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Compare Bhutan (2001) - Reunion (2003)
Compare Bhutan (2001) z Reunion (2003)
| Bhutan (2001) | Reunion (2003) | |
 |  | |
| Administrative divisions | 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang
note: there may be two new districts named Gasa and Yangtse |
none (overseas department of France); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 4 arrondissements, 24 communes, and 47 cantons |
| Age structure | 0-14 years:
39.99% (male 424,832; female 394,725) 15-64 years: 56.05% (male 591,152; female 557,498) 65 years and over: 3.96% (male 41,125; female 40,080) (2001 est.) |
0-14 years: 31.3% (male 121,119; female 115,501)
15-64 years: 62.8% (male 233,607; female 240,502) 65 years and over: 5.9% (male 18,036; female 26,406) (2003 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | rice, corn, root crops, citrus, foodgrains; dairy products, eggs | sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco, tropical fruits, vegetables, corn |
| Airports | 2 (2000 est.) | 2 (2002) |
| Airports - with paved runways | total:
1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2000 est.) |
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2002) |
| Airports - with unpaved runways | total:
1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2000 est.) |
- |
| Area | total:
47,000 sq km land: 47,000 sq km water: 0 sq km |
total: 2,517 sq km
land: 2,507 sq km water: 10 sq km |
| Area - comparative | about half the size of Indiana | slightly smaller than Rhode Island |
| Background | Under British influence a monarchy was set up in 1907; three years later a treaty was signed whereby the country became a British protectorate. Independence was attained in 1949, with India subsequently guiding foreign relations and supplying aid. A refugee issue of some 100,000 Bhutanese in Nepal remains unresolved; 90% of these displaced persons are housed in seven United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps. Maoist Assamese separatists from India, who have established themselves in the southeast portion of Bhutan, have drawn Indian cross-border incursions. | The Portuguese discovered the uninhabited island in 1513. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French immigration, supplemented by influxes of Africans, Chinese, Malays, and Malabar Indians, gave the island its ethnic mix. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cost the island its importance as a stopover on the East Indies trade route. |
| Birth rate | 35.73 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) | 20.17 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
| Budget | revenues:
$146 million expenditures: $152 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY95/96 est.) note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of Bhutan's budget expenditures |
revenues: $1.26 billion
expenditures: $2.62 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998) |
| Capital | Thimphu | Saint-Denis |
| Climate | varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas | tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April |
| Coastline | 0 km (landlocked) | 207 km |
| Constitution | no written constitution or bill of rights; note - Bhutan uses 1953 Royal decree for the Constitution of the National Assembly; on 7 July 1998, a Royal edict was ratified giving the National Assembly additional powers | 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) |
| Country name | conventional long form:
Kingdom of Bhutan conventional short form: Bhutan |
conventional long form: Department of Reunion
conventional short form: Reunion local long form: none local short form: Ile de la Reunion former: Bourbon Island |
| Currency | ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR) | euro (EUR) |
| Death rate | 14.03 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) | 5.49 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
| Debt - external | $120 million (1998) | $NA |
| Dependency status | - | overseas department of France |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassy in New Delhi (India) | none (overseas department of France) |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | none; note - Bhutan has a Permanent Mission to the UN; address: 2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone [1] (212) 826-1919; the Bhutanese mission to the UN has consular jurisdiction in the US
consulate(s) general: New York |
none (overseas department of France) |
| Disputes - international | refugee issue over the presence in Nepal of approximately 98,700 Bhutanese refugees, 90% of whom are in seven United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps | none |
| Economic aid - recipient | $73.8 million (1995) | $NA; note - substantial annual subsidies from France |
| Economy - overview | The economy, one of the world's smallest and least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than 90% of the population. Agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links. The industrial sector is technologically backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are key resources. The Bhutanese Government has made some progress in expanding the nation's productive base and improving social welfare. Model education, social, and environment programs in Bhutan are underway with support from multilateral development organizations. Each economic program takes into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. Detailed controls and uncertain policies in areas like industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment. | The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture, but services now dominate. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist industry to relieve high unemployment, which amounts to one-third of the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the population, often approaching European standards, whereas minority groups suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from France. |
