Compare Brunei (2006) - Tonga (2004)

Compare Brunei (2006) z Tonga (2004)

	Brunei (2006)	Tonga (2004)

Administrative divisions	4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei and Muara, Temburong, Tutong	3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u
Age structure	0-14 years: 28.1% (male 54,411/female 52,134) 15-64 years: 68.8% (male 138,129/female 123,017) 65 years and over: 3.1% (male 5,584/female 6,169) (2006 est.)	0-14 years: 37.1% (male 20,873; female 20,050) 15-64 years: 58.7% (male 32,018; female 32,707) 65 years and over: 4.2% (male 2,005; female 2,584) (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products	rice, vegetables, fruits; chickens, water buffalo, eggs	squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish
Airports	2 (2006)	6 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2006)	total: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)	total: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Area	total: 5,770 sq km land: 5,270 sq km water: 500 sq km	total: 748 sq km land: 718 sq km water: 30 sq km
Area - comparative	slightly smaller than Delaware	four times the size of Washington, DC
Background	The Sultanate of Brunei's influence peaked between the 15th and 17th centuries when its control extended over coastal areas of northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. Brunei subsequently entered a period of decline brought on by internal strife over royal succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and piracy. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate; independence was achieved in 1984. The same family has ruled Brunei for over six centuries. Brunei benefits from extensive petroleum and natural gas fields, the source of one of the highest per capita GDPs in the developing world.	The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.
Birth rate	18.79 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)	24.87 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Budget	revenues: $3.765 billion expenditures: $4.815 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2004 est.)	revenues: $39.9 million expenditures: $52.4 million, including capital expenditures of $1.9 million (FY99/00 est.)
Capital	name: Bandar Seri Begawan geographic coordinates: 4 52 S, 114 55 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)	Nuku'alofa
Climate	tropical; hot, humid, rainy	tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
Coastline	161 km	419 km
Constitution	29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)	4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
Country name	conventional long form: Negara Brunei Darussalam conventional short form: Brunei local long form: Negara Brunei Darussalam local short form: Brunei	conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga conventional short form: Tonga former: Friendly Islands
Currency	-	pa'anga (TOP)
Death rate	3.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)	5.45 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Debt - external	$0 $NA	$63.4 million (2001)
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Emil SKODON embassy: Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri Begawan, BS8811 mailing address: PSC 470 (BSB), FPO AP 96507; P.O. Box 2991, Bandar Seri Begawan BS8675, Negara Brunei Darussalam telephone: [673] 222-0384 FAX: [673] 222-5293	the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Pengiran Anak Dato PUTEH chancery: 3520 International Court NW #300, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 237-1838 FAX: [1] (202) 885-0560	chief of mission: Ambassador Sonatane T. T. TUPOU chancery: 250 East 51st Street, New York, NY 10022 telephone: [1] (917) 369-1025 FAX: [1] (917) 369-1024 consulate(s) general: San Francisco
Disputes - international	in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in their disputed offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have stalemated prompting consideration of international legal adjudication; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in dispute; Brunei established an exclusive economic fishing zone encompassing Louisa Reef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but makes no public territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants	none
Economic aid - recipient	$770,000 (2004)	Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02)
Economy - overview	This small, well-to-do economy encompasses a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation, welfare measures, and village tradition. Crude oil and natural gas production account for nearly half of GDP and more than 90% of government revenues. Per capita GDP is far above most other Third World countries, and substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic production. The government provides for all medical services and free education through the university level and subsidizes rice and housing. Brunei's leaders are concerned that steadily increased integration in the world economy will undermine internal social cohesion, although it became a more prominent player by serving as chairman for the 2000 APEC (Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation) forum. Plans for the future include upgrading the labor force, reducing unemployment, strengthening the banking and tourist sectors, and, in general, further widening the economic base beyond oil and gas.	Tonga, a small, open, South Pacific island economy, has a narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. Tourism is the second-largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. The country remains dependent on external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. High unemployment among the young and the continuing upturn in inflation are major issues facing the government.
