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Compare Tunisia (2001) - Nicaragua (2001)

Compare Tunisia (2001) z Nicaragua (2001)

 Tunisia (2001)Nicaragua (2001)
 TunisiaNicaragua
Administrative divisions 23 governorates; Ariana (Aryanah), Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin 'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), El Kef (Al Kaf), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili (Qibili), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bou Zid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana (Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis, Zaghouan (Zaghwan) 15 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 2 autonomous regions* (regiones autonomistas, singular - region autonomista); Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas, Atlantico Norte*, Atlantico Sur*
Age structure 0-14 years:
28.74% (male 1,440,636; female 1,348,133)

15-64 years:
65.12% (male 3,157,988; female 3,161,596)

65 years and over:
6.14% (male 296,930; female 299,819) (2001 est.)
0-14 years:
38.98% (male 976,087; female 941,141)

15-64 years:
58.08% (male 1,418,555; female 1,438,096)

65 years and over:
2.94% (male 62,963; female 81,551) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products olives, olive oil, grain, dairy products, tomatoes, citrus fruit, beef, sugar beets, dates, almonds coffee, bananas, sugarcane, cotton, rice, corn, tobacco, sesame, soya, beans; beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy products
Airports 32 (2000 est.) 182 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total:
15

over 3,047 m:
3

2,438 to 3,047 m:
6

1,524 to 2,437 m:
3

914 to 1,523 m:
3 (2000 est.)
total:
11

2,438 to 3,047 m:
2

1,524 to 2,437 m:
3

914 to 1,523 m:
3

under 914 m:
3 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
17

1,524 to 2,437 m:
2

914 to 1,523 m:
8

under 914 m:
7 (2000 est.)
total:
171

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
25

under 914 m:
145 (2000 est.)
Area total:
163,610 sq km

land:
155,360 sq km

water:
8,250 sq km
total:
129,494 sq km

land:
120,254 sq km

water:
9,240 sq km
Area - comparative slightly larger than Georgia slightly smaller than the state of New York
Background Following independence from France in 1956, President Habib BOURGIUBA established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In recent years, Tunisia has taken a moderate, non-aligned stance in its foreign relations. Domestically, it has sought to diffuse rising pressure for a more open political society. Settled as a colony of Spain in the 1520s, Nicaragua gained its independence in 1821. Violent opposition to governmental manipulation and corruption spread to all classes by 1978 and resulted in a short-lived civil war that brought the Marxist Sandinista guerrillas to power in 1979. Nicaraguan aid to leftist rebels in El Salvador caused the US to sponsor anti-Sandinista contra guerrillas through much of the 1980s. Free elections in 1990 and again in 1996 saw the Sandinistas defeated. The country has slowly rebuilt its economy during the 1990s, but was hard hit by Hurricane Mitch in 1998.
Birth rate 17.11 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 27.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues:
$7.5 billion

expenditures:
$8.1 billion, including capital expenditures to $1.6 billion (2000 est.)
revenues:
$734 million

expenditures:
$836 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Capital Tunis Managua
Climate temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
Coastline 1,148 km 910 km
Constitution 1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988 9 January 1987, with reforms in 1995 and 2000
Country name conventional long form:
Republic of Tunisia

conventional short form:
Tunisia

local long form:
Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah

local short form:
Tunis
conventional long form:
Republic of Nicaragua

conventional short form:
Nicaragua

local long form:
Republica de Nicaragua

local short form:
Nicaragua
Currency Tunisian dinar (TND) gold cordoba (NIO)
Death rate 4.99 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 4.82 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $13 billion (2000 est.) $6.4 billion (2000 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Rust DEMMING

embassy:
144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere

mailing address:
use embassy street address

telephone:
[216] (1) 782-566

FAX:
[216] (1) 789-719
chief of mission:
Ambassador Oliver P. GARZA

embassy:
Apartado Postal 327, Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur, Managua

mailing address:
APO AA 34021

telephone:
[505] (2) 662298, 666010, 666012, 666013, 666015, 666018, 666026, 666027, 666032, 666033