| Electricity - consumption | 191.1 million kWh (1999) | 1.005 billion kWh (2001) |
| Electricity - exports | 1.55 billion kWh (1999) | 0 kWh (2001) |
| Electricity - imports | 15 million kWh (1999) | 0 kWh (2001) |
| Electricity - production | 1.856 billion kWh (1999) | 1.08 billion kWh (2001) |
| Electricity - production by source | fossil fuel:
0.05% hydro: 99.95% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999) |
fossil fuel: 55.5%
hydro: 44.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001) |
| Elevation extremes | lowest point:
Drangme Chhu 97 m highest point: Kula Kangri 7,553 m |
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Piton des Neiges 3,069 m |
| Environment - current issues | soil erosion; limited access to potable water | NA |
| Environment - international agreements | party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Nuclear Test Ban signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea |
- |
| Ethnic groups | Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35%, indigenous or migrant tribes 15% | French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian |
| Exchange rates | ngultrum per US dollar - 46.540 (January 2001), 44.942 (2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996); note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee which is also legal tender | euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998) |
| Executive branch | chief of state:
King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972) head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Sangay NGEDUP (since NA 1999) cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed, five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms in July 1998 give the National Assembly authority to remove the monarch with two-thirds vote |
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Gonthier FRIEDERICI (since NA)
head of government: President of the General Council Jean-Luc POUDROUX (since NA March 1998) and President of the Regional Council Paul VERGES (since NA March 1993) cabinet: NA elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils |
| Exports | $154 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) | NA (2001) |
| Exports - commodities | cardamom, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, electricity (to India), precious stones, spices | sugar 63%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 2%, lobster 3%, (1993) |
| Exports - partners | India 94%, Bangladesh | France 74%, Japan 6%, Comoros 4% (2000) |
| Fiscal year | 1 July - 30 June | calendar year |
| Flag description | divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side | the flag of France is used |
| GDP | purchasing power parity - $2.3 billion (2000 est.) | purchasing power parity - $4.174 billion (1999 est.) |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture:
38% industry: 37% services: 25% (2000 est.) |
agriculture: 8%
industry: 19% services: 73% (2000 est.) |
| GDP - per capita | purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2000 est.) | purchasing power parity - $5,600 (2002 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate | 6% (2000 est.) | 2.5% (2002 est.) |
| Geographic coordinates | 27 30 N, 90 30 E | 21 06 S, 55 36 E |
| Geography - note | landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes | this mountainous, volcanic island has an active volcano, Piton de la Fournaise; there is a tropical cyclone center at Saint-Denis, which is the monitoring station for the whole of the Indian Ocean |
| Highways | total:
3,285 km paved: 1,994 km unpaved: 1,291 km (1996) |
total: 2,724 km
paved: 1,300 km (including 73 km of four-lane road) unpaved: 1,424 km (1994) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%:
NA% highest 10%: NA% |
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
| Imports | $269 million (c.i.f., 2000 est.) | NA (2001) |
| Imports - commodities | fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics, rice | manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products |
| Imports - partners | India 77%, Japan, UK, Germany, US | France 64%, Bahrain 3%, Germany 3%, Italy 3% (2000) |
| Independence | 8 August 1949 (from India) | none (overseas department of France) |
| Industrial production growth rate | 9.3% (1996 est.) | NA% |
| Industries | cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide | sugar, rum, cigarettes, handicraft items, flower oil extraction |
| Infant mortality rate | 108.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) | total: 8.13 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.89 deaths/1,000 live births female: 7.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 7% (2000 est.) | NA% |
| International organization participation | AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, Intelsat, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OPCW, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTrO (observer) | FZ, InOC, WFTU |
| Internet Service Providers (ISPs) | NA | 1 (2000) |
| Irrigated land | 340 sq km (1993 est.) | 120 sq km (1998 est.) |
| Judicial branch | Supreme Court of Appeal (the monarch); High Court (judges appointed by the monarch) | Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel |
| Labor force | NA
note: massive lack of skilled labor |
309,900 (2000) |
| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2% | agriculture 13%, industry 12%, services 75% (2000) |
| Land boundaries | total:
1,075 km border countries: China 470 km, India 605 km |
0 km |
| Land use | arable land:
2% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 6% forests and woodland: 66% other: 26% (1993 est.) |
arable land: 13.2%
permanent crops: 2% other: 84.8% (1998 est.) |
| Languages | Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects | French (official), Creole widely used |
| Legal system | based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction | French law |
