Niemcy (2006)
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Niemcy 2006 roku
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Niemcy 2006 roku
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| Podzial administracyjny | 13 states (Laender, singular - Land) and 3 free states* (Freistaaten, singular - Freistaat); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern*, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen*, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Thueringen* |
| Struktura wiekowa | 0-14 years: 14.1% (male 5,973,437/female 5,665,971)
15-64 years: 66.4% (male 27,889,936/female 26,874,858) 65 years and over: 19.4% (male 6,602,478/female 9,415,619) (2006 est.) |
| Rolinictwo | potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle, pigs, poultry |
| Lotniska | 554 (2006) |
| Lotniska z utwardzonymi pasami | total: 332
over 3,047 m: 13 2,438 to 3,047 m: 54 1,524 to 2,437 m: 58 914 to 1,523 m: 72 under 914 m: 135 (2006) |
| Lotniska z nieutwardzonymi pasami | total: 222
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 33 under 914 m: 185 (2006) |
| Terytorium | total: 357,021 sq km
land: 349,223 sq km water: 7,798 sq km |
| Terytorium - porownanie wielkosci | slightly smaller than Montana |
| Tlo historyczne | As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation, Niemcy remains a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Niemcy w two devastating Swiat Wars w the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, Francja, and the Soviet Union w 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed w 1949: the western Federal Republic of Niemcy (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself w key Western economic and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the Communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed dla German unification w 1990. Since then, Niemcy has expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages up to Western standards. In styczen 1999, Niemcy and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro. |
| Wspolczynnik narodzin | 8.25 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
| Budzet | revenues: $1.249 trillion
expenditures: $1.362 trillion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est.) |
| Stolica | name: Berlin
geographic coordinates: 52 31 N, 13 24 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday w marzec; ends last Sunday w pazdziernik |
| Klimat | temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind |
| Linia brzegowa | 2,389 km |
| Konstytucja | 23 maj 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united German people 3 pazdziernik 1990 |
| Nazwa panstwa | conventional long form: Federal Republic of Niemcy
conventional short form: Niemcy local long form: Bundesrepublik Deutschland local short form: Deutschland former: German Empire, German Republic, German Reich |
| Wspolczynnik zgonow | 10.62 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
| Zadluzenie - zewnetrzne | $3.626 trillion (30 czerwiec 2005) |
| Reprezentacja dyplomatyczna ze strony USA | chief of mission: Ambassador William R. TIMKEN, Jr.
embassy: Neustaedtische Kirchstrasse 4-5, 10117 Berlin; note - a new embassy will be built near the Brandenburg Gate w Berlin; ground was broken w pazdziernik 2004 and completion is scheduled dla 2008 mailing address: PSC 120, Box 1000, APO AE 09265 telephone: [49] (030) 2385 174 FAX: [49] (030) 8305-1215 consulate(s) general: Duesseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich |
| Reprezentacja dyplomatyczna w USA | chief of mission: Ambassador Klaus SCHARIOTH
chancery: 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 298-4000 FAX: [1] (202) 298-4249 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco |
| Miedzynarodowe dyskusje | none |
| Ekonomiczna pomoc - udzielanie | ODA, $5.6 billion (1998) |
| Ekonomia | Niemcy's affluent and technologically powerful economy - the fifth largest w the world - has become one of the slowest growing economies w the euro zone. A quick turnaround is not w the offing w the foreseeable future. Growth w 2001-03 fell short of 1%, rising to 1.7% w 2004 before falling back to 0.9% w 2005. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy continues to be a costly long-term process, z annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $70 billion. Niemcy's aging population, combined z high unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level exceeding contributions from workers. Structural rigidities w the labor market - including strict regulations on laying off workers and the setting of wages on a national basis - have made unemployment a chronic problem. Corporate restructuring and growing capital markets are setting the foundations that could allow Niemcy to meet the long-term challenges of European economic integration and globalization, particularly if labor market rigidities are further addressed. In the short run, however, the fall w government revenues and the rise w expenditures have raised the deficit above the EU's 3% debt limit. |
| Elektrycznosc - konsumpcja | 510.4 billion kWh (2003) |
| Elektrycznosc - eksport | 54.1 billion kWh (2003) |
| Elektrycznosc - import | 45.4 billion kWh (2003) |
| Elektrycznosc - produkcja | 558.1 billion kWh (2003) |