FAX:
[505] (2) 669074
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Hatem ATALLAH

chancery:
1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005

telephone:
[1] (202) 862-1850
chief of mission:
Ambassador Alfonso ORTEGA Urbina

chancery:
1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

telephone:
[1] (202) 939-6570

FAX:
[1] (202) 939-6542

consulate(s) general:
Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York
Disputes - international none territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; with respect to the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca, the ICJ referred to the line determined by the 1900 Honduras-Nicaragua Mixed Boundary Commission and advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua likely would be required; maritime boundary dispute with Honduras in the Caribbean Sea is before the ICJ; legal dispute over navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica
Economic aid - recipient $933.2 million (1995); note - ODA, $90 million (1998 est.) NA
Economy - overview Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, mining, energy, tourism, and manufacturing sectors. Governmental control of economic affairs while still heavy has gradually lessened over the past decade with increasing privatization, simplification of the tax structure, and a prudent approach to debt. Real growth averaged 5.5% in the past four years, and inflation is slowing. Growth in tourism and increased trade have been key elements in this steady growth. Tunisia's association agreement with the European Union entered into force on 1 March 1998, the first such accord between the EU and Mediterranean countries to be activated. Under the agreement Tunisia will gradually remove barriers to trade with the EU over the next decade. Broader privatization, further liberalization of the investment code to increase foreign investment, and improvements in government efficiency are among the challenges for the future. Nicaragua, one of the hemisphere's poorest countries, faces low per capita income, flagging socio-economic indicators, and huge external debt. While the country has made progress toward macro-economic stabilization over the past few years, a banking crisis and scandal has shaken the economy. Managua will continue to be dependent on international aid and debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Donors have made aid conditional on improving governability, the openness of government financial operation, poverty alleviation, and human rights. Nicaragua met the conditions for additional debt service relief in December 2000. Growth should remain moderate to high in 2001.
Electricity - consumption 8.677 billion kWh (1999) 2.265 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 19 million kWh (1999) 20 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 165 million kWh (1999) 100 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 9.173 billion kWh (1999) 2.349 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
99.2%

hydro:
0.8%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel:
67.26%

hydro:
17.71%

nuclear:
0%

other:
15.03% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Shatt al Gharsah -17 m

highest point:
Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m
lowest point:
Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Mogoton 2,438 m
Environment - current issues toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and presents human health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; Hurricane Mitch damage
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Marine Life Conservation
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Environmental Modification
Ethnic groups Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1% mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Amerindian 5%
Exchange rates Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.3753 (January 2001), 1.4667 (November 2000), 1.1862 (1999), 1.1387 (1998), 1.1059 (1997), 0.9734 (1996) gold cordobas per US dollar - 12.96 (November 2000), 12.69 (2000 est.), 11.81 (1999), 10.58 (1998), 9.45 (1997), 8.44 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987)

head of government:
Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17 November 1999)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for a third term without opposition; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN ALI nearly 100%
chief of state:
President Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (since 10 January 1997); Vice President Leopoldo NAVARRO (since 24 October 2000); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government:
President Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (since 10 January 1997); Vice President Leopoldo NAVARRO (since 24 October 2000); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:
president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 20 October 1996 (next to be held 4 November 2001); note - in July 1995 the term of the office of the president was amended to five years

election results:
Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (Liberal Alliance - ruling party - includes PLC, PALI, PLIUN, and PUCA) 51.03%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 37.75%, Guillermo OSORNO (PCCN) 4.10%, Noel VIDAURRE (PCN) 2.26%, Benjamin LANZAS (PRONAL) 0.53%, other (18 other candidates) 4.33%
Exports $6.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $631 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities textiles, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals, agricultural products, hydrocarbons coffee, shrimp and lobster, cotton, tobacco, beef, sugar, bananas; gold
Exports - partners Germany 28%, France 22%, Italy 17%, Belgium 5%, Libya 4% (1999) US 37.7%, El Salvador 12.5%, Germany 9.8%, Costa Rica 5.1%, Spain 2.5%, France 2.1% (1999)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band
GDP purchasing power parity - $62.8 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $13.1 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
14%

