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Compare Croatia (2001) - Montenegro (2006)

Compare Croatia (2001) z Montenegro (2006)

 Croatia (2001)Montenegro (2006)
 CroatiaMontenegro
Administrative divisions 20 counties (zupanije, zupanija - singular), 1 city (grad -singular)*: Bjelovarsko-Bilogorska Zupanija, Brodsko-Posavska Zupanija, Dubrovacko-Neretvanska Zupanija, Istarska Zupanija, Karlovacka Zupanija, Koprivnicko-Krizevacka Zupanija, Krapinsko-Zagorska Zupanija, Licko-Senjska Zupanija, Medimurska Zupanija, Osjecko-Baranjska Zupanija, Pozesko-Slavonska Zupanija, Primorsko-Goranska Zupanija, Sibensko-Kninska Zupanija, Sisacko-Moslavacka Zupanija, Splitsko-Dalmatinska Zupanija, Varazdinska Zupanija, Viroviticko-Podravska Zupanija, Vukovarsko-Srijemska Zupanija, Zadarska Zupanija, Zagreb*, Zagrebacka Zupanija 21 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Andrijevia, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pluzine, Pljevlja, Podgornica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak
Age structure 0-14 years:
18.16% (male 403,722; female 383,151)

15-64 years:
66.61% (male 1,452,872; female 1,434,086)

65 years and over:
15.23% (male 245,727; female 414,584) (2001 est.)
-
Agriculture - products wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflower seed, alfalfa, clover, olives, citrus, grapes, soy beans, potatoes; livestock, dairy products grains, tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheepherding; commercial fishing negligible
Airports 67 (2000 est.) 5 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways total:
22

over 3,047 m:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
6

1,524 to 2,437 m:
2

914 to 1,523 m:
4

under 914 m:
8 (2000 est.)
total: 3


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
45

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
8

under 914 m:
36 (2000 est.)
total: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 1


under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Area total:
56,542 sq km

land:
56,414 sq km

water:
128 sq km
total: 14,026 sq km


land: 13,812 sq km


water: 214 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than West Virginia slightly smaller than Connecticut
Background In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became an independent communist state under the strong hand of Marshal TITO. Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, it took four years of sporadic, but often bitter, fighting before occupying Serb armies were mostly cleared from Croatian lands. Under UN supervision the last Serb-held enclave in eastern Slavonia was returned to Croatia in 1998. The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries it was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocratic state ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and, at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. Following a three-year postponement, Montenegro held an independence referendum in the spring of 2006 under rules set by the EU. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded the 55% threshold, allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006.
Birth rate 12.82 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 12.6 births/1,000 population (2004)
Budget revenues:
$6 billion

expenditures:
$4.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
revenues: NA


expenditures: NA
Capital Zagreb name: Podgorica (administrative capital)


geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E


time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)


daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October


note: Cetinje (capital city)
Climate Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Coastline 5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km) 293.5 km
Constitution adopted on 22 December 1990 12 October 1992 (was approved by the Assembly)
Country name conventional long form:
Republic of Croatia

conventional short form:
Croatia

local long form:
Republika Hrvatska

local short form:
Hrvatska
conventional long form: Republic of Montenegro


conventional short form: Montenegro


local long form: Republika Crna Gora


local short form: Crna Gora


former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro
Currency kuna (HRK) -
Death rate 11.41 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004)
Debt - external $9.9 billion (December 1999) NA
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Lawrence G. ROSSIN

embassy:
Andrije Hebranga 2, 100000 Zagreb

mailing address:
use street address

telephone:
[385] (1) 455-55-00

FAX:
[385] (1) 455-85-85
-
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Ivan GRDESIC

