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Compare Libya (2005) - Kenya (2003)

Compare Libya (2005) z Kenya (2003)

 Libya (2005)Kenya (2003)
 LibyaKenya
Administrative divisions 25 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ajdabiya, Al 'Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, Zlitan; note - the 25 municipalities may have been replaced by 13 regions 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western
Age structure 0-14 years: 33.9% (male 997,364/female 955,272)


15-64 years: 62% (male 1,842,775/female 1,729,235)


65 years and over: 4.2% (male 117,967/female 122,950) (2005 est.)
0-14 years: 41.3% (male 6,609,904; female 6,461,945)


15-64 years: 55.8% (male 8,900,615; female 8,766,698)


65 years and over: 2.9% (male 389,918; female 510,011) (2003 est.)
Agriculture - products wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus, vegetables, peanuts, soybeans; cattle tea, coffee, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables; dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs
Airports 139 (2004 est.) 230 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways total: 59


over 3,047 m: 23


2,438 to 3,047 m: 6


1,524 to 2,437 m: 23


914 to 1,523 m: 5


under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)
total: 19


over 3,047 m: 4


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 3


914 to 1,523 m: 10


under 914 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 80


over 3,047 m: 5


2,438 to 3,047 m: 2


1,524 to 2,437 m: 14


914 to 1,523 m: 41


under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)
total: 211


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 14


914 to 1,523 m: 113


under 914 m: 83 (2002)
Area total: 1,759,540 sq km


land: 1,759,540 sq km


water: 0 sq km
total: 582,650 sq km


land: 569,250 sq km


water: 13,400 sq km
Area - comparative slightly larger than Alaska slightly more than twice the size of Nevada
Background From the earliest days of his rule following his 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI has espoused his own political system, the Third Universal Theory. The system is a combination of socialism and Islam derived in part from tribal practices and is supposed to be implemented by the Libyan people themselves in a unique form of "direct democracy." QADHAFI has always seen himself as a revolutionary and visionary leader. He used oil funds during the 1970s and 1980s to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversives and terrorists abroad to hasten the end of Marxism and capitalism. In addition, beginning in 1973, he engaged in military operations in northern Chad's Aozou Strip - to gain access to minerals and to use as a base of influence in Chadian politics - but was forced to retreat in 1987. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically following the downing of Pan AM Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. Libyan support for terrorism appeared to have decreased after the imposition of sanctions. During the 1990s, QADHAFI also began to rebuild his relationships with Europe. UN sanctions were suspended in April 1999 and finally lifted in September 2003 after Libya resolved the Lockerbie case. In December 2003, Libya announced that it had agreed to reveal and end its programs to develop weapons of mass destruction, and QADHAFI has made significant strides in normalizing relations with western nations since then. He has received various Western European leaders as well as many working-level and commercial delegations, and made his first trip to Western Europe in 15 years when he traveled to Brussels in April 2004. QADHAFI also finally resolved in 2004 several outstanding cases against his government for terrorist activities in the 1980s by paying compensation to the families of victims of the UTA and La Belle disco bombings. Founding president and liberation struggle icon Jomo KENYATTA led Kenya from independence until his death in 1978, when President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI took power in a constitutional succession. The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until 1982 when the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) made itself the sole legal party in Kenya. MOI acceded to internal and external pressure for political liberalization in late 1991. The ethnically fractured opposition failed to dislodge KANU from power in elections in 1992 and 1997, which were marred by violence and fraud, but are viewed as having generally reflected the will of the Kenyan people. President MOI stepped down in December of 2002 following fair and peaceful elections. Mwai KIBAKI, running as the candidate of the multiethnic, united opposition group, the National Rainbow Coalition, defeated KANU candidate Uhuru KENYATTA and assumed the presidency following a campaign centered on an anticorruption platform.
Birth rate 26.82 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) 28.81 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Budget revenues: $13.52 billion


expenditures: $12.23 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.6 billion (2004 est.)
revenues: $2.91 billion


expenditures: $2.97 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Capital Tripoli Nairobi
Climate Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Coastline 1,770 km 536 km
Constitution 11 December 1969; amended 2 March 1977 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, and 2001
Country name conventional long form: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya


conventional short form: Libya


local long form: Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishtirakiyah al Uzma