industry:
32%

services:
54% (1999 est.)
agriculture:
31.6%

industry:
22.8%

services:
45.6% (1999)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $6,500 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $2,700 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 5% (2000 est.) 5% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 34 00 N, 9 00 E 13 00 N, 85 00 W
Geography - note strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration -
Highways total:
23,100 km

paved:
18,226 km

unpaved:
4,874 km (1996)
total:
16,382 km

paved:
1,818 km

unpaved:
14,564 km (1998)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
2.3%

highest 10%:
30.7% (1990)
lowest 10%:
1.6%

highest 10%:
39.8% (1993)
Illicit drugs - transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US and transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing
Imports $8.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, food machinery and equipment, raw materials, petroleum products, consumer goods
Imports - partners France 23%, Germany 23%, Italy 15%, Belgium 3% (1999) US 34.5%, Costa Rica 11.4%, Guatemala 7.3%, Panama 6.9%, Venezuela 5.9%, El Salvador 5.5% (1999)
Independence 20 March 1956 (from France) 15 September 1821 (from Spain)
Industrial production growth rate 4.1% (2000 est.) 4.4% (2000 est.)
Industries petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, food, beverages food processing, chemicals, machinery and metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear, wood
Infant mortality rate 29.04 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 33.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 3% (2000 est.) 11% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, BSEC (observer), CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner), UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO BCIE, CACM, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 1 (2000) 3 (2000)
Irrigated land 3,850 sq km (1993 est.) 880 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (16 judges elected for seven-year terms by the National Assembly)
Labor force 2.65 million (2000 est.)

note:
shortage of skilled labor
1.7 million (1999)
Labor force - by occupation services 55%, industry 23%, agriculture 22% (1995 est.) services 43%, agriculture 42%, industry 15% (1999 est.)
Land boundaries total:
1,424 km

border countries:
Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km
total:
1,231 km

border countries:
Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km
Land use arable land:
19%

permanent crops:
13%

permanent pastures:
20%

forests and woodland:
4%

other:
44% (1993 est.)
arable land:
9%

permanent crops:
1%

permanent pastures:
46%

forests and woodland:
27%

other:
17% (1993 est.)
Languages Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce) Spanish (official)

note:
English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast
Legal system based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts
Legislative branch unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Majlis al-Nuwaab (182 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
percent of vote by party - RCD 92%; seats by party - RCD 148, MDS 13, UDU 7, PUP 7, Al-Tajdid 5, PSL 2; note - reforms enabled opposition parties to win up to 20% of seats; the opposition increased number of seats from 19 to 34
unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (93 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 20 October 1996 (next to be held 4 November 2001)

election results:
percent of vote by party - Liberal Alliance (ruling party - includes PLC, PALI, PLIUN, and PUCA) 46.03%, FSLN 36.55%, PCCN 3.73%, PCN 2.12%, MRS 1.33%; seats by party - Liberal Alliance 42, FSLN 36, PCCN 4, PCN 3, PRONAL 2, MRS 1, PRN 1, PC 1, PLI 1, AU 1, UNO-96 Alliance 1
Life expectancy at birth total population:
73.92 years

male:
72.35 years

female:
75.62 years (2001 est.)
total population:
69.05 years

male:
67.1 years

female:
71.11 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
66.7%

male:
78.6%

female:
54.6% (1995 est.)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
65.7%

male:
64.6%

female:
66.6% (1995 est.)
Location Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya Middle America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras
Map references Africa Central America and the Caribbean
Maritime claims contiguous zone:
24 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
continental shelf:
natural prolongation

