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Compare Jamaica (2005) - Tunisia (2001)

Compare Jamaica (2005) z Tunisia (2001)

 Jamaica (2005)Tunisia (2001)
 JamaicaTunisia
Administrative divisions 14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland


note: for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation
23 governorates; Ariana (Aryanah), Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin 'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), El Kef (Al Kaf), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili (Qibili), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bou Zid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana (Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis, Zaghouan (Zaghwan)
Age structure 0-14 years: 27.5% (male 385,099/female 367,398)


15-64 years: 65.6% (male 897,953/female 893,509)


65 years and over: 6.9% (male 83,632/female 104,241) (2005 est.)
0-14 years:
28.74% (male 1,440,636; female 1,348,133)

15-64 years:
65.12% (male 3,157,988; female 3,161,596)

65 years and over:
6.14% (male 296,930; female 299,819) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, yams, vegetables, poultry, goats, milk, crustaceans, and mollusks olives, olive oil, grain, dairy products, tomatoes, citrus fruit, beef, sugar beets, dates, almonds
Airports 35 (2004 est.) 32 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 11


2,438 to 3,047 m: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 4


under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)
total:
15

over 3,047 m:
3

2,438 to 3,047 m:
6

1,524 to 2,437 m:
3

914 to 1,523 m:
3 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 24


914 to 1,523 m: 2


under 914 m: 22 (2004 est.)
total:
17

1,524 to 2,437 m:
2

914 to 1,523 m:
8

under 914 m:
7 (2000 est.)
Area total: 10,991 sq km


land: 10,831 sq km


water: 160 sq km
total:
163,610 sq km

land:
155,360 sq km

water:
8,250 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Connecticut slightly larger than Georgia
Background Jamaica gained full independence within the British Commonwealth in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurrent violence and a drop off in tourism. Elections in 1980 saw the democratic socialists voted out of office. Political violence marred elections during the 1990s. Following independence from France in 1956, President Habib BOURGIUBA established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In recent years, Tunisia has taken a moderate, non-aligned stance in its foreign relations. Domestically, it has sought to diffuse rising pressure for a more open political society.
Birth rate 16.56 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) 17.11 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues: $2.793 billion


expenditures: $3.157 billion, including capital expenditures of $236 million (2004 est.)
revenues:
$7.5 billion

expenditures:
$8.1 billion, including capital expenditures to $1.6 billion (2000 est.)
Capital Kingston Tunis
Climate tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
Coastline 1,022 km 1,148 km
Constitution 6 August 1962 1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988
Country name conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Jamaica
conventional long form:
Republic of Tunisia

conventional short form:
Tunisia

local long form:
Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah

local short form:
Tunis
Currency - Tunisian dinar (TND)
Death rate 5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) 4.99 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $5.964 billion (2004 est.) $13 billion (2000 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador Sue McCourt COBB


embassy: Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, 3rd floor, Kingston 5


mailing address: use embassy street address


telephone: [1] (876) 929-4850 through 4859


FAX: [1] (876) 935-6001
chief of mission:
Ambassador Rust DEMMING

embassy:
144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere

mailing address:
use embassy street address

telephone:
[216] (1) 782-566

FAX:
[216] (1) 789-719
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Gordon SHIRLEY


chancery: 1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036


telephone: [1] (202) 452-0660


FAX: [1] (202) 452-0081


consulate(s) general: Miami and New York
chief of mission:
Ambassador Hatem ATALLAH

chancery:
1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005

telephone:
[1] (202) 862-1850
Disputes - international none none
Economic aid - recipient $16 million (2003) $933.2 million (1995); note - ODA, $90 million (1998 est.)
Economy - overview The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on services, which now account for 60% of GDP. The country continues to derive most of its foreign exchange from tourism, remittances, and bauxite/alumina. The global economic slowdown, particularly after the terrorist attacks in the US on 11 September 2001, stunted economic growth; the economy rebounded moderately in 2003-04, with brisk tourist seasons. But the economy faces serious long-term problems: high interest rates; increased foreign competition; a pressured, sometimes sliding, exchange rate; a sizable merchandise trade deficit; large-scale unemployment; and a growing internal debt, the result of government bailouts to ailing sectors of the economy. The ratio of debt to GDP is close to 150%. Inflation, previously a bright spot, is expected to remain in the double digits. Uncertain economic conditions have led to increased civil unrest, including gang violence fueled by the drug trade. In 2004, the government faced the difficult prospect of having to achieve fiscal discipline in order to maintain debt payments while simultaneously attacking a serious and growing crime problem which is hampering economic growth. Attempts at deficit control were derailed by Hurricane Ivan in September 2004, which required substantial government spending to repair the damage. Despite the hurricane, tourism looks set to enjoy solid growth for the foreseeable future. Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, mining, energy, tourism, and manufacturing sectors. Governmental control of economic affairs while still heavy has gradually lessened over the past decade with increasing privatization, simplification of the tax structure, and a prudent approach to debt. Real growth averaged 5.5% in the past four years, and inflation is slowing. Growth in tourism and increased trade have been key elements in this steady growth. Tunisia's association agreement with the European Union entered into force on 1 March 1998, the first such accord between the EU and Mediterranean countries to be activated. Under the agreement Tunisia will gradually remove barriers to trade with the EU over the next decade. Broader privatization, further liberalization of the investment code to increase foreign investment, and improvements in government efficiency are among the challenges for the future.
Electricity - consumption 5.849 billion kWh (2002) 8.677 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2002) 19 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2002) 165 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 6.289 billion kWh (2002) 9.173 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel:
99.2%