local short form: none
conventional long form: Republic of Kenya


conventional short form: Kenya


former: British East Africa
Currency - Kenyan shilling (KES)
Death rate 3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) 16.01 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Debt - external $4.069 billion (2004 est.) $5.7 billion (2002 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US the US suspended all embassy activities in Tripoli in May 1980, resumed embassy activities in February 2004 under the protective power of the US interests section of the Belgian Embassy in Tripoli, then opened a Liaison Office in Tripoli in June 2004 chief of mission: Ambassador Johnnie CARSON


embassy: US Embassy, United Nations Ave., Gigiti; P. O. Box 606 Village Market Nairobi


mailing address: Box 21A, Unit 64100, APO AE 09831


telephone: [254] (2) 537-800


FAX: [254] (2) 537-810
Diplomatic representation in the US Libya does not have an embassy in the US but maintains an interest section under the protective power of the United Arab Emirates Embassy in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Yusuf Abdulraham NZIBO


chancery: 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008


telephone: [1] (202) 387-6101


FAX: [1] (202) 462-3829


consulate(s) general: offices in Los Angeles and New York are closed; mission to the UN remains open
Disputes - international Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in Niger in currently dormant disputes; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in southern Libya Kenya's administrative boundary still extends into the Sudan, creating the "Ilemi triangle"
Economic aid - recipient $4.4 million ODA (2002) $457 million (1997)
Economy - overview The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contribute practically all export earnings and about one-quarter of GDP. These oil revenues and a small population give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa, but little of this income flows down to the lower orders of society. Libyan officials in the past four years have made progress on economic reforms as part of a broader campaign to reintegrate the country into the international fold. This effort picked up steam after UN sanctions were lifted in September 2003 and as Libya announced in December 2003 that it would abandon programs to build weapons of mass destruction. Almost all US unilateral sanctions against Libya were removed in April 2004. Libya faces a long road ahead in liberalizing the socialist-oriented economy, but initial steps - including applying for WTO membership, reducing some subsidies, and announcing plans for privatization - are laying the groundwork for a transition to a more market-based economy. The non-oil manufacturing and construction sectors, which account for about 20% of GDP, have expanded from processing mostly agricultural products to include the production of petrochemicals, iron, steel, and aluminum. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit agricultural output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food. Kenya, the regional hub for trade and finance in East Africa, is hampered by corruption and reliance upon several primary goods whose prices remain low. Following strong economic growth in 1995 and 1996, Kenya's economy has stagnated, with GDP growth failing to keep up with the rate of population growth. In 1997, the IMF suspended Kenya's Enhanced Structural Adjustment Program due to the government's failure to maintain reforms and curb corruption. A severe drought from 1999 to 2000 compounded Kenya's problems, causing water and energy rationing and reducing agricultural output. As a result, GDP contracted by 0.3% in 2000. The IMF, which had resumed loans in 2000 to help Kenya through the drought, again halted lending in 2001 when the government failed to institute several anticorruption measures. Despite the return of strong rains in 2001, weak commodity prices, endemic corruption, and low investment limited Kenya's economic growth to 1%. Growth fell below 1% in 2002 because of erratic rains, low investor confidence, meager donor support, and political infighting up to the elections. In the key December 27, 2002 elections, Daniel Arap MOI's 24-year-old reign ended, and a new opposition government took on the formidable economic problems facing the nation. Substantial donor support and rooting out corruption are essential to making Kenya realize its substantial economic potential.
Electricity - consumption 19.43 billion kWh (2002) 3.981 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2002) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2002) 230 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - production 20.89 billion kWh (2002) 4.033 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel: 71%


hydro: 17.7%


nuclear: 0%


other: 11.3% (2001)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m


highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m


highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 m
Environment - current issues desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; degradation of water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection


signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1%
Exchange rates Libyan dinars per US dollar - 1.305 (2004), 1.2929 (2003), 1.2707 (2002), 0.6051 (2001), 0.5122 (2000) Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 78.75 (2002), 78.56 (2001), 76.18 (2000), 70.33 (1999), 60.37 (1998)
Executive branch chief of state: Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969); note - holds no official title, but is de facto chief of state


head of government: Secretary of the General People's Committee (Prime Minister) Shukri Muhammad GHANIM (since 14 June 2003)


