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Compare Gibraltar (2001) - Mongolia (2002)
Compare Gibraltar (2001) z Mongolia (2002)
| Gibraltar (2001) | Mongolia (2002) | |
 |  | |
| Administrative divisions | none (overseas territory of the UK) | 21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Govi-Altay, Govi-Sumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs |
| Age structure | 0-14 years:
18.73% (male 2,652; female 2,528) 15-64 years: 66.33% (male 9,473; female 8,866) 65 years and over: 14.94% (male 1,733; female 2,397) (2001 est.) |
0-14 years: 32% (male 438,176; female 422,960)
15-64 years: 64.1% (male 864,033; female 865,172) 65 years and over: 3.9% (male 45,080; female 59,011) (2002 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | none | wheat, barley, potatoes, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses |
| Airports | 1 (2000 est.) | 34 (2001) |
| Airports - with paved runways | total:
1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2000 est.) |
total: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 under 914 m: 1 (2002) |
| Airports - with unpaved runways | - | total: 26
over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 5 (2002) |
| Area | total:
6.5 sq km land: 6.5 sq km water: 0 sq km |
total: 1.565 million sq km
land: 1,555,400 sq km water: 9,600 sq km |
| Area - comparative | about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC | slightly smaller than Alaska |
| Background | Strategically important, Gibraltar was ceded to Great Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the British garrison was formally declared a colony in 1830. In a 1967 referendum, Gibraltarians ignored Spanish pressure and voted overwhelmingly to remain a British dependency. | The Mongols entered history in the 13th century when under GENGHIS KHAN they conquered a huge Eurasian empire. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A Communist regime was installed in 1924. During the early 1990s, the ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) gradually yielded its monopoly on power to the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC), which defeated the MPRP in a national election in 1996. Over the next four years the DUC put forward a number of key reforms to modernize the economy and democratize the political system. However, the former Communists were a strong opposition that stalled additional restructuring and made implementation difficult. In 2000, the MPRP won an overwhelming victory in the legislature - with 72 of the 76 seats - and completely reshuffled the government. While it continues many of the reform policies, the MPRP is focusing on social welfare and public order priorities. |
| Birth rate | 11.25 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) | 21.8 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Budget | revenues:
$307 million expenditures: $284 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.) |
revenues: $262 million
expenditures: $328 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.) |
| Capital | Gibraltar | Ulaanbaatar |
| Climate | Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers | desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) |
| Coastline | 12 km | 0 km (landlocked) |
| Constitution | 30 May 1969 | 12 February 1992 |
| Country name | conventional long form:
none conventional short form: Gibraltar |
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia |
| Currency | Gibraltar pound (GIP) | togrog/tugrik (MNT) |
| Death rate | 8.82 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) | 7.01 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Debt - external | $NA | $760 million (2000 est.) |
| Dependency status | overseas territory of the UK | - |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | none (overseas territory of the UK) | chief of mission: Ambassador John DINGER
embassy: inner northeast part of the Big Ring Road, just west of the Selbe Gol, Ulaanbaatar mailing address: United States Embassy in Mongolia, P. O. Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar 13; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002 telephone: [976] (11) 329095 FAX: [976] (11) 320776 |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | none (overseas territory of the UK) | chief of mission: Ambassador Jalbuugiyn CHOINHOR
chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227 consulate(s) general: New York |
| Disputes - international | source of friction between Spain and the UK | none |
| Economic aid - recipient | $NA | $208.7 million (1999 est.) |
| Economy - overview | Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international conference center. The British military presence has been sharply reduced and now contributes about 11% to the local economy. The financial sector accounts for 20% of GDP; tourism (almost 6 million visitors in 1998), shipping services fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. In recent years, Gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a private sector economy, but changes in government spending still have a major impact on the level of employment. | Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and breeding of livestock. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits: copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990-91, at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. Mongolia was driven into deep recession, prolonged by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party's (MPRP) reluctance to undertake serious economic reform. The Democratic Coalition (DC) government has embraced free-market economics, easing price controls, liberalizing domestic and international trade, and attempting to restructure the banking system and the energy sector. Major domestic privatization programs were undertaken, as well as the fostering of foreign investment through international tender of the oil distribution company, a leading cashmere company, and banks. Reform was held back by the ex-Communist MPRP opposition and by the political instability brought about through four successive governments under the DC. Economic growth picked up in 1997-99 after stalling in 1996 due to a series of natural disasters and declines in world prices of copper and cashmere. In August and September 1999, the economy suffered from a temporary Russian ban on exports of oil and oil products, and Mongolia remains vulnerable in this sector. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTrO) in 1997. The international donor community pledged over $300 million per year at the last Consultative Group Meeting, held in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999. The MPRP government, elected in July 2000, is anxious to improve the investment climate; it must also deal with a heavy burden of external debt. Falling prices for Mongolia's mainly primary sector exports, widespread opposition to privatization, and adverse effects of weather on agriculture in early 2000 and 2001 restrained real GDP growth in 2000-01. |