| Legislative branch | unicameral National Assembly or Tshogdu (150 seats; 105 elected from village constituencies, 10 represent religious bodies, and 35 are designated by the monarch to represent government and other secular interests; members serve three-year terms)
elections: last held NA (next to be held NA) election results: NA |
unicameral General Council (49 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a unicameral Regional Council (45 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: General Council - last held 15 and 22 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2004); Regional Council - last held 15 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - various right-wing candidates 13, PCR 10, PS 10, UDF 8, RPR 6, other left-wing candidates 2; Regional Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PCR 19, UDF 9, RPR 8, various right-wing candidates 4, various left-wing candidates 5 note: Reunion elects three representatives to the French Senate; elections last held NA 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Reunion also elects five deputies to the French National Assembly; elections last held 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP-RPR 1, UMP 1, PCR 1 |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population:
52.79 years male: 53.16 years female: 52.41 years (2001 est.) |
total population: 73.43 years
male: 70.03 years female: 77 years (2003 est.) |
| Literacy | definition:
age 15 and over can read and write total population: 42.2% male: 56.2% female: 28.1% (1995 est.) |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 88.9% male: 87% female: 90.8% (2003 est.) |
| Location | Southern Asia, between China and India | Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar |
| Map references | Asia | World |
| Maritime claims | none (landlocked) | exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM |
| Military - note | - | defense is the responsibility of France |
| Military branches | Royal Bhutan Army, National Militia, Royal Bhutan Police, Royal Body Guards, Forest Guards (paramilitary) | no regular indigenous military forces; French forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie) |
| Military expenditures - dollar figure | $NA | - |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | NA% | - |
| Military manpower - availability | males age 15-49:
504,342 (2001 est.) |
males age 15-49: 198,341 (2003 est.) |
| Military manpower - fit for military service | males age 15-49:
269,251 (2001 est.) |
males age 15-49: 101,116 (2003 est.) |
| Military manpower - military age | 18 years of age | 18 years of age (2003 est.) |
| Military manpower - reaching military age annually | males:
21,167 (2001 est.) |
males: 6,795 (2003 est.) |
| National holiday | National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king), 17 December (1907) | Bastille Day, 14 July (1789) |
| Nationality | noun:
Bhutanese (singular and plural) adjective: Bhutanese |
noun: Reunionese (singular and plural)
adjective: Reunionese |
| Natural hazards | violent storms coming down from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season | periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April); Piton de la Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano |
| Natural resources | timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide | fish, arable land, hydropower |
| Net migration rate | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
| Political parties and leaders | no legal parties | Communist Party of Reunion or PCR [Paul VERGES]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE]; Socialist Party or PS [Jean-Claude FRUTEAU]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Gilbert GERARD] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders | Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community; United Front for Democracy (exiled) | NA |
| Population | 2,049,412 (July 2001 est.)
note: other estimates range as low as 800,000 |
755,171 (July 2003 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | NA% | NA% |
| Population growth rate | 2.17% (2001 est.) | 1.47% (2003 est.) |
| Ports and harbors | none | Le Port, Pointe des Galets |
| Radio broadcast stations | AM 0, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998) | AM 2, FM 55, shortwave 0 (2001) |
| Radios | 37,000 (1997) | - |
| Railways | 0 km | 0 km |
| Religions | Lamaistic Buddhist 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25% | Roman Catholic 86%, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist (1995) |
| Sex ratio | at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2001 est.) |
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2003 est.) |
| Suffrage | each family has one vote in village-level elections | 18 years of age; universal |
| Telephone system | general assessment:
NA domestic: domestic telephone service is very poor with few telephones in use international: international telephone and telegraph service is by landline through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990) |
general assessment: adequate system; principal center is Saint-Denis
domestic: modern open-wire and microwave radio relay network international: radiotelephone communication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new microwave route to Mauritius; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) |
| Telephones - main lines in use | 6,000 (1997) | 268,500 (1999) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | NA | 197,000 (September 2000) |
| Television broadcast stations | 0 (1997) | 35 (plus 18 low-power repeaters) (2001) |
| Terrain | mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna | mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast |
| Total fertility rate | 5.07 children born/woman (2001 est.) | 2.53 children born/woman (2003 est.) |
| Unemployment rate | NA% | 36% (1999 est.) |
| Waterways | none | none |
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