| Skrajne punkty wysokosci | lowest point: Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.54 m
highest point: Zugspitze 2,963 m |
| Srodowisko - obecne problemy | emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution w the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers w eastern Niemcy; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism dla ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas w line z the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive |
| Srodowisko - miedzynarodowe umowy | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Klimat Change, Klimat Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
| Grupy etniczne | German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Rosjan, Serbo-Chorwacjan, Spanish) |
| Kurs waluty | euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001) |
| Wladza wykonawcza | chief of state: President Horst KOEHLER (since 1 lipiec 2004)
head of government: Chancellor Angela MERKEL (since 22 listopad 2005) cabinet: Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor elections: president elected dla a five-year term (eligible dla a second term) by a Federal Convention, including all members of the Federal Assembly and an equal number of delegates elected by the state parliaments; election last held 23 maj 2004 (next to be held 23 maj 2009); chancellor elected by an absolute majority of the Federal Assembly dla a four-year term; election last held 22 listopad 2005 (next to be held listopad 2009) election results: Horst KOEHLER elected president; received 604 votes of the Federal Convention against 589 dla Gesine SCHWAN; Angela MERKEL elected chancellor; vote by Federal Assembly 397 to 202 z 12 abstentions |
| Eksport | 54.1 billion kWh (2003) |
| Eksport | $1.016 trillion f.o.b. (2005 est.) |
| Eksport | 7.731 billion cu m (2003) |
| Eksport | 12,990 bbl/day (2003) |
| Eksport - towary | machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals and manufactures, foodstuffs, textiles |
| Eksport - partnerzy | Francja 10.2%, US 8.8%, UK 7.9%, Wlochy 6.9%, Holandia 6.1%, Belgia 5.6%, Austria 5.4%, Hiszpania 5.1% (2005) |
| Rok podatkowy | rok kalendarzowy |
| Opis flagi | three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold |
| Produkt krajowy brutto - podzial wg galezi przemyslu | agriculture: 0.9%
industry: 29.6% services: 69.5% (2005 est.) |
| Produkt krajowy brutto - realny wspolczynnik wzrostu | 0.9% (2005 est.) |
| Koordynaty geograficzne | 51 00 N, 9 00 E |
| Polozenie geograficzne | strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea |
| Ladowiska helikopterow | 32 (2006) |
| Domowy dochód albo konsumpcja wg podzialu procentowego | lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 25.1% (1997) |
| Narkotyki | source of precursor chemicals dla South American cocaine processors; transshipment point dla and consumer of Southwest Asian heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs; major financial center |
| Import | 45.4 billion kWh (2003) |
| Import | $801 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.) |
| Import | 85.02 billion cu m (2003) |
| Import | 2.135 million bbl/day (2003) |
| Import - towary | machinery, vehicles, chemicals, foodstuffs, textiles, metals |
| Import - partnerzy | Francja 8.7%, Holandia 8.5%, US 6.6%, Chiny 6.4%, UK 6.3%, Wlochy 5.7%, Belgia 5%, Austria 4% (2005) |
| Niepodleglosc | 18 styczen 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, Francja) w 1945 following Swiat War II; Federal Republic of Niemcy (FRG or West Niemcy) proclaimed 23 maj 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Niemcy) proclaimed 7 pazdziernik 1949 and included the former USSR zone; unification of West Niemcy and East Niemcy took place 3 pazdziernik 1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights 15 marzec 1991 |
| Wspolczynnik wzrostu produkcji w przemysle | 2.9% (2005 est.) |
| Przemysl | among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles |
| Wspolczynnik umieralnosci noworodkow | total: 4.12 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.56 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) |
| Inflacja | 2% (2005 est.) |
| Czlonek miedzynarodowych organizacji | AfDB, Arctic Council (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC |
| Nawadniane tereny | 4,850 sq km (2003) |
| Sadownictwo | Federal Konstytucjaal Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (half the judges are elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat) |
| Sila robocza | 43.32 million (2005 est.) |
| Sila robocza - wg galezi gospodarki | agriculture: 2.8%
industry: 33.4% services: 63.8% (1999) |
| Granica | total: 3,621 km
border countries: Austria 784 km, Belgia 167 km, Czechy 646 km, Dania 68 km, Francja 451 km, Luksemburg 138 km, Holandia 577 km, Polska 456 km, Szwajcaria 334 km |
| Zagospodarowanie terenu | arable land: 33.13%
permanent crops: 0.6% other: 66.27% (2005) |
| Jezyki | German |
| System prawny | civil law system z indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts w the Federal Konstytucjaal Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