chancery:
2343 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 588-5899

FAX:
[1] (202) 588-8936

consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Cleveland, Los Angeles, New York
chief of mission: Ambassador Miodrag VLAHOVIC
Disputes - international Croatia and Italy made progress toward resolving a bilateral issue dating from World War II over property and ethnic minority rights; progress with Slovenia on discussions of adjustments to land boundary, but problems remain in defining maritime boundary in Gulf of Piran; Croatia and Yugoslavia are negotiating the status of the strategically important Prevlaka Peninsula, which is currently under a UN military observer mission (UNMOP) ethnic Albanians in Kosovo refuse demarcation of the boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement, which includes a section of boundary with Montenegro
Economic aid - recipient $NA NA
Economy - overview Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the Republic of Croatia, after Slovenia, was the most prosperous and industrialized area, with a per capita output perhaps one-third above the Yugoslav average. Croatia faces considerable economic problems stemming from: the legacy of longtime communist mismanagement of the economy; damage during the internecine fighting to bridges, factories, power lines, buildings, and houses; the large refugee and displaced population, both Croatian and Bosnian; and the disruption of economic ties. Stepped-up Western aid and investment, especially in the tourist and oil industries, would help bolster the economy. The economy emerged from its mild recession in 2000 with tourism the main factor. Massive unemployment remains a key negative element. The government's failure to press the economic reforms needed to spur growth is largely the result of coalition politics and public resistance, particularly from the trade unions, to measures that would cut jobs, wages, or social benefits. The republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and continues to maintain its own central bank, uses the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collects customs tariffs, and manages its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the IMF, World Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the World Trade Organization as well as negotiating a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union in anticipation of eventual membership. Severe unemployment remains a key political and economic problem for this entire region. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector.
Electricity - consumption 13.643 billion kWh (1999) NA
Electricity - exports 1 billion kWh (1999) -
Electricity - imports 4.45 billion kWh (1999) -
Electricity - production 10.96 billion kWh (1999) 2.864 billion kWh 2.864 billion kWh (2005 est.)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
40.89%

hydro:
59%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0.11% (1999)
-
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point:
Dinara 1,830 m
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m


highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m
Environment - current issues air pollution (from metallurgical plants) and resulting acid rain is damaging the forests; coastal pollution from industrial and domestic waste; landmine removal and reconstruction of infrastructure consequent to 1992-95 civil strife pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor
Environment - international agreements party to:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
-
Ethnic groups Croat 78.1%, Serb 12.2%, Bosniak 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, Slovenian 0.5%, Czech 0.4%, Albanian 0.3%, Montenegrin 0.3%, Roma 0.2%, others 6.6% (1991) Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma) 12%
Exchange rates kuna per US dollar - 8.089 (January 2001), 8.277 (2000), 7.112 (1999), 6.362 (1998), 6.101 (1997), 5.434 (1996) euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8089 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Stjepan (Stipe) MESIC (since 18 February 2000)

head of government:
Prime Minister Ivica RACAN (since 27 January 2000); Deputy Prime Ministers Goran GRANIC (since 27 January 2000), Zeljka ANTUNOVIC (since 27 January 2000), Slavko LINIC (since 27 January 2000)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and approved by the House of Representatives

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 7 February 2000 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister nominated by the president in line with the balance of power in the Assembly

election results:
Stjepan MESIC elected president; percent of vote - Stjepan MESIC (HNS) 56%, Drazen BUDISA (HSLS) 44%

note:
government coalition - SDP, HSLS, HSS, LP, HNS, IDS
chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 11 May 2003)


head of government: Prime Minister Zeljko STURANOVIC (since 10 November 2006)


cabinet: Ministries act as cabinet


elections: president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 11 May 2003 (next to be held in 2008); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly


election results: Filip VUJANOVIC elected on the third round; Filip VUJANOVIC 63.3%, Miodrag ZIVKOVIC 30.8%
Exports $4.3 billion (f.o.b., 1999) $171.3 million (2003)
Exports - commodities transport equipment, textiles, chemicals, foodstuffs, fuels -
Exports - partners Italy 18%, Germany 15.7%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 12.8%, Slovenia 10.6%, Austria 6.2% (1999) Switzerland 83.9%, Italy 6.1%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.3% (2003)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of arms (red and white checkered) a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered
GDP purchasing power parity - $24.9 billion (2000 est.) -
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
10%

