution of income. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population is nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. Mali is heavily dependent on foreign aid and vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices for cotton, its main export, along with gold. The government has continued its successful implementation of an IMF-recommended structural adjustment program that is helping the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign investment. Mali's adherence to economic reform and the 50% devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 have pushed up economic growth to a 5% average in 1996-2007. Worker remittances and external trade routes for the landlocked country have been jeopardized by continued unrest in neighboring Cote d'Ivoire. Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population is nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. Mali is heavily dependent on foreign aid and vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices for cotton, its main export. In 1997, the government continued its successful implementation of an IMF-recommended structural adjustment program that is helping the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign investment. Mali's adherence to economic reform and the 50% devaluation of the African franc in January 1994 have pushed up economic growth to a sturdy 5% average in 1996-2000. Growth should remain around 5% in 2001-02, and inflation should stay less than 2%.
Electricity - consumption 412.9 million kWh (2005) 413.9 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh; note - recent hydropower developments may be providing electricity to Senegal and Mauritania (2005) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2005) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 444 million kWh (2005) 445 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel:
44.94%

hydro:
55.06%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Senegal River 23 m


highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m
lowest point:
Senegal River 23 m

highest point:
Hombori Tondo 1,155 m
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban
Exchange rates Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003) Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Executive branch chief of state: President Amadou Toumani TOURE (since 8 June 2002)


head of government: Prime Minister Modibo SIDIBE (since 28 September 2007)


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister


elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 29 April 2007 (next to be held April in 2012); prime minister appointed by the president


election results: Amadou Toumani TOURE reelected president; percent of vote - Amadou Toumani TOURE 71.2%, Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA 19.2%, other 9.6%
chief of state:
President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992)

head of government:
Prime Minister Mande SIDIBE (since September 2000)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 11 May 1997 (next to be held NA May 2002); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
Alpha Oumar KONARE reelected president; percent of vote - Alpha Oumar KONARE 95.9%, Mamadou DIABY 4.1%
Exports 0 bbl/day (2004) $480 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities cotton, gold, livestock cotton 50%, gold, livestock (1999 est.)
Exports - partners China 26.8%, Germany 24.9%, Thailand 7.1%, Taiwan 4.9%, Bangladesh 4% (2006) Italy 18%, Thailand 15%, Germany 7%, Portugal 4% (1999)
GDP - purchasing power parity - $9.1 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 45%


industry: 17%


services: 38% (2001 est.)
agriculture:
46%

industry:
21%

services:
33% (1998)
GDP - per capita - purchasing power parity - $850 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 4.3% (2007 est.) 4.8% (2000 est.)
Geography - note landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern, cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the northern, arid Saharan landlocked
Highways - total:
15,100 km

paved:
1,827 km

unpaved:
13,273 km (1996)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 2.4%


highest 10%: 30.2% (2001)
lowest 10%:
1.8%

highest 10%:
40.4% (1994)
Imports 4,369 bbl/day (2004) $575 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs, textiles machinery and equipment, construction materials, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles
Imports - partners France 12.8%, Senegal 12.2%, Cote d'Ivoire 10.5% (2006) Cote d'Ivoire 19%, France 19%, Senegal 4%, Benelux 3% (1999)
Industrial production growth rate NA% NA
Industries food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining minor local consumer goods production and food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining
Infant mortality rate total: 105.65 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 115.29 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 95.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
121.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 4.5% (2002 est.) 0.8% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WAEMU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 2,360 sq km (2003) 780 sq km (1993 est.)
Labor force 3.93 million (2001 est.) NA
Labor force - by occupation agriculture: 80%


industry and services: 20% (2001 est.)
agriculture and fishing 80% (1998 est.)
Land boundaries total: 7,243 km


border countries: Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km
total:
7,243 km

border countries:
Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km
Land use arable land: 3.76%


permanent crops: 0.03%


other: 96.21% (2005)
arable land:
2%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
25%

forests and woodland:
6%

other:
67% (1993 est.)
Legal system based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was formally established on 9 March 1994); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: last held 1 and 22 July 2007 (next to be held in July 2012)


election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - ADP coalition 113 (including ADEMA 51, URD 34, MPR 8, CNID 7, UDD 3, and other 10), FDR coalition 15 (including RPM 11, PARENA 4), SADI 4, independent 15
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 20 July and 3 August 1997 (next to be held in two rounds in 2002); note - much of the opposition boycotted the election