| Electricity - consumption | 88.4 million kWh (1999) | 2.732 billion kWh (2000) |
| Electricity - exports | 0 kWh (1999) | 25 million kWh (2000) |
| Electricity - imports | 0 kWh (1999) | 181 million kWh (2000) |
| Electricity - production | 95 million kWh (1999) | 2.77 billion kWh (2000) |
| Electricity - production by source | fossil fuel:
100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999) |
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2000) |
| Elevation extremes | lowest point:
Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest point: Rock of Gibraltar 426 m |
lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m
highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m |
| Environment - current issues | limited natural freshwater resources; large concrete or natural rock water catchments collect rainwater | limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; policies of the former Communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and industrial growth have raised concerns about their negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws have severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land to agricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities have also had a deleterious effect on the environment |
| Environment - international agreements | - | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
| Ethnic groups | Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese | Mongol (predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which Kazakh is the largest group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 3.4% (1998) |
| Exchange rates | Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996); note - the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound | togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,101.29 (December 2001), 1,097.70 (2001), 1,076.67 (2000), 1,072.37 (1999), 840.83 (1998), 789.99 (1997) |
| Executive branch | chief of state:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor and Commander-in-Chief David DURIE (since 5 April 2000); note - DURIE was appointed in February 2000 but took office in April 2000 head of government: Chief Minister Peter CARUANA (since 17 May 1996) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the 15 elected members of the House of Assembly by the governor in consultation with the chief minister; note - there is also a Gibraltar Council that advises the governor elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor |
chief of state: President Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (since 20 June 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 26 July 2000) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation with the president elections: president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural; election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: Natsagiyn BAGABANDI reelected president; percent of vote - Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (MPRP) 58.13%, Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (DP) 36.58%, Luvsandamba DASHNYAM (CWP) 3.54%, other 1.75%; Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected prime minister by a vote in the State Great Hural of 68 to 3 |
| Exports | $81.1 million (f.o.b., 1997) | $466.1 million f.o.b. (2000) |
| Exports - commodities | (principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods 41%, other 8% | copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals |
| Exports - partners | UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, Germany | China 59%, US 20%, Russia 10%, Japan 2% (2000) |
| Fiscal year | 1 July - 30 June | calendar year |
| Flag description | two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band | three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol) |
| GDP | purchasing power parity - $500 million (1997 est.) | purchasing power parity - $4.7 billion (2001 est.) |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture:
NA% industry: NA% services: NA% |
agriculture: 32%
industry: 30% services: 38% (2000 est.) |
| GDP - per capita | purchasing power parity - $17,500 (1997 est.) | purchasing power parity - $1,770 (2001 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate | NA% | 2.4% (2001 est.) |
| Geographic coordinates | 36 11 N, 5 22 W | 46 00 N, 105 00 E |
| Geography - note | strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea | landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia |
| Highways | total:
46.25 km paved: 46.25 km unpaved: 0 km (2001) |
total: 3,387 km
paved: 1,563 km unpaved: 1,824 km note: there are also 45,862 km of rural roads that consist of rough, unimproved, cross-country tracks (2000) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%:
NA% highest 10%: NA% |
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 25% (1995) (1995) |
| Imports | $492 million (c.i.f., 1997) | $614.5 million c.i.f. (2000) |
| Imports - commodities | fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs | machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea |
| Imports - partners | UK, Spain, Japan, Netherlands | Russia 34%, China 21%, Japan 12%, South Korea 9%, US 4% (2000) |
| Independence | none (overseas territory of the UK) | 11 July 1921 (from China) |
| Industrial production growth rate | NA% | 2.4% (2000 est.) |
| Industries | tourism, banking and finance, ship-building and repairing; support to large UK naval and air bases; tobacco, mineral water, beer, canned fish | construction materials, mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, and gold); oil; food and beverages, processing of animal products |
| Infant mortality rate | 5.49 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) | 51.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 1.5% (1998) | 11.8% (2000 est.) |
| International organization participation | Interpol (subbureau) | ARF (dialogue partner), AsDB, ASEAN (observer), CCC, CP (provisional), EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
| Internet Service Providers (ISPs) | 2 (2000) | 5 (2001) |
| Irrigated land | NA sq km | 840 sq km (1998 est.) |