industry:
19%

services:
71% (1999 est.)
agriculture: % NA


industry: % NA


services: % NA
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $5,800 (2000 est.) -
GDP - real growth rate 3.2% (2000 est.) NA
Geographic coordinates 45 10 N, 15 30 E 42 30 N, 19 18 E
Geography - note controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits strategic location along the Adriatic coast
Heliports 1 (2000 est.) -
Highways total:
27,840 km

paved:
23,497 km (including 330 km of expressways)

unpaved:
4,343 km (1998)
-
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
-
Illicit drugs transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe; a minor transit point for maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe -
Imports $7.8 billion (c.i.f., 1999) $601.7 million (2003)
Imports - commodities machinery, transport and electrical equipment, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, foodstuffs -
Imports - partners Germany 18.5%, Italy 15.9%, Russia 8.6%, Slovenia 7.9%, Austria 7.1% (1999) Greece 10.2%, Italy 10.2%, Germany 9.6%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.2% (2003)
Independence 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia) 3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro); note - a referendum on independence was held 21 May 2006
Industrial production growth rate 1.7% (2000) -
Industries chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages; tourism steelmaking, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
Infant mortality rate 7.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) -
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 6% (2000 est.) 3.4% (2004)
International organization participation BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO CEI, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, ICFTU, ILO, Interpol, IPU, ITU, OSCE, UN, UPU, WHO, WTO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 9 (2000) -
Irrigated land 30 sq km (1993 est.) NA
Judicial branch Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; judges for both courts appointed for eight-year terms by the Judicial Council of the Republic, which is elected by the House of Representatives Constitutional Court (five judges with nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)
Labor force 1.68 million (October 2000) 259,100 (2004)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA% agriculture: 2%


industry: 30%


services: 68% (2004)
Land boundaries total:
2,028 km

border countries:
Bosnia and Herzegovina 932 km, Hungary 329 km, Yugoslavia 266 km, Slovenia 501 km
total: 625 km


border countries: Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Serbia 203 km
Land use arable land:
21%

permanent crops:
2%

permanent pastures:
20%

forests and woodland:
38%

other:
19% (1993 est.)
arable land: 13.7%


permanent crops: 1%


other: 85.3%
Languages Croatian 96%, other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) Serbian (Ijekavian dialect - official), Bosnian, Albanian, Croatian
Legal system based on civil law system based on civil law system
Legislative branch bicameral Assembly or Sabor consists of the House of Counties or Zupanijski Dom (68 seats, 63 directly elected by popular vote, 5 appointed by the president; members serve four-year terms; note - House of Counties to be abolished in 2001) and House of Representatives or the Zastupnicki Dom (151 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections:
House of Counties - last held 13 April 1997; House of Representatives - last held 2-3 January 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
House of Counties - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - HDZ 42, HSLS/HSS 11, HSS 2, IDS 2, SDP/PGS/HNS 2, SDP/HNS 2, HSLS/HSS/HNS 1, HSLS 1; note - in some districts certain parties ran as coalitions, while in others they ran alone; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - HDZ 46, SDP 44, HSLS 24, HSS 17, HSP/HKDU 5, IDS 4, HNS 2, independents 4, minority representatives 5
unicameral Assembly (81 seats, elected by direct vote for four-year terms; changed from 74 seats at the time of the elections)


elections: last held 10 September 2006 (next to be held 2010)


election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Coalition for a European Montenegro 41, SNS 12, Coalition SPP/NS/DSS 11, PZP 11, Liberals and Bosniaks 3, Democratic League-Democratic Prosperity 1, Democratic Union of Albanians 1, Albanian Alternative 1
Life expectancy at birth total population:
73.9 years

male:
70.28 years

female:
77.73 years (2001 est.)
-
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
97%

male:
99%

female:
95% (1991 est.)
-
Location Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
Map references Europe Europe
Maritime claims continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea:
12 NM
NA
Merchant marine total:
53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 631,853 GRT/969,739 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 11, cargo 18, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 5, container 3, multi-functional large-load carrier 3, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 4, short-sea passenger 3 (2000 est.)
total: 4 ships (1000 GRT or over) 9,458 GRT/10,172 DWT