hydro:
0.8%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m


highest point: Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m
lowest point:
Shatt al Gharsah -17 m

highest point:
Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m
Environment - current issues heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and presents human health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Marine Life Conservation
Ethnic groups black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%, mixed 7.3%, other 0.1% Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
Exchange rates Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 61.197 (2004), 57.741 (2003), 48.416 (2002), 45.996 (2001), 42.986 (2000) Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.3753 (January 2001), 1.4667 (November 2000), 1.1862 (1999), 1.1387 (1998), 1.1059 (1997), 0.9734 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Howard Felix COOKE (since 1 August 1991)


head of government: Prime Minister Percival James PATTERSON (since 30 March 1992)


cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister


elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor general; the deputy prime minister is recommended by the prime minister
chief of state:
President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987)

head of government:
Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17 November 1999)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for a third term without opposition; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN ALI nearly 100%
Exports NA $6.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rum, coffee, yams, beverages, chemicals, wearing apparel, mineral fuels textiles, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals, agricultural products, hydrocarbons
Exports - partners US 17.4%, Canada 14.8%, France 13%, China 10.5%, UK 8.7%, Netherlands 7.5%, Norway 6%, Germany 5.9% (2004) Germany 28%, France 22%, Italy 17%, Belgium 5%, Libya 4% (1999)
Fiscal year 1 April - 31 March calendar year
Flag description diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side) red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam
GDP - purchasing power parity - $62.8 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 6.1%


industry: 32.7%


services: 61.3% (2004 est.)
agriculture:
14%

industry:
32%

services:
54% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $4,100 (2004 est.) purchasing power parity - $6,500 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 1.9% (2004 est.) 5% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 18 15 N, 77 30 W 34 00 N, 9 00 E
Geography - note strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration
Highways total: 18,700 km


paved: 13,109 km


unpaved: 5,591 km (1999 est.)
total:
23,100 km

paved:
18,226 km

unpaved:
4,874 km (1996)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 2.7%


highest 10%: 30.3% (2000)
lowest 10%:
2.3%

highest 10%:
30.7% (1990)
Illicit drugs major transshipment point for cocaine from South America to North America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis; government has an active manual cannabis eradication program; corruption is a major concern; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit financial transactions -
Imports NA $8.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel, parts and accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, food
Imports - partners US 38.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.2%, France 5.6%, Japan 4.7% (2004) France 23%, Germany 23%, Italy 15%, Belgium 3% (1999)
Independence 6 August 1962 (from UK) 20 March 1956 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate -2% (2000 est.) 4.1% (2000 est.)
Industries tourism, bauxite/alumina, textiles, agro processing, wearing apparel, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products, telecommunications petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, food, beverages
Infant mortality rate total: 12.36 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 13.35 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 11.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
29.04 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 12.4% (2004 est.) 3% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, BSEC (observer), CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner), UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 250 sq km (1998 est.) 3,850 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court (judges appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation
Labor force 1.14 million (2004 est.) 2.65 million (2000 est.)