| Wladza ustawodawcza | bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Federal Assembly or Bundestag (613 seats; elected by popular vote under a system combining direct and proportional representation; a party must win 5% of the national vote or three direct mandates to gain representation; members serve four-year terms) and the Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 votes; state governments are directly represented by votes; each has three to six votes depending on population and are required to vote as a block)
elections: Federal Assembly - last held 18 wrzesien 2005 (next to be held wrzesien 2009); note - there are no elections dla the Bundesrat; composition is determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election election results: Federal Assembly - percent of vote by party - CDU/CSU 35.2%, SPD 34.3%, FDP 9.8%, Left 8.7%, Greens 8.1%; seats by party - CDU/CSU 225, SPD 222, FDP 61, Left 54, Greens 51 |
| Zywotnosc | total population: 78.8 years
male: 75.81 years female: 81.96 years (2006 est.) |
| Pismienni | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (2003 est.) |
| Lokalizacja | Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Holandia and Polska, south of Dania |
| Lokalizacja na mapie | Europe |
| Morskie obszary | territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation |
| Flota handlowa | total: 394 ships (1000 GRT or over) 11,017,754 GRT/13,091,194 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 60, chemical tanker 13, container 273, liquefied gas 3, passenger 6, passenger/cargo 25, petroleum tanker 10, roll on/roll off 3 foreign-owned: 4 (Finlandia 2, Wlochy 1, Szwajcaria 1) registered w other countries: 2,491 (Antigua i Barbuda 858, Australia 3, Bahamas 22, Belize 3, Bermudy 21, Brazylia 7, Bulgaria 1, Birma 5, Kanada 3, Kajmany 13, Cypr 214, Dania 13, Dominika 1, Francuskie Terytoria Poludniowe i Antarktyczne 2, Georgia 1, Gibraltar 108, Gujana 1, Hong Kong 6, Indonezja 1, Irlandia 2, Wyspa Man 56, Jamajka 3, Liberia 587, Luksemburg 10, Malezja 2, Malta 64, Wyspy Marshalla 194, Maroko 2, Holandia 56, Antyle Holenderskie 60, NZ 1, Panama 35, Portugalia 17, Rosja 2, Saint Vincent i Grenadyny 8, Samoa 1, Singapur 9, Hiszpania 12, Sri Lanka 5, Szwecja 3, Turcja 1, UK 76, US 2) (2006) |
| Wojsko | Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr): Army (Heer), Navy (Deutsche Marine, includes naval air arm), Air Force (Luftwaffe), Joint Service Support Command (Streitkraeftebasis), Central Medical Service (Zentraler Sanitaetsdienst) (2006) |
| Wojska - wydatki (w dolarach) | $35.063 billion (2003) |
| Wojsko - wydatki (procent PKB) | 1.5% (2003) |
| Swieto narodowe | Unity Day, 3 pazdziernik (1990) |
| Narodowosc | noun: German(s)
adjective: German |
| Naturalne zagrozenia | flooding |
| Surowce naturalne | coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land |
| Wspolczynnik migracji | 2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
| Rurociagi | condensate 37 km; gas 25,035 km; oil 3,546 km; refined products 3,827 km (2006) |
| Partie polityczne i przywodcy | Alliance '90/Greens [Claudia ROTH and Reinhard BUETIKOFER]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social Union or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party or FDP [Guido WESTERWELLE, chairman]; Left Party (Linkspartei. was Party of Democratic Socialism) or PDS [Lothar BISKY]; Social Democratic Party or SPD [Kurt BECK] |
| Przesladowania polityczne ugrupowan oraz liderow | business associations, employers' organizations; expellee, refugee, trade unions, and veterans groups |
| Ludnosc | 82,422,299 (lipiec 2006 est.) |
| Ludnosc zyjaca na skraju ubostwa | NA% |
| Przyrost naturalny | -0.02% (2006 est.) |
| Stacje radiowe | AM 51, FM 787, shortwave 4 (1998) |
| Linie kolejowe | total: 47,201 km
standard gauge: 46,948 km 1.435-m gauge (19,674 km electrified) narrow gauge: 229 km 1.000-m gauge (16 km electrified); 24 km 0.750-m gauge (2005) |
| Religie | Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated or other 28.3% |
| Wspolczynnik plci | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2006 est.) |
| Prawo wyborcze | 18 years of age; universal |
| System telefoniczny | general assessment: Niemcy has one of the world's most technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result of intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly backward system of the eastern part of the country, dating back to Swiat War II, has been modernized and integrated z that of the western part
domestic: Niemcy is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreign countries international: country code - 49; Niemcy's international service is excellent worldwide, consisting of extensive land and undersea cable facilities as well as earth stations w the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2001) |
| Telefony - wykorzystywane linie telefoniczne | 55.046 million (2005) |
| Telefony komorkowe | 79.2 million (2005) |
| Stacje telewizyjne | 373 (plus 8,042 repeaters) (1995) |
| Uksztaltowanie terenu | lowlands w north, uplands w center, Bavarian Alps w south |
| Wspolczynnik nardzin przypadajacy na kobiety | 1.39 children born/woman (2006 est.) |
| Wspolczynnik bezrobocia | 11.7% (2005 est.) |
| Drogi wodne | 7,467 km
note: Rhine River carries most goods; Main-Danube Canal links North Sea and Black Sea (2005) |
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