by type: cargo 4


registered in other countries: 4 (Bahamas 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2) (2006)
Military - note - Montenegrin plans call for the establishment of a fully professional armed forces
Military branches Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces -
Military expenditures - dollar figure $575 million (2000) $2.306 billion
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 3.8% (2000) -
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
1,085,877 (2001 est.)
-
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
859,621 (2001 est.)
-
Military manpower - military age 19 years of age -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
30,037 (2001 est.)
-
National holiday Republic Day/Statehood Day, 30 May (1990) National Day, 13 July
Nationality noun:
Croat(s)

adjective:
Croatian
noun: Montenegrin(s)


adjective: Montenegrin
Natural hazards destructive earthquakes destructive earthquakes
Natural resources oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower bauxite, hydroelectricity
Net migration rate 13.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -
Pipelines crude oil 670 km; petroleum products 20 km; natural gas 310 km (1992) -
Political parties and leaders Alliance of Croatian Coast and Mountains Department or PGS [Luciano SUSANJ]; Croatian Christian Democratic Union or HKDU [Marko VESELICA]; Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Ivo SANADER]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Dobroslav PARAGA]; Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Zlatko TOMCIC]; Croatian People's Party or HNS [Vesna PUSIC]; Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Drazen BUDISA]; Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC]; Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Ivan JAKOVCIC]; Liberal Party or LP [leader NA]; Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Ivica RACAN]

note:
the Social Democratic Party or SDP and the Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS formed a coalition as did the HSS, HNS, LP, and IDS, which together defeated the Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ in the 2000 lower house parliamentary election
Albanian Alternative or AA; Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]; Coalition for a European Montenegro (Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS and Social Democratic Party or SDP) [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Coalition SPP/NS/DSS; Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity [Mehmet BARHDI]; Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSA]; Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC]; Serbian People's Party of Montenegro or SNS [Andrija MANDIC]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Social Democratic Party of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Socialist People's Party or SNP [Predrag BULATOVIC]
Political pressure groups and leaders NA -
Population 4,334,142 (July 2001 est.) 630,548 (2004)
Population below poverty line 4% (1999 est.) 12.2% (2003)
Population growth rate 1.48% (2001 est.) 3.5% (2004)
Ports and harbors Dubrovnik, Dugi Rat, Omisalj, Ploce, Pula, Rijeka, Sibenik, Split, Vukovar (inland waterway port on Danube), Zadar -
Radio broadcast stations AM 16, FM 98, shortwave 5 (1999) 31 (2004)
Radios 1.51 million (1997) -
Railways total:
2,296 km

standard gauge:
2,296 km 1.435-m gauge (983 km electrified) (2000)
total: 250 km


standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 169 km) (2005)
Religions Roman Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Muslim 1.2%, Protestant 0.4%, others and unknown 10.8% (1991) Orthodox, Muslim, Roman Catholic
Sex ratio at birth:
1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.59 male(s)/female

total population:
0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
-
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if employed) 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
NA

domestic:
reconstruction plan calls for replacement of all analog circuits with digital and enlarging the network; a backup will be included in the plan for the main trunk

international:
digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe (TEL) fiber-optic project which consists of two fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik; Croatia is also investing in ADRIA 1, a joint fiber-optic project with Germany, Albania, and Greece (2000)
general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites


domestic: GSM wireless service, available through two providers with national coverage, is growing rapidly


international: country code - 382 (the old code of 381 used by Serbia and Montenegro will also remain in use until Feb 2007); two international switches connect the national system
Telephones - main lines in use 1.488 million (1997) 177,663 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular 187,000 (yearend 1998) 543,220 (2005)
Television broadcast stations 36 (plus 321 repeaters) (September 1995) 13 (2004)
Terrain geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
Total fertility rate 1.94 children born/woman (2001 est.) -
Unemployment rate 22% (October 2000) 27.7% (2005)
Waterways 785 km

note:
(perennially navigable; large sections of Sava blocked by downed bridges, silt, and debris)
-
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