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ADEMA 130, PARENA 8, CDS 4, UDD 3, PDP 2
Life expectancy at birth total population: 49.51 years


male: 47.6 years


female: 51.46 years (2007 est.)
total population:
47.02 years

male:
45.84 years

female:
48.24 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 46.4%


male: 53.5%


female: 39.6% (2003 est.)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
31%

male:
39.4%

female:
23.1% (1995 est.)
Military branches Malian Armed Forces: Army, Republic of Mali Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Republique du Mali, FARM), National Guard (2007) Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Guard, National Police (Surete Nationale)
Military expenditures - dollar figure - $49 million (FY96)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.9% (2006) 2% (FY96)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49:
2,284,632 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49:
1,309,612 (2001 est.)
Nationality noun: Malian(s)


adjective: Malian
noun:
Malian(s)

adjective:
Malian
Natural hazards hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts
Natural resources gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum, granite, hydropower


note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited
gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, hydropower

note:
bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited
Net migration rate -6.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) -0.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Political parties and leaders Alliance for Democratic Change (political group comprised mainly of Tuareg from Mali's northern region); African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence or SADI [Oumar MARIKO, secretary general]; Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP (a coalition of political parties including ADEMA and URD formed in December 2006 to support the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE); Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE]; Convergence 2007 [Soumeylou Boubeye MAIGA]; Front for Democracy and the Republic or FDR (a coalition of political parties including RPM and PARENA formed to oppose the presidential candidacy of Amadou TOURE); National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME]; Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel MAIGA]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT; Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA]; Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE]; Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]; Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Soumaila CISSE] Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA, party chairman]; Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA [Yoro DIAKITE]; Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [Mamadou Bakary SANGARE, chairman]; Movement for the Independence, Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA [Mohamed Lamine TRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO]; National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME, secretary general]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Ali GNANGADO]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA, chairman]; Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE, secretary general]; Union of Democratic Forces for Progress or UFDP [Youssouf TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]
Political pressure groups and leaders - Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda Koye or MPGK; United Movement and Fronts of Azawad or MFUA
Population 11,995,402 (July 2007 est.) 11,008,518 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 64% (2001 est.) NA%
Population growth rate 2.681% (2007 est.) 2.97% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors - Koulikoro
Radio broadcast stations AM 1, FM 230 (27 regional and government stations, and 203 private stations), shortwave 1 (2001) AM 1, FM 14, shortwave 7 (1998)
Radios - 570,000 (1997)
Railways total: 729 km


narrow gauge: 729 km 1.000-m gauge (2006)
total:
729 km (linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes)

narrow gauge:
729 km 1.000-m gauge
Religions Muslim 90%, Christian 1%, indigenous beliefs 9% Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%
Sex ratio at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.024 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.977 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female


total population: 0.988 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.91 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.88 male(s)/female

total population:
0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 21 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: domestic system unreliable but improving; provides only minimal service


domestic: fixed-line availability is gradually increasing, but subscribership remains less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership has increased sharply to 13 per 100 persons


international: country code - 223; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean)
general assessment:
domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service

domestic:
network consists of microwave radio relay, open wire, and radiotelephone communications stations; expansion of microwave radio relay in progress

international:
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 82,500 (2006) 23,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 1.513 million (2006) 2,842 (1997)
Television broadcast stations 2 (plus repeaters) (2007) 1 (plus two repeaters) (1997)
Total fertility rate 7.38 children born/woman (2007 est.) 6.81 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 14.6% (2001 est.) NA%
Waterways 1,800 km (2007) 1,815 km
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