cabinet: General People's Committee established by the General People's Congress


elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of people's committees; head of government elected by the General People's Congress; election last held 2 March 2000 (next to be held NA)


election results: NA
chief of state: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002) and Vice President Moody AWORI (since 25 September 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government


head of government: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002) and Vice President Moody AWORI (since 25 September 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government


cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president


elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; in addition to receiving the largest number of votes in absolute terms, the presidential candidate must also win 25% or more of the vote in at least five of Kenya's seven provinces and one area to avoid a runoff; election last held 27 December 2002 (next to be held NA December 2007); vice president appointed by the president


election results: President Mwai KIBAKI elected; percent of vote - Mwai KIBAKI 63%, Uhuru KENYATTA 30%
Exports NA NA (2001)
Exports - commodities crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas tea, horticultural products, coffee, petroleum products, fish, cement
Exports - partners Italy 37%, Germany 16.6%, Spain 11.9%, Turkey 7.1%, France 6.2% (2004) Uganda 18.3%, UK 12.9%, US 8%, Netherlands 7.6%, Pakistan 4.9%, Tanzania 4.4%, Egypt 4.1% (2002)
Fiscal year calendar year 1 July - 30 June
Flag description plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion) three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center
GDP - purchasing power parity - $32.89 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 8.7%


industry: 45.7%


services: 45.6% (2004 est.)
agriculture: 24%


industry: 13%


services: 63% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $6,700 (2004 est.) purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 4.9% (2004 est.) 1.1% (2002 est.)
Geographic coordinates 25 00 N, 17 00 E 1 00 N, 38 00 E
Geography - note more than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value
Heliports 1 (2004 est.) -
Highways total: 83,200 km


paved: 47,590 km


unpaved: 35,610 km (1999 est.)
total: 63,942 km


paved: 7,737 km


unpaved: 56,205 km (2000)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: NA


highest 10%: NA
lowest 10%: 2%


highest 10%: 37.2% (2000)
Illicit drugs - widespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transit country for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and North America; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa; significant potential for money-laundering activity given the country's status as a regional financial center, massive corruption, and relatively high levels of narcotics-associated activities
Imports NA NA (2001)
Imports - commodities machinery, transport equipment, semi-finished goods, food, consumer products (1999) machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics
Imports - partners Italy 25.5%, Germany 11%, South Korea 6.1%, UK 5.4%, Tunisia 4.7%, Turkey 4.6% (2004) UAE 12%, Saudi Arabia 8.7%, US 8.1%, UK 7.1%, South Africa 7.1%, France 5.8%, China 5.5%, Japan 5%, India 4.8% (2002)
Independence 24 December 1951 (from Italy) 12 December 1963 (from UK)
Industrial production growth rate NA 0.9% (2002 est.)
Industries petroleum, iron and steel, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products processing; oil refining, cement; tourism
Infant mortality rate total: 24.6 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 26.92 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 22.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
total: 63.36 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 66.37 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 60.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2.9% (2004 est.) 1.9% (2002 est.)
International organization participation ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), WToO ACP, AfDB, C, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMISET, UNMOP, UNU, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 65 (2001)
Irrigated land 4,700 sq km (1998 est.) 670 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court Court of Appeal (chief justice is appointed by the president); High Court
Labor force 1.59 million (2004 est.) 10 million (2001 est.)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 17%, industry 29%, services 54% (1997 est.) agriculture 75% 75%-80%
Land boundaries total: 4,348 km


border countries: Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,115 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km
total: 3,477 km


border countries: Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km
Land use arable land: 1.03%


permanent crops: 0.19%


other: 98.78% (2001)
arable land: 7.03%


permanent crops: 0.91%


other: 92.06% (1998 est.)
Languages Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages
Legal system based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on Kenyan statutory law, Kenyan and English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in 1991
Legislative branch unicameral General People's Congress (NA seats; members elected indirectly through a hierarchy of people's committees) unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (224 seats; 210 members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms, 12 so-called "nominated" members who are appointed by the president but selected by the parties in proportion to their parliamentary vote totals, 2 ex-officio members)


elections: last held 27 December 2002 (next to be held by early 2007)