Electricity - consumption	2.726 billion kWh (2004)	25.36 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports	0 kWh (2004)	0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports	0 kWh (2004)	0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - production	2.906 billion kWh (2004)	27.27 million kWh (2001)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point: Bukit Pagon 1,850 m	lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m
Environment - current issues	seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia	deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations
Environment - international agreements	party to: Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups	Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%	Polynesian, Europeans about 300
Exchange rates	Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.6644 (2005), 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422 (2003), 1.7906 (2002), 1.7917 (2001)	pa'anga per US dollar - NA (2003), 2.1952 (2002), 2.1236 (2001), 1.7585 (2000), 1.5991 (1999)
Executive branch	chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over by the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the succession to the throne if the need arises elections: none; the monarch is hereditary	chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA (since NA February 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister James C. COCKER (since NA January 2001) cabinet: Cabinet, appointed by the monarch, consists of 12 members note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch, the Cabinet, and two governors elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch
Exports	192,700 bbl/day (2005)	NA (2001)
Exports - commodities	crude oil, natural gas, refined products	squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops
Exports - partners	Japan 36.8%, Indonesia 19.3%, South Korea 12.7%, US 9.5%, Australia 9.3% (2005)	US 50%, Japan 35.7%, Italy 3.6% (2003)
Fiscal year	calendar year	1 July - 30 June
Flag description	yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by two upraised hands	red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
GDP	-	purchasing power parity - $236 million (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: 3.6% industry: 56.1% services: 40.3% (2004 est.)	agriculture: 26% industry: 12% services: 62% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita	-	purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	1.7% (2004 est.)	3% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates	4 30 N, 114 40 E	20 00 S, 175 00 W
Geography - note	close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave within Malaysia	archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited)
Heliports	3 (2006)	-
Highways	-	total: 680 km paved: 184 km unpaved: 496 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%	lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA
Illicit drugs	drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled substances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory death penalty	-
Imports	NA bbl/day	NA (2001)
Imports - commodities	machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals	foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Imports - partners	Singapore 32.7%, Malaysia 23.3%, Japan 6.9%, UK 5.3%, Thailand 4.5%, South Korea 4.1% (2005)	New Zealand 43.4%, Fiji 22.2%, Australia 11.1%, US 6.1% (2003)
Independence	1 January 1984 (from UK)	4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)
Industrial production growth rate	7.3% (2003 est.)	8.6% (FY98/99)
Industries	petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction	tourism, fishing
Infant mortality rate	total: 12.25 deaths/1,000 live births male: 15.46 deaths/1,000 live births female: 8.86 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)	total: 12.99 deaths/1,000 live births male: 14.36 deaths/1,000 live births female: 11.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	0.9% (2004)	10.3% (2002 est.)
International organization participation	APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, C, EAS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDB, IFRCS, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO	ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)
Irrigated land	10 sq km (2003)	NA sq km
Judicial branch	Supreme Court - chief justice and judges are sworn in by monarch for three-year terms; Judicial Committee of Privy Council in London is final court of appeal for civil cases; Shariah courts deal with Islamic laws (2006)	Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief justice of the Supreme Court)
Labor force	146,300 note: includes foreign workers and military personnel; temporary residents make up about 40% of labor force (2003 est.)	33,910 (1996)
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture: 2.9% industry: 61.1% services: 36% (2003 est.)	agriculture 65% (1997 est.)
Land boundaries	total: 381 km border countries: Malaysia 381 km	0 km
Land use	arable land: 2.08% permanent crops: 0.87% other: 97.05% (2005)	arable land: 23.61% permanent crops: 43.06% other: 33.33% (2001)
Languages	Malay (official), English, Chinese	Tongan, English
Legal system	based on English common law; for Muslims, Islamic Shari'a law supersedes civil law in a number of areas	based on English law
Legislative branch	Legislative Council met on 25 September 2004 for first time in 20 years with 21 members appointed by the Sultan; passed constitutional amendments calling for a 45-seat council with 15 elected members; Sultan dissolved council on 1 September 2005 and appointed a new council with 29 members as of 2 September 2005 elections: last held in March 1962 (date of next election NA)	unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms) elections: last held 7 March 2002 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: percent of vote - HRDMT 70%; seats - HRDMT 7, traditionalist 2
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 75.01 years male: 72.57 years female: 77.59 years (2006 est.)	total population: 69.2 years male: 66.74 years female: 71.79 years (2004 est.)