| Judicial branch | Supreme Court; Court of Appeal | Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval by the president) |
| Labor force | 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers) | 1.4 million (2000) |
| Labor force - by occupation | services 60%, industry 40%, agriculture NEGL% | primarily herding/agricultural |
| Land boundaries | total:
1.2 km border countries: Spain 1.2 km |
total: 8,162 km
border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,485 km |
| Land use | arable land:
0% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 0% forests and woodland: 0% other: 100% (1993 est.) |
arable land: 0.84%
permanent crops: 0% other: 99.16% (1998 est.) |
| Languages | English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Russian | Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) |
| Legal system | English law | blend of Russian, Chinese, Turkish, and Western systems of law that combines aspects of a parliamentary system with some aspects of a presidential system; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
| Legislative branch | unicameral House of Assembly (18 seats - 15 elected by popular vote, one appointed for the Speaker, and two ex officio members; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 10 February 2000 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - GSD 58%, GSLP 41%; seats by party - GSD 8, GSLP 7 |
unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPRP 72, other 4 |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population:
79.09 years male: 76.23 years female: 82.1 years (2001 est.) |
total population: 64.62 years
male: 62.47 years female: 66.87 years (2002 est.) |
| Literacy | definition:
NA total population: above 80% male: NA% female: NA% |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.8% male: 98% female: 97.5% (2000) |
| Location | Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southern coast of Spain | Northern Asia, between China and Russia |
| Map references | Europe | Asia |
| Maritime claims | territorial sea:
3 NM |
none (landlocked) |
| Merchant marine | total:
49 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 669,056 GRT/1,003,809 DWT ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 15, chemical tanker 6, container 7, multi-functional large-load carrier 3, passenger 2, petroleum tanker 14, roll on/roll off 1 (2000 est.) |
- |
| Military - note | defense is the responsibility of the UK | - |
| Military branches | British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force | Mongolian Armed Forces (includes General Purpose Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense Troops); note - Border Troops are under Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs in peacetime |
| Military expenditures - dollar figure | - | $24.3 million (FY01) |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | - | 2.5% (FY01) |
| Military manpower - availability | - | males age 15-49: 772,619 (2002 est.) |
| Military manpower - fit for military service | - | males age 15-49: 501,493 (2002 est.) |
| Military manpower - military age | - | 18 years of age (2002 est.) |
| Military manpower - reaching military age annually | - | males: 30,230 (2002 est.) |
| National holiday | Commonwealth Day, second Monday of March | Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921) |
| Nationality | noun:
Gibraltarian(s) adjective: Gibraltar |
noun: Mongolian(s)
adjective: Mongolian |
| Natural hazards | NA | dust storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud", which is harsh winter conditions |
| Natural resources | NEGL | oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphate |
| Net migration rate | NEGL migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) |
| Pipelines | 0 km | - |
| Political parties and leaders | Gibraltar Social Democrats or GSD [Peter CARUANA]; Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or GSLP [Joseph John BOSSANO] | Citizens' Will Party or CWP (also called Civil Will Party or Civil Courage Party) [Sanjaasurengyn OYUN]; Democratic Party or DP [D. DORLIGJAN]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]; Mongolian New Socialist Democratic Party or MNSDP [B. ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]
note: the MPRP is the ruling party |
| Political pressure groups and leaders | Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives Organization; Housewives Association | NA |
| Population | 27,649 (July 2001 est.) | 2,694,432 (July 2002 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | NA% | 36% (2001 est.) |
| Population growth rate | 0.24% (2001 est.) | 1.48% (2002 est.) |
| Ports and harbors | Gibraltar | none |
| Radio broadcast stations | AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (1998) | AM 7, FM 9, shortwave 4 (2001) |
| Radios | 37,000 (1997) | 155,900 (1999) |
| Railways | total:
NA km; 1.000-m gauge system in dockyard area only |
1,815 km
broad gauge: 1,815 km 1.524-m gauge (2001) |
| Religions | Roman Catholic 76.9%, Church of England 6.9%, Muslim 6.9%, Jewish 2.3%, none or other 7% (1991) | Tibetan Buddhist Lamaism 96%, Muslim (primarily in the southwest), Shamanism, and Christian 4% (1998) |
| Sex ratio | at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.) |
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2002 est.) |
| Suffrage | 18 years of age; universal, plus other UK subjects who have been residents six months or more | 18 years of age; universal |
| Telephone system | general assessment:
adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international facilities domestic: automatic exchange facilities international: radiotelephone; microwave radio relay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) |
general assessment: very low density: about 3.5 telephones for each thousand persons
domestic: NA international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region) |
| Telephones - main lines in use | 19,000 (1997) | 104,100 (1999) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | 1,620 (1997) | 110,000 (2001) |
| Television broadcast stations | 1 (plus three low-power repeaters) (1997) | 4 (plus 18 provincial repeaters and many low powered repeaters) (1999) |
| Terrain | a narrow coastal lowland borders the Rock of Gibraltar | vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central |
| Total fertility rate | 1.64 children born/woman (2001 est.) | 2.37 children born/woman (2002 est.) |
| Unemployment rate | 13.5% (1996) | 20% (2000) |
| Waterways | none | 400 km (1999) |
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