election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NARC 125, KANU 64, FORD-P 14, other 7; ex-officio 2; seats appointed by the president - NARC 7, KANU 4, FORD-P 1
Life expectancy at birth total population: 76.5 years


male: 74.29 years


female: 78.82 years (2005 est.)
total population: 45.22 years


male: 45.02 years


female: 45.43 years (2003 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 82.6%


male: 92.4%


female: 72% (2003 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 85.1%


male: 90.6%


female: 79.7% (2003 est.)
Location Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Tunisia Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania
Map references Africa Africa
Maritime claims territorial sea: 12 nm


note: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation


exclusive economic zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine total: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 129,627 GRT/105,110 DWT


by type: cargo 7, liquefied gas 3, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 4


foreign-owned: 1 (Algeria 1) (2005)
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,893 GRT/6,320 DWT


ships by type: petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 (2002 est.)
Military branches Armed Peoples on Duty (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command Army, Navy, Air Force
Military expenditures - dollar figure $1.3 billion (FY99) $185.2 million (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 3.9% (FY99) 1.8% (FY02)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49: 8,096,142 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49: 5,017,501 (2003 est.)
National holiday Revolution Day, 1 September (1969) Independence Day, 12 December (1963)
Nationality noun: Libyan(s)


adjective: Libyan
noun: Kenyan(s)


adjective: Kenyan
Natural hazards hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons
Natural resources petroleum, natural gas, gypsum gold, limestone, soda ash, salt, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife, hydropower
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population


note: according to UNHCR, by the end of 2001 Kenya was host to 220,000 refugees from neighboring countries, including: Somalia 145,000 and Sudan 68,000 (2003 est.)
Pipelines condensate 225 km; gas 3,611 km; oil 7,252 km (2004) refined products 752 km (2003)
Political parties and leaders none Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-People [Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman]; Kenya African National Union or KANU [Uhuru KENYATTA]; National Rainbow Coalition or NARC [Mwai KIBAKI] - the governing party
Political pressure groups and leaders various Arab nationalist movements with almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements; an anti-QADHAFI Libyan exile movement exists, primarily based in London, but has little influence human rights groups; labor unions; Muslim organizations; National Convention Executive Council or NCEC, a proreform coalition of political parties and nongovernment organizations [Kivutha KIBWANA]; Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK [Mutava MUSYIMI]; Roman Catholic and other Christian churches; Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur al-BUSAIDY]
Population 5,765,563


note: includes 166,510 non-nationals (July 2005 est.)
31,639,091


note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2003 est.)
Population below poverty line NA 50% (2000 est.)
Population growth rate 2.33% (2005 est.) 1.27% (2003 est.)
Ports and harbors As Sidrah, Az Zuwaytinah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf, Tripoli, Zawiyah Kisumu, Lamu, Mombasa
Radio broadcast stations AM 16, FM 3, shortwave 3 (2002) AM 24, FM 18, shortwave 6 (2001)
Railways 0 km


note: Libya is working on 7 lines totaling 2,757 km of 1.435-m gauge track; it hopes to have trains running by 2008 (2004)
total: 2,778 km


narrow gauge: 2,778 km 1.000-m gauge (2002)
Religions Sunni Muslim 97% Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, indigenous beliefs 10%, Muslim 10%, other 2%


note: a large majority of Kenyans are Christian, but estimates for the percentage of the population that adheres to Islam or indigenous beliefs vary widely
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female


total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female


total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal and compulsory 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: telecommunications system is being modernized; mobile cellular telephone system became operational in 1996


domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, cellular, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations


international: country code - 218; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cables to France and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (1999)
general assessment: unreliable; little attempt to modernize except for service to business


domestic: trunks are primarily microwave radio relay; business data commonly transferred by a very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system


international: satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat
Telephones - main lines in use 750,000 (2003) 310,000 (2001)
Telephones - mobile cellular 100,000 (2003) 540,000 (2001)
Television broadcast stations 12 (plus one low-power repeater) (1999) 8 (2002)
Terrain mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west
Total fertility rate 3.34 children born/woman (2005 est.) 3.47 children born/woman (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate 30% (2004) 40% (2001 est.)
Waterways - NA


note: part of the Lake Victoria system is within the boundaries of Kenya
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