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 93.9% male: 96.3% female: 91.4% (2002)	definition: can read and write Tongan and/or English total population: 98.5% male: 98.4% female: 98.7% (1996 est.)
Location	Southeastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and Malaysia	Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Map references	Southeast Asia	Oceania
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to median line	territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Merchant marine	total: 8 ships (1000 GRT or over) 465,937 GRT/413,393 DWT by type: liquefied gas 8 foreign-owned: 8 (UK 8) (2006)	total: 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 136,977 GRT/200,751 DWT by type: bulk 3, cargo 21, chemical tanker 2, container 1, liquefied gas 4, petroleum tanker 5, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 1 foreign-owned: Albania 1, Australia 4, Brazil 1, Cyprus 1, Egypt 1, Greece 1, Lebanon 1, Liberia 1, Marshall Islands 1, Norway 1, Panama 2, Romania 1, Russia 1, Saudi Arabia 1, Switzerland 3, Syria 1, United (2004 est.)
Military branches	Royal Brunei Armed Forces: Royal Brunei Land Forces, Royal Brunei Navy, Royal Brunei Air Force (Tentera Udara Diraja Brunei) (2005)	Tonga Defense Services: Ground Forces (Royal Marines, Royal Guard), Maritime Force (including Air Wing)
Military expenditures - dollar figure	$290.7 million (2003 est.)	NA
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	5.1% (2003 est.)	NA
National holiday	National Day, 23 February (1984); note - 1 January 1984 was the date of independence from the UK, 23 February 1984 was the date of independence from British protection	Independence Day, 4 June (1970)
Nationality	noun: Bruneian(s) adjective: Bruneian	noun: Tongan(s) adjective: Tongan
Natural hazards	typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare	cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou
Natural resources	petroleum, natural gas, timber	fish, fertile soil
Net migration rate	3.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)	0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Pipelines	gas 672 km; oil 463 km (2006)	-
Political parties and leaders	Brunei Solidarity National Party (PPKB) [Haji Mohd HATTA bin Haji Zainal Abidin]; National Development Party (NDP) [YASSIN Affendi]; People's Awareness Party (PAKAR) [Awang Haji MAIDIN bin Haji Ahmad] note: parties are small and have limited activity (2005)	there are no political parties
Political pressure groups and leaders	NA	Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. Simote VEA, chair]
Population	379,444 (July 2006 est.)	110,237 (July 2004 est.)
Population below poverty line	NA%	NA
Population growth rate	1.87% (2006 est.)	1.94% (2004 est.)
Ports and harbors	-	Neiafu, Nuku'alofa, Pangai
Radio broadcast stations	AM 1, FM 2 (transmitting on 18 different frequencies), shortwave 0 note: British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) station transmits two FM signals with English and Nepali service (2006)	AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (2001)
Religions	Muslim (official) 67%, Buddhist 13%, Christian 10%, indigenous beliefs and other 10%	Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.12 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female total population: 1.09 male(s)/female (2006 est.)	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Suffrage	none	21 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: service throughout the country is excellent; international service is good to East Asia, Europe, and the US domestic: every service available international: country code - 673; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean); digital submarine cable links to Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore (2001)	general assessment: NA domestic: NA international: country code - 676; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (1996)
Telephones - main lines in use	90,000 (2002)	11,200 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular	205,900 (2004)	3,400 (2002)
Television broadcast stations	4; note - including two UHF stations broadcasting a subscription service (2006)	2 (2001)
Terrain	flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west	most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base
Total fertility rate	2.28 children born/woman (2006 est.)	3 children born/woman (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate	4.8% (2004)	13.3% (1996 est.)
Waterways	209 km (navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 m) (2005)	-

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