note:
shortage of skilled labor
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 20.1%, industry 16.6%, services 63.4% (2003) services 55%, industry 23%, agriculture 22% (1995 est.)
Land boundaries 0 km total:
1,424 km

border countries:
Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km
Land use arable land: 16.07%


permanent crops: 10.16%


other: 73.77% (2001)
arable land:
19%

permanent crops:
13%

permanent pastures:
20%

forests and woodland:
4%

other:
44% (1993 est.)
Languages English, patois English Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce)
Legal system based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session
Legislative branch bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 21-member body appointed by the governor general on the recommendations of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; ruling party is allocated 13 seats, and the opposition is allocated eight seats) and the House of Representatives (60 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: last held 16 October 2002 (next to be held in October 2007)


election results: percent of vote by party - PNP 52%, JLP 47.3%; seats by party - PNP 34, JLP 26
unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Majlis al-Nuwaab (182 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
percent of vote by party - RCD 92%; seats by party - RCD 148, MDS 13, UDU 7, PUP 7, Al-Tajdid 5, PSL 2; note - reforms enabled opposition parties to win up to 20% of seats; the opposition increased number of seats from 19 to 34
Life expectancy at birth total population: 73.33 years


male: 71.63 years


female: 75.12 years (2005 est.)
total population:
73.92 years

male:
72.35 years

female:
75.62 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school


total population: 87.9%


male: 84.1%


female: 91.6% (2003 est.)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
66.7%

male:
78.6%

female:
54.6% (1995 est.)
Location Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya
Map references Central America and the Caribbean Africa
Maritime claims measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines


territorial sea: 12 nm


contiguous zone: 24 nm


exclusive economic zone: 200 nm


continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin
contiguous zone:
24 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
Merchant marine total: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 74,881 GRT/100,682 DWT


by type: bulk carrier 5, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 3


foreign-owned: 8 (Germany 2, Greece 5, UAE 1) (2005)
total:
15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 149,554 GRT/156,861 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 2, cargo 4, chemical tanker 3, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 1, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)
Military branches Jamaica Defense Force: Ground Forces, Coast Guard, Air Wing Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard
Military expenditures - dollar figure $31.2 million (2003) $356 million (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 0.4% (2003) 1.5% (FY99)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49:
2,739,566 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49:
1,561,484 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age - 20 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males:
105,146 (2001 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 6 August (1962) Independence Day, 20 March (1956)
Nationality noun: Jamaican(s)


adjective: Jamaican
noun:
Tunisian(s)

adjective:
Tunisian
Natural hazards hurricanes (especially July to November) NA
Natural resources bauxite, gypsum, limestone petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
Net migration rate -4.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) -0.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines - crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas 742 km
Political parties and leaders Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Bruce GOLDING]; National Democratic Movement or NDM [Hyacinth BENNETT]; People's National Party or PNP [Percival James PATTERSON] Al-Tajdid Movement [Adel CHAOUCH]; Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique) or RCD [President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (official ruling party)]; Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI]; Movement of Democratic Socialists or MDS [Khamis CHAMMARI]; Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed Belhaj AMOR]; Unionist Democratic Union or UDU [Abderrahmane TLILI]
Political pressure groups and leaders New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists) the Islamic fundamentalist party, Al Nahda (Renaissance), is outlawed
Population 2,731,832 (July 2005 est.) 9,705,102 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 19.7% (2002 est.) 6% (2000 est.)
Population growth rate 0.71% (2005 est.) 1.15% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Kingston, Port Esquivel, Port Kaiser, Port Rhoades, Rocky Point Bizerte, Gabes, La Goulette, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, Zarzis
Radio broadcast stations AM 10, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998) AM 7, FM 20, shortwave 2 (1998)
Radios - 2.06 million (1997)
Railways total: 272 km


standard gauge: 272 km 1.435-m gauge


note: 207 of these km belonging to the Jamaica Railway Corporation had been in common carrier service until 1992 but are no longer operational; 57 km of the remaining track is privately owned and used by ALCAN to transport bauxite (2003)
total:
2,168 km

standard gauge:
471 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge:
1,687 km 1.000-m gauge

dual gauge:
10 km 1.000-m and 1.435-m gauges (three rails)
Religions Protestant 61.3% (Church of God 21.2%, Baptist 8.8%, Anglican 5.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 9%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Methodist 2.7%, United Church 2.7%, Brethren 1.1%, Jehovah's Witness 1.6%, Moravian 1.1%), Roman Catholic 4%, other including some spiritual cults 34.7% Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish and other 1%
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female


total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
at birth:
1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.99 male(s)/female

total population:
1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 20 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: fully automatic domestic telephone network


domestic: NA


international: country code - 1-876; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); 3 coaxial submarine cables
general assessment:
above the African average and continuing to be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; Internet access available

domestic:
trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay

international:
5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in Medarabtel; two international gateway digital switches
Telephones - main lines in use 444,400 (2002) 654,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 1.4 million (2002) 50,000 (1998)
Television broadcast stations 7 (1997) 26 (plus 76 repeaters) (1995)
Terrain mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara
Total fertility rate 1.95 children born/woman (2005 est.) 1.99 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 15% (2004 est.) 15.6% (2000 est.)
Waterways - none
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