territorial sea:
200 NM
Merchant marine total:
15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 149,554 GRT/156,861 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 2, cargo 4, chemical tanker 3, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 1, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)
none (2000 est.)
Military branches Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard Army, Navy, Air Force
Military expenditures - dollar figure $356 million (FY99) $26 million (FY98)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.5% (FY99) 1.2% (FY98)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
2,739,566 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
1,269,322 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
1,561,484 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
779,267 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age 20 years of age 18 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
105,146 (2001 est.)
males:
58,232 (2001 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 20 March (1956) Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Nationality noun:
Tunisian(s)

adjective:
Tunisian
noun:
Nicaraguan(s)

adjective:
Nicaraguan
Natural hazards NA destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasionally severe hurricanes
Natural resources petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish
Net migration rate -0.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas 742 km crude oil 56 km
Political parties and leaders Al-Tajdid Movement [Adel CHAOUCH]; Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique) or RCD [President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (official ruling party)]; Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI]; Movement of Democratic Socialists or MDS [Khamis CHAMMARI]; Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed Belhaj AMOR]; Unionist Democratic Union or UDU [Abderrahmane TLILI] Conservative Party of Nicaragua or PCN [Dr. Fernando AGUERO Rocha]; Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Virgilio GODOY]; Liberal Alliance (ruling alliance including Liberal Constitutional Party or PLC, New Liberal Party or PALI, Independent Liberal Party for National Unity or PLIUN, and Central American Unionist Party or PUCA) [leader NA]; National Conservative Party or PC [Pedro SOLARZANO, Noel VIDAURRE]; National Project or PRONAL [Benjamin LANZAS]; Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path or PCCN [Guillermo OSORNO, Roberto RODRIGUEZ]; Nicaraguan Resistance Party or PRN [Salvador TALAVERA]; Sandinista National Liberation Front or FSLN [Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]; Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS [Sergio RAMIREZ]; Unity Alliance or AU [Alejandro SERRANO]; Union Nacional Opositora 96 or UNO-96 [Alfredo CESAR Aguirre]
Political pressure groups and leaders the Islamic fundamentalist party, Al Nahda (Renaissance), is outlawed National Workers Front or FNT is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions including - Farm Workers Association or ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG, Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of Nicaragua or UPN; Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT is an umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including - Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS; Nicaraguan Workers' Central or CTN is an independent labor union; Superior Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP is a confederation of business groups
Population 9,705,102 (July 2001 est.) 4,918,393 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 6% (2000 est.) 50% (2000 est.)
Population growth rate 1.15% (2001 est.) 2.15% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Bizerte, Gabes, La Goulette, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, Zarzis Bluefields, Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, Rama, San Juan del Sur
Radio broadcast stations AM 7, FM 20, shortwave 2 (1998) AM 63, FM 32, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios 2.06 million (1997) 1.24 million (1997)
Railways total:
2,168 km

standard gauge:
471 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge:
1,687 km 1.000-m gauge

dual gauge:
10 km 1.000-m and 1.435-m gauges (three rails)
-
Religions Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish and other 1% Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant
Sex ratio at birth:
1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.99 male(s)/female

total population:
1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.77 male(s)/female

total population:
1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 20 years of age; universal 16 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
above the African average and continuing to be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; Internet access available

domestic:
trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay

international:
5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in Medarabtel; two international gateway digital switches
general assessment:
inadequate system being upgraded by foreign investment

domestic:
low-capacity microwave radio relay and wire system being expanded; connected to Central American Microwave System

international:
satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) and 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 654,000 (1997) 140,000 (1996)
Telephones - mobile cellular 50,000 (1998) 7,911 (1997)
Television broadcast stations 26 (plus 76 repeaters) (1995) 3 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997)
Terrain mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes
Total fertility rate 1.99 children born/woman (2001 est.) 3.18 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 15.6% (2000 est.) 20% plus considerable underemployment (1999 est.)
Waterways none 2,220 km (including 2 large lakes)
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